Exam 2

A  Metabolic acidosis

B  Dehydration

C  Decreased airway dilation

D  Decreased heart rate

E  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

A  Increased glycogenesis

B  Increased breakdown of proteins

C  Increased lipolysis

D  Increased digestive activities

E  Increased gluconeogenesis

A  Steroids

B  Nitric oxide

C  Peptide hormones

D  Amine hormones

E  Thyroid hormones

A  Glucagon

B  Thyroid hormones

C  Somatostatin

D  Calcitonin

E  Insulin

A  synergistic effect.

B  circulating effect.

C  permissive effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  local effect.

A  Controls growth and development

B  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

C  Regulates metabolism

D  Produces electrolytes

A  10

B  5

C  7

D  12

E  unlimited

A  circulating hormone.

B  local hormone.

C  paracrine.

D  autocrine.

A  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

B  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

C  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

D  ADH promotes water loss.

E  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

A  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

B  Prolactin and ACTH

C  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

D  Prolactin and growth hormone

E  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

A  Thyrotropin

B  Prolactin

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Insulin-like growth factors

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

D  Leutinizing hormone

E  Prolactin

A  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  The peripheral nervous system

D  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

E  Muscle contraction

A  Increased production of all types of blood cells

B  Glucose formation

C  Protein and fat breakdown

D  Depression of immune responses

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  Calcium

B  Potassium

C  Manganese

D  Chloride

E  Sodium

A  Lactotrophs

B  Somatotrophs

C  Thyrotrophs

D  Gonadotrophs

E  Corticotrophs

A  Growth hormone

B  Thyrotropin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Prolactin

A  Coupling of T1 and T2

B  Oxidation of iodide

C  Iodination of tyrosine

D  Synthesis of calcitonin

E  Iodide trapping

A  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

B  Chemical changes in the blood

C  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

D  Signals from the nervous system

E  Releasing hormones.

A  Gluconeogenesis

B  Glycogenolysis

C  Glycogenesis

D  Calcitonin downregulation

E  Epinephrine release

A  Plasma proteins

B  Chromatin

C  Cyclic AMP

D  Messenger RNA

E  Calcium

A  Parasympathetic

B  Sensory

C  Somatic

D  Central

E  Sympathetic

A  Sensory adaptation

B  Receptor recognition

C  Down-regulation

D  Paracrine regulation

E  Up-regulation

A  Protein and fat breakdown

B  Increased production of all types of blood cells

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Glucose formation

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  All of these options are prime examples

B  Testosterone

C  Human growth hormone

D  Calcitonin

E  Oxytocin

A  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

B  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

C  All of these are synergistic pairs

D  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

E  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

B  Gustatory receptors

C  Olfactory receptors

D  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  include steroids and thyroid hormone

B  All of these are correct answers

C  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

D  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

A  Corticotropin releasing hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Thyroid stimulating hormone

D  Follicle stimulating hormone

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

B  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Calcitonin

B  Insulin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Glucagon

E  Thyroid hormone

A  provides more accurate color vision.

B  is all of these choices

C  gives better depth perception.

D  is only seen in humans.

E  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

A  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

B  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

D  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

E  throughout the nasal cavity.

A  does not occur.

B  occurs rapidly.

C  enhances gustation.

D  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

E  occurs slowly.

A  pain.

B  tickle.

C  pressure.

D  temperature.

E  itch.

A  to sense referred pain.

B  to sense muscle fatigue.

C  to sense changes in muscle length.

D  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

A  visual acuity.

B  body temperature.

C  body position.

D  color vision.

E  pain.

A  Visceral pain

B  Referred pain

C  Slow pain

D  Sympathetic pain

E  Fast pain

A  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

B  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

C  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

D  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

E  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

A  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

B  receives information from the taste buds.

C  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

D  contains only motor neurons.

A  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

B  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

C  absorption of light by photopigments.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  transduction.

B  selectivity.

C  modality

D  perception.

E  adaptation.

A  osmoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

E  mechanoreceptor

A  semicircular canals

B  cochlea

C  vestibulocochlear nerve

D  maculae of the vestibule

E  organ of Corti

A  Interoceptors

B  None of the answers selections are correct

C  Proprioceptors

D  Exteroreceptors

E  Nociceptors

A  nociceptors.

B  exteroreceptors.

C  thermoreceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  proprioceptors.

A  tympanic membrane

B  cochlea

C  pinna

D  vestibulocochlear nerve

E  organ of Corti

A  One

B  None

C  Hundreds

D  Thousands

E  Dozens

A  All of the options listed are correct

B  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

C  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

D  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

E  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

A  Spinal cord

B  Midbrain

C  Cerebral cortex

D  Thalamus

E  Medulla oblongata

A  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

B  All of the options are correct

C  Is called transduction

D  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

A  Stimulus transduction

B  Integration of sensory input

C  Sensory Reception

D  Implementation of a motor response

E  Generation of nerve impulse

A  Thermoreceptors

B  Proprioreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Baroreceptors

A  Bases

B  Salts

C  Sugars

D  Alkaloids

E  Acids

A  Spinal cord

B  Midbrain

C  Thalamus

D  Cerebral cortex

E  Medulla oblongata

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Bitter

B  Sweet

C  Salt

D  Umami

E  Sour

A  Spinothalamic

B  Corticospinal

C  Spinocerebellar

A  Nociceptor – solute concentration

B  Photoreceptor – light

C  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

D  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

E  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

A  somatostatin and nicotine.

B  muscarine and acetylcholine.

C  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

D  norepinephrine and muscarine.

E  nicotine and adrenaline.

A  Somatosensory neurons.

B  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

C  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Somatic motor neurons

E  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A  superior sacral ganglion

B  dorsal rami

C  rami communicantes

D  ventral rami

A  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

D  Somatic motorneurons

E  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

C  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

D  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

E  Has myelinated axons.

A  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

B  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

C  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

D  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

E  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

A  Stimulates sweat glands

B  Thoracolumbar output

C  Ganglia primarily found in the head

D  Short preganglionic neurons

A  Craniosacral division

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Parasympathetic

D  Autonomic ganglia

E  Sympathetic

A  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

C  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

D  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

E  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

A  Sacral spinal cord output

B  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

C  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

D  Long preganglionic neurons

A  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

B  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

C  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

D  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

E  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

A  Airway constriction

B  Increased heart rate

C  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

D  Increased blood glucose level

E  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

A  High levels of cortisol

B  Elevated heart rate

C  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

D  Elevated blood pressure

E  Pupil dilation

A  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

B  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

C  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

D  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

E  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

A  Coordination

B  Balance

C  Posture

D  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

E  Emotion

A  Sensation

B  Intelligence

C  Blood

D  Both sensation and voluntary movement

E  Voluntary movement

A  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

B  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

D  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

E  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

A  Smooth muscle

B  Exocrine glands

C  Endocrine glands

D  Skeletal muscle

E  Cardiac muscle

A  All of these options are correct

B  increasing activity in the effector

C  decreasing activity in the effector

D  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

B  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Effector

B  Motor neuron

C  Sensory receptor

D  Sensory neuron

E  Integration center

A  Visceral

B  Blinking

C  Stretch

D  Withdrawal

E  Flexor

A  Persists for a long time

B  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

C  Poorly localized

D  Propagate along small-diameter fibers