Exam 2

A  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

B  Decreased airway dilation

C  Metabolic acidosis

D  Dehydration

E  Decreased heart rate

A  Increased gluconeogenesis

B  Increased digestive activities

C  Increased glycogenesis

D  Increased lipolysis

E  Increased breakdown of proteins

A  Peptide hormones

B  Thyroid hormones

C  Amine hormones

D  Nitric oxide

E  Steroids

A  Calcitonin

B  Somatostatin

C  Insulin

D  Glucagon

E  Thyroid hormones

A  permissive effect.

B  local effect.

C  circulating effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  synergistic effect.

A  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

B  Controls growth and development

C  Regulates metabolism

D  Produces electrolytes

A  5

B  12

C  unlimited

D  7

E  10

A  local hormone.

B  autocrine.

C  paracrine.

D  circulating hormone.

A  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

B  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

C  ADH promotes water loss.

D  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

E  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

A  Prolactin and growth hormone

B  Prolactin and ACTH

C  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

D  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

E  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

A  Thyrotropin

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Prolactin

E  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A  Leutinizing hormone

B  Prolactin

C  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

D  Insulin-like growth factors

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Muscle contraction

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

D  The peripheral nervous system

E  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

A  Reduction of inflammation

B  Increased production of all types of blood cells

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Protein and fat breakdown

E  Glucose formation

A  Calcium

B  Sodium

C  Manganese

D  Chloride

E  Potassium

A  Lactotrophs

B  Gonadotrophs

C  Somatotrophs

D  Corticotrophs

E  Thyrotrophs

A  Growth hormone

B  Prolactin

C  Thyrotropin

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  Iodide trapping

B  Synthesis of calcitonin

C  Coupling of T1 and T2

D  Oxidation of iodide

E  Iodination of tyrosine

A  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

B  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

C  Signals from the nervous system

D  Releasing hormones.

E  Chemical changes in the blood

A  Gluconeogenesis

B  Calcitonin downregulation

C  Epinephrine release

D  Glycogenesis

E  Glycogenolysis

A  Calcium

B  Chromatin

C  Plasma proteins

D  Messenger RNA

E  Cyclic AMP

A  Central

B  Parasympathetic

C  Sensory

D  Somatic

E  Sympathetic

A  Sensory adaptation

B  Receptor recognition

C  Paracrine regulation

D  Down-regulation

E  Up-regulation

A  Reduction of inflammation

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Glucose formation

A  Calcitonin

B  Testosterone

C  Human growth hormone

D  All of these options are prime examples

E  Oxytocin

A  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

B  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

C  All of these are synergistic pairs

D  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

E  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

A  Photoreceptors

B  Olfactory receptors

C  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

D  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

E  Gustatory receptors

A  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

B  All of these are correct answers

C  include steroids and thyroid hormone

D  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

A  Follicle stimulating hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Thyroid stimulating hormone

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Corticotropin releasing hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

B  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

C  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

A  Glucagon

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Thyroid hormone

D  Calcitonin

E  Insulin

A  is only seen in humans.

B  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

C  provides more accurate color vision.

D  is all of these choices

E  gives better depth perception.

A  throughout the nasal cavity.

B  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

D  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

E  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

A  occurs rapidly.

B  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

C  does not occur.

D  occurs slowly.

E  enhances gustation.

A  itch.

B  tickle.

C  temperature.

D  pain.

E  pressure.

A  to sense referred pain.

B  to sense changes in muscle length.

C  to sense muscle fatigue.

D  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

A  body position.

B  visual acuity.

C  color vision.

D  body temperature.

E  pain.

A  Slow pain

B  Referred pain

C  Fast pain

D  Visceral pain

E  Sympathetic pain

A  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

B  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

D  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

E  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

A  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

B  contains only motor neurons.

C  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

D  receives information from the taste buds.

A  absorption of light by photopigments.

B  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

C  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  adaptation.

B  selectivity.

C  transduction.

D  perception.

E  modality

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  osmoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

E  mechanoreceptor

A  semicircular canals

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  cochlea

D  organ of Corti

E  maculae of the vestibule

A  Nociceptors

B  Interoceptors

C  None of the answers selections are correct

D  Proprioceptors

E  Exteroreceptors

A  proprioceptors.

B  exteroreceptors.

C  thermoreceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  nociceptors.

A  pinna

B  vestibulocochlear nerve

C  tympanic membrane

D  cochlea

E  organ of Corti

A  One

B  Dozens

C  Hundreds

D  None

E  Thousands

A  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

B  All of the options listed are correct

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

D  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

E  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

A  Cerebral cortex

B  Medulla oblongata

C  Spinal cord

D  Thalamus

E  Midbrain

A  All of the options are correct

B  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

C  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

D  Is called transduction

A  Stimulus transduction

B  Sensory Reception

C  Integration of sensory input

D  Implementation of a motor response

E  Generation of nerve impulse

A  Baroreceptors

B  Chemoreceptors

C  Thermoreceptors

D  Proprioreceptors

E  Mechanoreceptors

A  Salts

B  Acids

C  Bases

D  Sugars

E  Alkaloids

A  Thalamus

B  Cerebral cortex

C  Midbrain

D  Medulla oblongata

E  Spinal cord

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Skin surface

C  Organs

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Umami

B  Salt

C  Sweet

D  Bitter

E  Sour

A  Spinocerebellar

B  Spinothalamic

C  Corticospinal

A  Photoreceptor – light

B  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

C  Nociceptor – solute concentration

D  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

E  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

A  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

B  somatostatin and nicotine.

C  norepinephrine and muscarine.

D  muscarine and acetylcholine.

E  nicotine and adrenaline.

A  Somatic motor neurons

B  Somatosensory neurons.

C  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

E  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A  superior sacral ganglion

B  rami communicantes

C  dorsal rami

D  ventral rami

A  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Somatic motorneurons

D  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

B  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

C  Has myelinated axons.

D  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

E  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

B  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

C  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

D  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

E  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

A  Short preganglionic neurons

B  Thoracolumbar output

C  Stimulates sweat glands

D  Ganglia primarily found in the head

A  Sympathetic

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Autonomic ganglia

D  Parasympathetic

E  Craniosacral division

A  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

B  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

C  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

E  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

A  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

B  Sacral spinal cord output

C  Long preganglionic neurons

D  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

A  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

B  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

C  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

D  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

E  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

A  Airway constriction

B  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

C  Increased blood glucose level

D  Increased heart rate

E  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

A  Pupil dilation

B  High levels of cortisol

C  Elevated blood pressure

D  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

E  Elevated heart rate

A  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

B  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

D  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

E  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

A  Emotion

B  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

C  Posture

D  Balance

E  Coordination

A  Sensation

B  Both sensation and voluntary movement

C  Blood

D  Voluntary movement

E  Intelligence

A  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

B  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

C  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

D  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

E  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

A  Cardiac muscle

B  Smooth muscle

C  Endocrine glands

D  Skeletal muscle

E  Exocrine glands

A  decreasing activity in the effector

B  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

C  All of these options are correct

D  increasing activity in the effector

A  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Motor neuron

B  Effector

C  Sensory neuron

D  Sensory receptor

E  Integration center

A  Visceral

B  Stretch

C  Withdrawal

D  Flexor

E  Blinking

A  Persists for a long time

B  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Poorly localized