Exam 2

A  Decreased heart rate

B  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

C  Metabolic acidosis

D  Dehydration

E  Decreased airway dilation

A  Increased gluconeogenesis

B  Increased breakdown of proteins

C  Increased glycogenesis

D  Increased digestive activities

E  Increased lipolysis

A  Peptide hormones

B  Steroids

C  Thyroid hormones

D  Amine hormones

E  Nitric oxide

A  Glucagon

B  Thyroid hormones

C  Calcitonin

D  Insulin

E  Somatostatin

A  local effect.

B  permissive effect.

C  circulating effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  synergistic effect.

A  Regulates metabolism

B  Produces electrolytes

C  Controls growth and development

D  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

A  12

B  5

C  unlimited

D  7

E  10

A  local hormone.

B  autocrine.

C  paracrine.

D  circulating hormone.

A  ADH promotes water loss.

B  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

C  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

D  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

E  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

A  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

B  Prolactin and growth hormone

C  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

D  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

E  Prolactin and ACTH

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Prolactin

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Thyrotropin

E  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

B  Prolactin

C  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

D  Insulin-like growth factors

E  Leutinizing hormone

A  Muscle contraction

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

D  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

E  The peripheral nervous system

A  Reduction of inflammation

B  Increased production of all types of blood cells

C  Protein and fat breakdown

D  Glucose formation

E  Depression of immune responses

A  Sodium

B  Calcium

C  Potassium

D  Manganese

E  Chloride

A  Gonadotrophs

B  Lactotrophs

C  Corticotrophs

D  Thyrotrophs

E  Somatotrophs

A  Growth hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Thyrotropin

E  Prolactin

A  Oxidation of iodide

B  Synthesis of calcitonin

C  Iodide trapping

D  Iodination of tyrosine

E  Coupling of T1 and T2

A  Signals from the nervous system

B  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

C  Chemical changes in the blood

D  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

E  Releasing hormones.

A  Calcitonin downregulation

B  Glycogenesis

C  Gluconeogenesis

D  Epinephrine release

E  Glycogenolysis

A  Cyclic AMP

B  Plasma proteins

C  Calcium

D  Chromatin

E  Messenger RNA

A  Central

B  Sensory

C  Sympathetic

D  Somatic

E  Parasympathetic

A  Up-regulation

B  Sensory adaptation

C  Receptor recognition

D  Down-regulation

E  Paracrine regulation

A  Protein and fat breakdown

B  Glucose formation

C  Increased production of all types of blood cells

D  Depression of immune responses

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  Oxytocin

B  Testosterone

C  Human growth hormone

D  All of these options are prime examples

E  Calcitonin

A  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

B  All of these are synergistic pairs

C  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

D  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

E  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A  Olfactory receptors

B  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

C  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

D  Photoreceptors

E  Gustatory receptors

A  include steroids and thyroid hormone

B  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

C  All of these are correct answers

D  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

A  Corticotropin releasing hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Thyroid stimulating hormone

D  Follicle stimulating hormone

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

C  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

A  Glucagon

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Calcitonin

D  Thyroid hormone

E  Insulin

A  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

B  is all of these choices

C  is only seen in humans.

D  provides more accurate color vision.

E  gives better depth perception.

A  throughout the nasal cavity.

B  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

D  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

E  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

A  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

B  occurs slowly.

C  enhances gustation.

D  does not occur.

E  occurs rapidly.

A  tickle.

B  itch.

C  pressure.

D  temperature.

E  pain.

A  to sense referred pain.

B  to sense muscle fatigue.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense changes in muscle length.

A  visual acuity.

B  pain.

C  body temperature.

D  color vision.

E  body position.

A  Referred pain

B  Sympathetic pain

C  Fast pain

D  Slow pain

E  Visceral pain

A  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

B  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

D  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

E  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

A  contains only motor neurons.

B  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

C  receives information from the taste buds.

D  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  absorption of light by photopigments.

C  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  adaptation.

B  selectivity.

C  perception.

D  modality

E  transduction.

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  osmoreceptor

E  photoreceptor

A  organ of Corti

B  maculae of the vestibule

C  semicircular canals

D  cochlea

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  Proprioceptors

B  Interoceptors

C  None of the answers selections are correct

D  Nociceptors

E  Exteroreceptors

A  proprioceptors.

B  thermoreceptors.

C  nociceptors.

D  Pacinian corpuscles.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  cochlea

B  pinna

C  tympanic membrane

D  vestibulocochlear nerve

E  organ of Corti

A  One

B  None

C  Thousands

D  Dozens

E  Hundreds

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

B  All of the options listed are correct

C  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

D  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

E  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

A  Thalamus

B  Cerebral cortex

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Midbrain

E  Spinal cord

A  Is called transduction

B  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

C  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

D  All of the options are correct

A  Generation of nerve impulse

B  Integration of sensory input

C  Sensory Reception

D  Stimulus transduction

E  Implementation of a motor response

A  Chemoreceptors

B  Proprioreceptors

C  Baroreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Thermoreceptors

A  Acids

B  Sugars

C  Salts

D  Bases

E  Alkaloids

A  Cerebral cortex

B  Midbrain

C  Thalamus

D  Spinal cord

E  Medulla oblongata

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

B  Organs

C  Skin surface

A  Sour

B  Umami

C  Salt

D  Bitter

E  Sweet

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Spinothalamic

A  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

B  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

C  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

D  Photoreceptor – light

E  Nociceptor – solute concentration

A  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

B  norepinephrine and muscarine.

C  muscarine and acetylcholine.

D  somatostatin and nicotine.

E  nicotine and adrenaline.

A  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

B  Somatosensory neurons.

C  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

D  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

E  Somatic motor neurons

A  superior sacral ganglion

B  ventral rami

C  rami communicantes

D  dorsal rami

A  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

D  Somatic motorneurons

E  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

B  Has myelinated axons.

C  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

D  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

E  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

A  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

B  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

C  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

D  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

E  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

A  Ganglia primarily found in the head

B  Short preganglionic neurons

C  Thoracolumbar output

D  Stimulates sweat glands

A  Sympathetic

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Parasympathetic

D  Craniosacral division

E  Autonomic ganglia

A  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

B  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

C  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

D  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

E  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

A  Long preganglionic neurons

B  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

C  Sacral spinal cord output

D  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

A  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

B  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

C  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

D  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

E  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

A  Increased blood glucose level

B  Increased heart rate

C  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

D  Airway constriction

E  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

A  Pupil dilation

B  Elevated blood pressure

C  High levels of cortisol

D  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

E  Elevated heart rate

A  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

C  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

D  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

E  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

A  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

B  Balance

C  Coordination

D  Posture

E  Emotion

A  Both sensation and voluntary movement

B  Intelligence

C  Voluntary movement

D  Sensation

E  Blood

A  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

C  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

D  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

E  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

A  Skeletal muscle

B  Endocrine glands

C  Cardiac muscle

D  Smooth muscle

E  Exocrine glands

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  All of these options are correct

C  decreasing activity in the effector

D  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

B  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Sensory receptor

B  Integration center

C  Effector

D  Motor neuron

E  Sensory neuron

A  Stretch

B  Withdrawal

C  Visceral

D  Blinking

E  Flexor

A  Poorly localized

B  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Persists for a long time