Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A spinocerebellar

B pyramidal

C corticospinal

D reticulospinal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A X-ray

B CT

C Ultrasound

D PET

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A theta waves.

B beta waves.

C alpha waves.

D P waves.

E delta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 2 only

B Both 1 & 2

C 1 only

D Both 2 & 3

E 3 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Arachnoid mater

B Cerebrospinal fluid

C Blood brain barrier

D All of these choices

E Dura mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A red nuclei

B vestibular nuclei

C basal nuclei

D lateral olivary nuclei

E autonomic ganglia

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Aqueduct of the midbrain

B Choroid plexuses

C Brachial plexuses

D Lateral apertures

E Interventricular foramina

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Purkinje

B Uniaxial

C Astrocytes

D Unipolar

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A central canal.

B dorsal root ganglion.

C posterior gray horn.

D lateral gray horn.

E anterior white commissure.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A P waves.

B alpha waves.

C theta waves.

D beta waves.

E delta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A limbic system

B choroid plexus

C cerebral ganglia

D dura mater

E arachnoid membrane

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A 3rd ventricle

B arachnoid granulations

C lateral ventricles

D subarachnoid space

E choroid plexus

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Telencephalon

B Myelencephalon

C Mesencephalon

D Diencephalon

E Rhombencephelon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Stria medullaris

B Commissural tracts

C Association tracts

D Mammillothalamic tracts

E Projection tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Association tracts

B Commissural tracts

C Projection tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Corpus callosum

B Sulci

C Projection tracts

D Pyramids

E Association tracts

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Brachial plexus

B Meningeal branch

C Rami communicantes

D Anterior ramus

E Posterior ramus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Cerebrum

B Cerebellum

C Corpus Callosum

D Pons

E Medulla Oblongata

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Long Term Potentiation

B Summation

C IPSPs

D Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon Terminal

B Cell body

C Axon

D Dendrites

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A excite a presynaptic potential

B inhibit a presynaptic potential

C remove a neurotransmitter

D stop a spatial summation

E continue a temporal summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

B fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

C runs out of neurotransmitter.

D recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

E fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A exhibits a membrane potential.

B has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

C All of these choices are correct.

D includes most cells of the body.

E includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Serotonin

B Epinephrine

C Norepinephrine

D Dopamine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A nodes of Ranvier

B Schwann cells

C dendrite

D axon

E choroid plexus

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A protons

B ions

C electrons

D neutrons

E free radicals

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Relative refractory period

B Absolute refractory period

C All of these choices

D Latent period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Anchoring junctions

C Tight junctions

D Desmosomes

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A dendrite

B axon

C nodes of Ranvier

D choroid plexus

E schwann cells

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Sensory function

B All are functions of the nervous system

C Motor function

D Integrative function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A hyperpolarizes

B repolarizes

C does not affect the polarity of

D moves across channels in

E depolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

B inhibitory postsynaptic potential

C inhibitory presynaptic potential.

D inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E none of these choices

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Na+

B Fe2+

C Ca2+

D K¬+

E Cl-

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Release of neurotransmitter

B Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

C K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

E Firing of a second action potential

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A at the trigger zone.

B in the dendrites.

C in the synaptic cleft.

D in the neuroplasm.

E in the neuron nucleus

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ out of the cell

B K+ out of the cell

C K+ into the cell

D Na+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

C none of these choices occur.

D voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

E ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Occurs only in myelinated axons

C Can occur in unmyelinated axons

D Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Resting membrane potential

B Electrical refractory period

C Receptor potential

D Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E Threshold potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A either EPSPs or IPSPs

B water-filled channels in its membrane

C IPSPs

D EPSPs

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Enzymatic degradation only

C Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D Reuptake at axon terminal only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

B EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

C EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

D IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

E IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –40 to –90 mV

B –90 to 5 mV

C +5 to 100 mV

D None of these choices

E –25 to –70 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B It exhibits low permeability

C The sodium ions are negatively charged

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Decreased temperature

B More myelin sheathing

C Lower amplitude of action potential

D Decreased stimulus strength

E Increased diameter of axon

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A mechanically-gated channels

B electrical synapses

C voltage-gated channels

D chemical synapses

E ligand-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A arachnoid membrane

B limbic system

C dura mater

D choroid plexus

E cerebral ganglia

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Cardiac

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a covering of body surfaces.

B is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

C All of these Answer choices are correct.

D is used to form glands.

E usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Bile

B Sweat

C Breastmilk

D Saliva

E Hormones

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Adipose

B Connective

C Epithelial

D Nervous

E Muscle

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Muscle

B Epithelial

C Adipose

D Connective

E Nervous

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple squamous epithelium

B Stratified cuboidal epithelium

C Simple columnar epithelium

D Stratified squamous epithelium

E Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Tendons

B Cartilage

C Bone

D Epidermis

E Blood

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A red blood cells.

B white blood cells.

C lymph.

D plasma.

E albumin.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Simple squamous

B Stratified columnar

C Transitional

D Stratified squamous

E Simple cuboidal

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neuroglial cells and myofibers.

B neuroglial cells and neurons.

C neurons and mast cells.

D neurons and somites.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Skin

B Mouth lining

C Esophagus

D Blood-brain barrier

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Deamination

B Phosphorylation

C Emancipation

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of electrons

B The addition of protons

C The addition of electrons

D None of these choices

E The removal of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Transition reaction

B Electron transport chain

C Krebs cycle

D Glycolysis

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A cell division

B contraction

C active transport

D protein synthesis

E osmosis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A nucleolus

B endoplasmic reticulum

C mitochondria

D cytoplasm

E golgi complex

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B generation of ATP

C Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A FADH2

B NADH

C NADH and FADH2

D H+

E All of these are electron acceptors

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Formation of acetyl-CoA

B Electron transport system

C Glycolysis

D Protein synthesis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Magic

B Glucose

C Oxygen

D Carbon dioxide

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Electron transport system

B The Krebs cycle

C Glycolysis

D Protein synthesis

E Formation of acetyl-CoA

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Carbonification

B Glycogenolysis

C Decarboxylation

D Oxidation

E Gluconeogenesis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Exergonic

B Endergonic

C Ergonomic

D Erythropoetic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A generation of ATP

B production of reduced coenzymes

C All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

D formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

E production of carbon dioxide

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Glycolysis

B Krebs cycle

C Electron transport chain

D Transition reaction

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