Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A spinocerebellar

B reticulospinal

C corticospinal

D pyramidal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A CT

B PET

C X-ray

D Ultrasound

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A alpha waves.

B beta waves.

C delta waves.

D theta waves.

E P waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 3 only

B 1 only

C Both 1 & 2

D 2 only

E Both 2 & 3

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Dura mater

B Arachnoid mater

C Cerebrospinal fluid

D All of these choices

E Blood brain barrier

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A autonomic ganglia

B basal nuclei

C red nuclei

D lateral olivary nuclei

E vestibular nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Brachial plexuses

B Lateral apertures

C Choroid plexuses

D Interventricular foramina

E Aqueduct of the midbrain

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Astrocytes

B Unipolar

C Purkinje

D Uniaxial

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A lateral gray horn.

B posterior gray horn.

C central canal.

D dorsal root ganglion.

E anterior white commissure.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A delta waves.

B P waves.

C alpha waves.

D beta waves.

E theta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B dura mater

C arachnoid membrane

D cerebral ganglia

E limbic system

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A subarachnoid space

B arachnoid granulations

C lateral ventricles

D choroid plexus

E 3rd ventricle

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Rhombencephelon

B Myelencephalon

C Mesencephalon

D Telencephalon

E Diencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Commissural tracts

D Mammillothalamic tracts

E Stria medullaris

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Commissural tracts

B Projection tracts

C Association tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Association tracts

B Corpus callosum

C Projection tracts

D Pyramids

E Sulci

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Anterior ramus

B Posterior ramus

C Meningeal branch

D Brachial plexus

E Rami communicantes

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Medulla Oblongata

B Pons

C Cerebellum

D Corpus Callosum

E Cerebrum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Summation

B Substrate Phosphorylation

C Long Term Potentiation

D IPSPs

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Dendrites

B Axon

C Axon Terminal

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B remove a neurotransmitter

C continue a temporal summation

D excite a presynaptic potential

E inhibit a presynaptic potential

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

B stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

C recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

D runs out of neurotransmitter.

E fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A exhibits a membrane potential.

B has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

C includes most cells of the body.

D includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

E All of these choices are correct.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Serotonin

B Dopamine

C Epinephrine

D Norepinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A axon

B Schwann cells

C dendrite

D nodes of Ranvier

E choroid plexus

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A neutrons

B ions

C free radicals

D protons

E electrons

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Absolute refractory period

B Relative refractory period

C Latent period

D All of these choices

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Desmosomes

C Anchoring junctions

D Tight junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A axon

B nodes of Ranvier

C dendrite

D choroid plexus

E schwann cells

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A All are functions of the nervous system

B Motor function

C Sensory function

D Integrative function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A moves across channels in

B does not affect the polarity of

C depolarizes

D hyperpolarizes

E repolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory postsynaptic potential

B inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

C inhibitory presynaptic potential.

D none of these choices

E inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Na+

B K¬+

C Ca2+

D Fe2+

E Cl-

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D Release of neurotransmitter

E Firing of a second action potential

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the neuron nucleus

B in the synaptic cleft.

C in the neuroplasm.

D in the dendrites.

E at the trigger zone.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A K+ out of the cell

B K+ into the cell

C Na+ out of the cell

D Na+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

B none of these choices occur.

C voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

D voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

E ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Can occur in unmyelinated axons

B Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

D Occurs only in myelinated axons

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Excitatory postsynaptic potential

B Resting membrane potential

C Receptor potential

D Electrical refractory period

E Threshold potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A All the choices are correct

B either EPSPs or IPSPs

C EPSPs

D IPSPs

E water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Reuptake at axon terminal only

C Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D Enzymatic degradation only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

B EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

C IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

E EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –25 to –70 mV

B None of these choices

C –40 to –90 mV

D +5 to 100 mV

E –90 to 5 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It exhibits low permeability

B It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C The sodium ions are negatively charged

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Decreased stimulus strength

B More myelin sheathing

C Decreased temperature

D Increased diameter of axon

E Lower amplitude of action potential

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A mechanically-gated channels

B chemical synapses

C electrical synapses

D ligand-gated channels

E voltage-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A arachnoid membrane

B cerebral ganglia

C dura mater

D choroid plexus

E limbic system

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Cardiac

B Skeletal

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

B usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

C is used as a covering of body surfaces.

D is used to form glands.

E All of these Answer choices are correct.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Breastmilk

B Saliva

C Hormones

D Bile

E Sweat

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Epithelial

B Adipose

C Nervous

D Muscle

E Connective

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Nervous

B Connective

C Epithelial

D Muscle

E Adipose

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple squamous epithelium

B Simple cuboidal epithelium

C Stratified squamous epithelium

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Epidermis

B Bone

C Cartilage

D Tendons

E Blood

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A plasma.

B red blood cells.

C albumin.

D lymph.

E white blood cells.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Simple squamous

B Stratified squamous

C Transitional

E Simple cuboidal

F Stratified columnar

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and mast cells.

B neuroglial cells and neurons.

C neuroglial cells and myofibers.

D neurons and somites.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Blood-brain barrier

B Esophagus

C Mouth lining

D Skin

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Deamination

B transcription

C Emancipation

D Phosphorylation

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The addition of protons

B None of these choices

C The removal of electrons

D The addition of electrons

E The removal of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Transition reaction

B Krebs cycle

C Glycolysis

D Electron transport chain

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A osmosis

B cell division

C contraction

D active transport

E protein synthesis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A mitochondria

B endoplasmic reticulum

C nucleolus

D golgi complex

E cytoplasm

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of carbon dioxide

B Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D generation of ATP

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A FADH2

B NADH

C H+

D All of these are electron acceptors

E NADH and FADH2

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Glycolysis

B Protein synthesis

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Electron transport system

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Oxygen

B Glucose

C Carbon dioxide

D Magic

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Electron transport system

B Glycolysis

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Protein synthesis

E The Krebs cycle

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Carbonification

B Glycogenolysis

C Oxidation

D Decarboxylation

E Gluconeogenesis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Ergonomic

B Exergonic

C Erythropoetic

D Endergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B generation of ATP

C All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

D production of carbon dioxide

E production of reduced coenzymes

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport chain

C Transition reaction

D Krebs cycle

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