Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A spinocerebellar

B corticospinal

C pyramidal

D reticulospinal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A CT

B Ultrasound

C X-ray

D PET

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B P waves.

C theta waves.

D alpha waves.

E delta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A Both 1 & 2

B Both 2 & 3

C 1 only

D 3 only

E 2 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Arachnoid mater

B Dura mater

C All of these choices

D Blood brain barrier

E Cerebrospinal fluid

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A vestibular nuclei

B autonomic ganglia

C basal nuclei

D red nuclei

E lateral olivary nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Choroid plexuses

B Interventricular foramina

C Lateral apertures

D Aqueduct of the midbrain

E Brachial plexuses

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Astrocytes

B Unipolar

C Purkinje

D Uniaxial

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A lateral gray horn.

B central canal.

C dorsal root ganglion.

D posterior gray horn.

E anterior white commissure.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A theta waves.

B beta waves.

C P waves.

D delta waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A limbic system

B choroid plexus

C dura mater

D arachnoid membrane

E cerebral ganglia

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A choroid plexus

B 3rd ventricle

C subarachnoid space

D arachnoid granulations

E lateral ventricles

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Mesencephalon

B Telencephalon

C Rhombencephelon

D Diencephalon

E Myelencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Projection tracts

B Mammillothalamic tracts

C Stria medullaris

D Association tracts

E Commissural tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Association tracts

B Commissural tracts

C Projection tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Corpus callosum

B Pyramids

C Association tracts

D Projection tracts

E Sulci

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Anterior ramus

B Meningeal branch

C Posterior ramus

D Rami communicantes

E Brachial plexus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Corpus Callosum

B Cerebrum

C Cerebellum

D Pons

E Medulla Oblongata

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A IPSPs

B Long Term Potentiation

C Substrate Phosphorylation

D Summation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon

B Cell body

C Axon Terminal

D Dendrites

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B remove a neurotransmitter

C excite a presynaptic potential

D continue a temporal summation

E inhibit a presynaptic potential

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

B fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

C fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

D runs out of neurotransmitter.

E stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A includes most cells of the body.

B exhibits a membrane potential.

C has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

D All of these choices are correct.

E includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Epinephrine

B Serotonin

C Norepinephrine

D Dopamine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B axon

C dendrite

D nodes of Ranvier

E Schwann cells

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A free radicals

B protons

C ions

D electrons

E neutrons

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Absolute refractory period

B Latent period

C Relative refractory period

D All of these choices

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Desmosomes

B Anchoring junctions

C Tight junctions

D Gap junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A nodes of Ranvier

B axon

C schwann cells

D choroid plexus

E dendrite

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Motor function

B Integrative function

C All are functions of the nervous system

D Sensory function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A depolarizes

B moves across channels in

C hyperpolarizes

D repolarizes

E does not affect the polarity of

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

B none of these choices

C inhibitory presynaptic potential.

D inhibitory postsynaptic potential

E inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Na+

B K¬+

C Ca2+

D Fe2+

E Cl-

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Release of neurotransmitter

B Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

E Firing of a second action potential

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the neuron nucleus

B in the synaptic cleft.

C in the dendrites.

D at the trigger zone.

E in the neuroplasm.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ into the cell

B K+ into the cell

C Na+ out of the cell

D K+ out of the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B none of these choices occur.

C ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

D ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

E voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Can occur in unmyelinated axons

C Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D Occurs only in myelinated axons

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Electrical refractory period

B Receptor potential

C Resting membrane potential

D Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E Threshold potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A IPSPs

B either EPSPs or IPSPs

C EPSPs

D All the choices are correct

E water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Enzymatic degradation only

C Reuptake at axon terminal only

D Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

B EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

C IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

E EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A +5 to 100 mV

B –90 to 5 mV

C None of these choices

D –25 to –70 mV

E –40 to –90 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A The sodium ions are negatively charged

B It exhibits low permeability

C It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Increased diameter of axon

B Decreased stimulus strength

C Lower amplitude of action potential

D More myelin sheathing

E Decreased temperature

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A voltage-gated channels

B ligand-gated channels

C electrical synapses

D chemical synapses

E mechanically-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A cerebral ganglia

B limbic system

C dura mater

D arachnoid membrane

E choroid plexus

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Smooth

B Cardiac

C Skeletal

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

B is used to form glands.

C usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

D is used as a covering of body surfaces.

E All of these Answer choices are correct.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Bile

B Breastmilk

C Sweat

D Hormones

E Saliva

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Muscle

B Nervous

C Connective

D Epithelial

E Adipose

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Adipose

B Epithelial

C Nervous

D Muscle

E Connective

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple columnar epithelium

B Simple squamous epithelium

C Stratified cuboidal epithelium

D Simple cuboidal epithelium

E Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Bone

B Epidermis

C Cartilage

D Blood

E Tendons

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A lymph.

B plasma.

C white blood cells.

D albumin.

E red blood cells.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Stratified squamous

C Simple squamous

D Simple cuboidal

E Transitional

F Stratified columnar

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and mast cells.

B neuroglial cells and myofibers.

C neurons and somites.

D neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Esophagus

B Mouth lining

C Skin

D Blood-brain barrier

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Phosphorylation

B Emancipation

C Deamination

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of electrons

B The addition of protons

C None of these choices

D The addition of electrons

E The removal of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Electron transport chain

B Transition reaction

C Krebs cycle

D Glycolysis

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A contraction

B cell division

C active transport

D osmosis

E protein synthesis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A cytoplasm

B nucleolus

C endoplasmic reticulum

D mitochondria

E golgi complex

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A generation of ATP

B Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A FADH2

B NADH and FADH2

C H+

D All of these are electron acceptors

E NADH

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Protein synthesis

B Glycolysis

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Electron transport system

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Glucose

B Magic

C Oxygen

D Carbon dioxide

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Electron transport system

B The Krebs cycle

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Protein synthesis

E Glycolysis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Gluconeogenesis

B Oxidation

C Carbonification

D Decarboxylation

E Glycogenolysis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Ergonomic

B Endergonic

C Erythropoetic

D Exergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B production of carbon dioxide

C generation of ATP

D All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

E production of reduced coenzymes

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Glycolysis

B Krebs cycle

C Electron transport chain

D Transition reaction

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