Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A pyramidal

B reticulospinal

C spinocerebellar

D corticospinal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A PET

B CT

C X-ray

D Ultrasound

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B P waves.

C delta waves.

D theta waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A Both 1 & 2

B 3 only

C 1 only

D Both 2 & 3

E 2 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Dura mater

B Cerebrospinal fluid

C All of these choices

D Blood brain barrier

E Arachnoid mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A red nuclei

B autonomic ganglia

C lateral olivary nuclei

D basal nuclei

E vestibular nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Lateral apertures

B Brachial plexuses

C Choroid plexuses

D Aqueduct of the midbrain

E Interventricular foramina

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Astrocytes

B Unipolar

C Uniaxial

D Purkinje

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A dorsal root ganglion.

B central canal.

C posterior gray horn.

D anterior white commissure.

E lateral gray horn.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A P waves.

B delta waves.

C theta waves.

D alpha waves.

E beta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A dura mater

B choroid plexus

C arachnoid membrane

D limbic system

E cerebral ganglia

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A arachnoid granulations

B choroid plexus

C subarachnoid space

D lateral ventricles

E 3rd ventricle

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Rhombencephelon

B Myelencephalon

C Mesencephalon

D Diencephalon

E Telencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Projection tracts

B Association tracts

C Commissural tracts

D Stria medullaris

E Mammillothalamic tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Projection tracts

B Association tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Corpus callosum

D Sulci

E Pyramids

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Posterior ramus

B Brachial plexus

C Meningeal branch

D Anterior ramus

E Rami communicantes

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Medulla Oblongata

B Pons

C Cerebrum

D Corpus Callosum

E Cerebellum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A IPSPs

B Long Term Potentiation

C Substrate Phosphorylation

D Summation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon Terminal

B Axon

C Dendrites

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B continue a temporal summation

C inhibit a presynaptic potential

D excite a presynaptic potential

E remove a neurotransmitter

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A runs out of neurotransmitter.

B fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

C recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

D stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

E fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A All of these choices are correct.

B includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

C exhibits a membrane potential.

D includes most cells of the body.

E has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Serotonin

B Epinephrine

C Dopamine

D Norepinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A dendrite

B choroid plexus

C nodes of Ranvier

D axon

E Schwann cells

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A free radicals

B electrons

C neutrons

D ions

E protons

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Latent period

B Absolute refractory period

C All of these choices

D Relative refractory period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Desmosomes

C Tight junctions

D Anchoring junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A nodes of Ranvier

B dendrite

C schwann cells

D axon

E choroid plexus

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Motor function

B Integrative function

C All are functions of the nervous system

D Sensory function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A repolarizes

B does not affect the polarity of

C hyperpolarizes

D depolarizes

E moves across channels in

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A none of these choices

B inhibitory postsynaptic potential

C inhibitory presynaptic potential.

D inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Ca2+

B Cl-

C K¬+

D Fe2+

E Na+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

C K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

D Firing of a second action potential

E Release of neurotransmitter

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the dendrites.

B at the trigger zone.

C in the synaptic cleft.

D in the neuroplasm.

E in the neuron nucleus

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A K+ into the cell

B Na+ out of the cell

C K+ out of the cell

D Na+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B none of these choices occur.

C ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

D ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

E voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Can occur in unmyelinated axons

B Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

C Occurs only in myelinated axons

D Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Electrical refractory period

B Threshold potential

C Excitatory postsynaptic potential

D Receptor potential

E Resting membrane potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A IPSPs

B either EPSPs or IPSPs

C water-filled channels in its membrane

D All the choices are correct

E EPSPs

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

B Reuptake at axon terminal only

C Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

D Enzymatic degradation only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

B IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

C EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

D EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –25 to –70 mV

B +5 to 100 mV

C –90 to 5 mV

D –40 to –90 mV

E None of these choices

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A The sodium ions are negatively charged

B It exhibits low permeability

C It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Decreased temperature

B Decreased stimulus strength

C Increased diameter of axon

D More myelin sheathing

E Lower amplitude of action potential

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A chemical synapses

B mechanically-gated channels

C electrical synapses

D ligand-gated channels

E voltage-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A cerebral ganglia

B arachnoid membrane

C dura mater

D choroid plexus

E limbic system

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Cardiac

B Smooth

C Skeletal

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A All of these Answer choices are correct.

B usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

C is used to form glands.

D is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

E is used as a covering of body surfaces.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Bile

B Sweat

C Hormones

D Saliva

E Breastmilk

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Adipose

B Muscle

C Nervous

D Epithelial

E Connective

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Epithelial

B Connective

C Muscle

D Nervous

E Adipose

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Stratified squamous epithelium

B Simple columnar epithelium

C Simple squamous epithelium

D Simple cuboidal epithelium

E Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Blood

B Bone

C Tendons

D Cartilage

E Epidermis

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A red blood cells.

B albumin.

C plasma.

D white blood cells.

E lymph.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Simple cuboidal

B Simple squamous

D Stratified squamous

E Stratified columnar

F Transitional

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and mast cells.

B neuroglial cells and myofibers.

C neuroglial cells and neurons.

D neurons and somites.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Esophagus

B Blood-brain barrier

C Skin

D Mouth lining

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Emancipation

B Deamination

C Phosphorylation

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of electrons

B None of these choices

C The addition of protons

D The removal of protons

E The addition of electrons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Glycolysis

B Krebs cycle

C Electron transport chain

D Transition reaction

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A cell division

B active transport

C osmosis

D contraction

E protein synthesis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A endoplasmic reticulum

B mitochondria

C golgi complex

D cytoplasm

E nucleolus

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

B production of carbon dioxide

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D generation of ATP

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A All of these are electron acceptors

B NADH and FADH2

C H+

D FADH2

E NADH

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Formation of acetyl-CoA

B Protein synthesis

C Glycolysis

D Electron transport system

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Magic

B Carbon dioxide

C Oxygen

D Glucose

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Formation of acetyl-CoA

B The Krebs cycle

C Protein synthesis

D Electron transport system

E Glycolysis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Decarboxylation

B Glycogenolysis

C Gluconeogenesis

D Carbonification

E Oxidation

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Exergonic

B Ergonomic

C Erythropoetic

D Endergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of carbon dioxide

B production of reduced coenzymes

C All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

D generation of ATP

E formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Transition reaction

B Krebs cycle

C Glycolysis

D Electron transport chain

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