Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A reticulospinal

B pyramidal

C corticospinal

D spinocerebellar

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A CT

B X-ray

C Ultrasound

D PET

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A alpha waves.

B delta waves.

C beta waves.

D P waves.

E theta waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 3 only

B 2 only

C Both 2 & 3

D Both 1 & 2

E 1 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A All of these choices

B Cerebrospinal fluid

C Blood brain barrier

D Arachnoid mater

E Dura mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A red nuclei

B lateral olivary nuclei

C vestibular nuclei

D autonomic ganglia

E basal nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Choroid plexuses

B Interventricular foramina

C Lateral apertures

D Brachial plexuses

E Aqueduct of the midbrain

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Unipolar

B Uniaxial

C Astrocytes

D Purkinje

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A lateral gray horn.

B posterior gray horn.

C dorsal root ganglion.

D anterior white commissure.

E central canal.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B P waves.

C alpha waves.

D delta waves.

E theta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A limbic system

B cerebral ganglia

C dura mater

D arachnoid membrane

E choroid plexus

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A lateral ventricles

B subarachnoid space

C 3rd ventricle

D choroid plexus

E arachnoid granulations

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Myelencephalon

B Mesencephalon

C Diencephalon

D Rhombencephelon

E Telencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Stria medullaris

D Commissural tracts

E Mammillothalamic tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Commissural tracts

B Projection tracts

C Association tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Sulci

D Pyramids

E Corpus callosum

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Rami communicantes

B Brachial plexus

C Meningeal branch

D Posterior ramus

E Anterior ramus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Medulla Oblongata

B Cerebrum

C Cerebellum

D Pons

E Corpus Callosum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A IPSPs

B Substrate Phosphorylation

C Summation

D Long Term Potentiation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon Terminal

B Cell body

C Axon

D Dendrites

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B remove a neurotransmitter

C inhibit a presynaptic potential

D excite a presynaptic potential

E continue a temporal summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A runs out of neurotransmitter.

B recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

C stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

D fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

E fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A All of these choices are correct.

B exhibits a membrane potential.

C has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

D includes most cells of the body.

E includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Serotonin

B Dopamine

C Epinephrine

D Norepinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B axon

C Schwann cells

D dendrite

E nodes of Ranvier

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A ions

B electrons

C protons

D neutrons

E free radicals

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Absolute refractory period

B Latent period

C Relative refractory period

D All of these choices

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Desmosomes

B Gap junctions

C Anchoring junctions

D Tight junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A nodes of Ranvier

B schwann cells

C axon

D dendrite

E choroid plexus

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Integrative function

B All are functions of the nervous system

C Sensory function

D Motor function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A does not affect the polarity of

B repolarizes

C hyperpolarizes

D moves across channels in

E depolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic potential.

B inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

C none of these choices

D inhibitory postsynaptic potential

E inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Cl-

B K¬+

C Ca2+

D Fe2+

E Na+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

C Release of neurotransmitter

D Firing of a second action potential

E Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the dendrites.

B in the neuroplasm.

C in the synaptic cleft.

D in the neuron nucleus

E at the trigger zone.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A K+ into the cell

B Na+ into the cell

C Na+ out of the cell

D K+ out of the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

C none of these choices occur.

D ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

E voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Can occur in unmyelinated axons

B Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C Occurs only in myelinated axons

D Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Excitatory postsynaptic potential

B Threshold potential

C Resting membrane potential

D Electrical refractory period

E Receptor potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A All the choices are correct

B water-filled channels in its membrane

C IPSPs

D EPSPs

E either EPSPs or IPSPs

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Reuptake at axon terminal only

C Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D Enzymatic degradation only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

B EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

C EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

D IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

E IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –25 to –70 mV

B None of these choices

C –40 to –90 mV

D –90 to 5 mV

E +5 to 100 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A The sodium ions are negatively charged

B It exhibits low permeability

C It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A More myelin sheathing

B Lower amplitude of action potential

C Decreased temperature

D Decreased stimulus strength

E Increased diameter of axon

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A ligand-gated channels

B mechanically-gated channels

C electrical synapses

D voltage-gated channels

E chemical synapses

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A choroid plexus

B cerebral ganglia

C dura mater

D arachnoid membrane

E limbic system

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Cardiac

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A All of these Answer choices are correct.

B is used to form glands.

C is used as a covering of body surfaces.

D usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

E is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Hormones

B Bile

C Saliva

D Breastmilk

E Sweat

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Epithelial

B Connective

C Adipose

D Nervous

E Muscle

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Adipose

B Connective

C Epithelial

D Muscle

E Nervous

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Stratified squamous epithelium

B Simple cuboidal epithelium

C Simple columnar epithelium

D Stratified cuboidal epithelium

E Simple squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Epidermis

B Blood

C Cartilage

D Tendons

E Bone

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A white blood cells.

B lymph.

C red blood cells.

D plasma.

E albumin.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Simple cuboidal

C Transitional

D Simple squamous

E Stratified columnar

F Stratified squamous

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neuroglial cells and neurons.

B neurons and somites.

C neuroglial cells and myofibers.

D neurons and mast cells.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Mouth lining

B Skin

C Blood-brain barrier

D Esophagus

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A transcription

B Deamination

C Emancipation

D Phosphorylation

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of electrons

B The removal of protons

C The addition of electrons

D None of these choices

E The addition of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Transition reaction

B Electron transport chain

C Glycolysis

D Krebs cycle

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A cell division

B protein synthesis

C active transport

D osmosis

E contraction

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A mitochondria

B endoplasmic reticulum

C golgi complex

D nucleolus

E cytoplasm

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B production of carbon dioxide

C generation of ATP

D Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A H+

B All of these are electron acceptors

C NADH and FADH2

D NADH

E FADH2

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Electron transport system

B Glycolysis

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Protein synthesis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Glucose

B Oxygen

C Carbon dioxide

D Magic

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Electron transport system

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C The Krebs cycle

D Protein synthesis

E Glycolysis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Oxidation

B Gluconeogenesis

C Decarboxylation

D Carbonification

E Glycogenolysis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Exergonic

B Erythropoetic

C Ergonomic

D Endergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of reduced coenzymes

B production of carbon dioxide

C All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

D formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

E generation of ATP

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Electron transport chain

B Glycolysis

C Transition reaction

D Krebs cycle

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