Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A corticospinal

B reticulospinal

C pyramidal

D spinocerebellar

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A Ultrasound

B X-ray

C PET

D CT

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B theta waves.

C delta waves.

D alpha waves.

E P waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 2 only

B 1 only

C 3 only

D Both 2 & 3

E Both 1 & 2

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Blood brain barrier

B Cerebrospinal fluid

C Arachnoid mater

D All of these choices

E Dura mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A autonomic ganglia

B red nuclei

C lateral olivary nuclei

D vestibular nuclei

E basal nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Choroid plexuses

B Brachial plexuses

C Lateral apertures

D Aqueduct of the midbrain

E Interventricular foramina

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Purkinje

B Astrocytes

C Unipolar

D Uniaxial

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A lateral gray horn.

B anterior white commissure.

C posterior gray horn.

D central canal.

E dorsal root ganglion.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A delta waves.

B alpha waves.

C theta waves.

D beta waves.

E P waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A dura mater

B cerebral ganglia

C arachnoid membrane

D limbic system

E choroid plexus

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A 3rd ventricle

B choroid plexus

C arachnoid granulations

D subarachnoid space

E lateral ventricles

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Diencephalon

B Myelencephalon

C Rhombencephelon

D Mesencephalon

E Telencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Stria medullaris

B Mammillothalamic tracts

C Projection tracts

D Association tracts

E Commissural tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Pyramids

B Sulci

C Association tracts

D Projection tracts

E Corpus callosum

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Posterior ramus

B Rami communicantes

C Anterior ramus

D Meningeal branch

E Brachial plexus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Cerebrum

B Corpus Callosum

C Cerebellum

D Pons

E Medulla Oblongata

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Long Term Potentiation

B Summation

C Substrate Phosphorylation

D IPSPs

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Dendrites

B Axon Terminal

C Cell body

D Axon

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A continue a temporal summation

B remove a neurotransmitter

C inhibit a presynaptic potential

D excite a presynaptic potential

E stop a spatial summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A runs out of neurotransmitter.

B stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

C fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

D recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

E fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

B exhibits a membrane potential.

C All of these choices are correct.

D has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

E includes most cells of the body.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Epinephrine

B Dopamine

C Serotonin

D Norepinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A Schwann cells

B axon

C dendrite

D choroid plexus

E nodes of Ranvier

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A electrons

B ions

C protons

D neutrons

E free radicals

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Latent period

B Absolute refractory period

C All of these choices

D Relative refractory period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Anchoring junctions

B Desmosomes

C Gap junctions

D Tight junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A axon

B schwann cells

C choroid plexus

D dendrite

E nodes of Ranvier

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Motor function

B Sensory function

C Integrative function

D All are functions of the nervous system

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A depolarizes

B moves across channels in

C repolarizes

D does not affect the polarity of

E hyperpolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory postsynaptic potential

B inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

C none of these choices

D inhibitory presynaptic potential.

E inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Fe2+

B Ca2+

C Cl-

D K¬+

E Na+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Firing of a second action potential

B K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

C Release of neurotransmitter

D Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

E Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A at the trigger zone.

B in the synaptic cleft.

C in the neuron nucleus

D in the dendrites.

E in the neuroplasm.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ out of the cell

B K+ out of the cell

C K+ into the cell

D Na+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

B voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

C none of these choices occur.

D ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

E ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Can occur in unmyelinated axons

C Occurs only in myelinated axons

D Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Receptor potential

B Threshold potential

C Electrical refractory period

D Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E Resting membrane potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A All the choices are correct

B either EPSPs or IPSPs

C EPSPs

D water-filled channels in its membrane

E IPSPs

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

C Reuptake at axon terminal only

D Enzymatic degradation only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

B IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

C IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

D EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –40 to –90 mV

B –25 to –70 mV

C +5 to 100 mV

D –90 to 5 mV

E None of these choices

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It exhibits low permeability

B It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C The sodium ions are negatively charged

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Lower amplitude of action potential

B More myelin sheathing

C Decreased stimulus strength

D Increased diameter of axon

E Decreased temperature

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A chemical synapses

B mechanically-gated channels

C voltage-gated channels

D ligand-gated channels

E electrical synapses

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A limbic system

B dura mater

C choroid plexus

D arachnoid membrane

E cerebral ganglia

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Smooth

B Cardiac

C Skeletal

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a covering of body surfaces.

B All of these Answer choices are correct.

C is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

D is used to form glands.

E usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Saliva

B Hormones

C Breastmilk

D Bile

E Sweat

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Adipose

B Muscle

C Connective

D Epithelial

E Nervous

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Adipose

B Nervous

C Epithelial

D Connective

E Muscle

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple cuboidal epithelium

B Simple squamous epithelium

C Stratified squamous epithelium

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Bone

B Cartilage

C Blood

D Tendons

E Epidermis

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A lymph.

B plasma.

C white blood cells.

D red blood cells.

E albumin.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Transitional

B Stratified squamous

C Stratified columnar

D Simple squamous

E Simple cuboidal

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and somites.

B neurons and mast cells.

C neuroglial cells and myofibers.

D neuroglial cells and neurons.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Skin

B Mouth lining

C Esophagus

D Blood-brain barrier

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Deamination

B transcription

C Emancipation

D Phosphorylation

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of electrons

B The addition of protons

C None of these choices

D The addition of electrons

E The removal of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Glycolysis

B Krebs cycle

C Transition reaction

D Electron transport chain

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A contraction

B protein synthesis

C cell division

D osmosis

E active transport

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A nucleolus

B golgi complex

C cytoplasm

D mitochondria

E endoplasmic reticulum

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A generation of ATP

B Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C production of carbon dioxide

D formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A FADH2

B All of these are electron acceptors

C NADH and FADH2

D H+

E NADH

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport system

C Protein synthesis

D Formation of acetyl-CoA

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Glucose

B Oxygen

C Magic

D Carbon dioxide

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Electron transport system

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C The Krebs cycle

D Protein synthesis

E Glycolysis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Oxidation

B Gluconeogenesis

C Carbonification

D Decarboxylation

E Glycogenolysis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Ergonomic

B Endergonic

C Exergonic

D Erythropoetic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of reduced coenzymes

B All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

C production of carbon dioxide

D generation of ATP

E formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport chain

C Transition reaction

D Krebs cycle

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