Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A pyramidal

B corticospinal

C spinocerebellar

D reticulospinal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A CT

B PET

C Ultrasound

D X-ray

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B delta waves.

C P waves.

D theta waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 1 only

B Both 2 & 3

C 2 only

D 3 only

E Both 1 & 2

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Dura mater

B Arachnoid mater

C Blood brain barrier

D Cerebrospinal fluid

E All of these choices

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A red nuclei

B basal nuclei

C vestibular nuclei

D lateral olivary nuclei

E autonomic ganglia

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Brachial plexuses

B Aqueduct of the midbrain

C Choroid plexuses

D Lateral apertures

E Interventricular foramina

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Astrocytes

B Unipolar

C Uniaxial

D Purkinje

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A dorsal root ganglion.

B anterior white commissure.

C lateral gray horn.

D posterior gray horn.

E central canal.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A alpha waves.

B delta waves.

C theta waves.

D P waves.

E beta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A dura mater

B cerebral ganglia

C limbic system

D arachnoid membrane

E choroid plexus

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A choroid plexus

B arachnoid granulations

C 3rd ventricle

D subarachnoid space

E lateral ventricles

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Myelencephalon

B Telencephalon

C Mesencephalon

D Diencephalon

E Rhombencephelon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Stria medullaris

B Commissural tracts

C Association tracts

D Mammillothalamic tracts

E Projection tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Projection tracts

B Pyramids

C Corpus callosum

D Sulci

E Association tracts

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Brachial plexus

B Anterior ramus

C Posterior ramus

D Rami communicantes

E Meningeal branch

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Corpus Callosum

B Pons

C Cerebellum

D Cerebrum

E Medulla Oblongata

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Long Term Potentiation

B IPSPs

C Substrate Phosphorylation

D Summation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon Terminal

B Dendrites

C Axon

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A remove a neurotransmitter

B stop a spatial summation

C excite a presynaptic potential

D continue a temporal summation

E inhibit a presynaptic potential

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

B runs out of neurotransmitter.

C fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

D stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

E recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

B All of these choices are correct.

C exhibits a membrane potential.

D includes most cells of the body.

E has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Norepinephrine

B Dopamine

C Serotonin

D Epinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A Schwann cells

B choroid plexus

C axon

D nodes of Ranvier

E dendrite

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A neutrons

B electrons

C protons

D free radicals

E ions

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A All of these choices

B Relative refractory period

C Absolute refractory period

D Latent period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Tight junctions

C Desmosomes

D Anchoring junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B schwann cells

C dendrite

D axon

E nodes of Ranvier

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Motor function

B Integrative function

C All are functions of the nervous system

D Sensory function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A depolarizes

B does not affect the polarity of

C repolarizes

D moves across channels in

E hyperpolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic potential.

B none of these choices

C inhibitory postsynaptic potential

D inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Na+

B K¬+

C Fe2+

D Cl-

E Ca2+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Release of neurotransmitter

B Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

C Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

E Firing of a second action potential

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the synaptic cleft.

B in the dendrites.

C at the trigger zone.

D in the neuron nucleus

E in the neuroplasm.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ out of the cell

B K+ into the cell

C K+ out of the cell

D Na+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B none of these choices occur.

C ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

D ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

E voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Can occur in unmyelinated axons

B Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

C Occurs only in myelinated axons

D Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Resting membrane potential

B Receptor potential

C Excitatory postsynaptic potential

D Threshold potential

E Electrical refractory period

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A either EPSPs or IPSPs

B IPSPs

C EPSPs

D All the choices are correct

E water-filled channels in its membrane

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Reuptake at axon terminal only

B Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

C Enzymatic degradation only

D Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

B EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

C EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

D EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A +5 to 100 mV

B –40 to –90 mV

C None of these choices

D –25 to –70 mV

E –90 to 5 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B It exhibits low permeability

C The sodium ions are negatively charged

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Increased diameter of axon

B Lower amplitude of action potential

C Decreased temperature

D Decreased stimulus strength

E More myelin sheathing

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A electrical synapses

B mechanically-gated channels

C ligand-gated channels

D chemical synapses

E voltage-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A limbic system

B arachnoid membrane

C dura mater

D choroid plexus

E cerebral ganglia

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Cardiac

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A All of these Answer choices are correct.

B is used to form glands.

C is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

D is used as a covering of body surfaces.

E usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Bile

B Saliva

C Hormones

D Breastmilk

E Sweat

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Adipose

B Connective

C Nervous

D Muscle

E Epithelial

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Connective

B Adipose

C Epithelial

D Muscle

E Nervous

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple squamous epithelium

B Stratified cuboidal epithelium

C Simple cuboidal epithelium

D Stratified squamous epithelium

E Simple columnar epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Cartilage

B Tendons

C Bone

D Epidermis

E Blood

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A albumin.

B lymph.

C red blood cells.

D plasma.

E white blood cells.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Simple squamous

B Simple cuboidal

C Stratified squamous

E Transitional

F Stratified columnar

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and mast cells.

B neuroglial cells and neurons.

C neurons and somites.

D neuroglial cells and myofibers.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Esophagus

B Skin

C Mouth lining

D Blood-brain barrier

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Deamination

B Emancipation

C Phosphorylation

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of protons

B The removal of electrons

C The addition of protons

D The addition of electrons

E None of these choices

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Transition reaction

B Glycolysis

C Krebs cycle

D Electron transport chain

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A active transport

B cell division

C protein synthesis

D osmosis

E contraction

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A mitochondria

B nucleolus

C golgi complex

D endoplasmic reticulum

E cytoplasm

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of carbon dioxide

B Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D generation of ATP

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A NADH

B NADH and FADH2

C FADH2

D H+

E All of these are electron acceptors

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport system

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Protein synthesis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Magic

B Glucose

C Oxygen

D Carbon dioxide

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Glycolysis

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C The Krebs cycle

D Protein synthesis

E Electron transport system

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Glycogenolysis

B Decarboxylation

C Oxidation

D Carbonification

E Gluconeogenesis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Ergonomic

B Exergonic

C Erythropoetic

D Endergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

B All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

C production of carbon dioxide

D generation of ATP

E production of reduced coenzymes

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport chain

C Krebs cycle

D Transition reaction

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