Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A reticulospinal

B corticospinal

C pyramidal

D spinocerebellar

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A X-ray

B PET

C Ultrasound

D CT

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A P waves.

B theta waves.

C beta waves.

D delta waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 3 only

B Both 2 & 3

C 2 only

D 1 only

E Both 1 & 2

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Blood brain barrier

B Arachnoid mater

C Dura mater

D All of these choices

E Cerebrospinal fluid

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A vestibular nuclei

B autonomic ganglia

C red nuclei

D basal nuclei

E lateral olivary nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Choroid plexuses

B Interventricular foramina

C Brachial plexuses

D Aqueduct of the midbrain

E Lateral apertures

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Uniaxial

B Purkinje

C Astrocytes

D Unipolar

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A central canal.

B dorsal root ganglion.

C posterior gray horn.

D lateral gray horn.

E anterior white commissure.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A alpha waves.

B beta waves.

C theta waves.

D P waves.

E delta waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A cerebral ganglia

B arachnoid membrane

C dura mater

D limbic system

E choroid plexus

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A lateral ventricles

B subarachnoid space

C arachnoid granulations

D choroid plexus

E 3rd ventricle

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Myelencephalon

B Rhombencephelon

C Mesencephalon

D Telencephalon

E Diencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Mammillothalamic tracts

B Projection tracts

C Commissural tracts

D Association tracts

E Stria medullaris

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Commissural tracts

B Projection tracts

C Association tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Association tracts

B Sulci

C Corpus callosum

D Projection tracts

E Pyramids

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Rami communicantes

B Posterior ramus

C Brachial plexus

D Anterior ramus

E Meningeal branch

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Cerebellum

B Corpus Callosum

C Medulla Oblongata

D Pons

E Cerebrum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Substrate Phosphorylation

B Summation

C IPSPs

D Long Term Potentiation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon

B Cell body

C Axon Terminal

D Dendrites

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A stop a spatial summation

B inhibit a presynaptic potential

C continue a temporal summation

D excite a presynaptic potential

E remove a neurotransmitter

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

B runs out of neurotransmitter.

C fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

D stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

E recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

B exhibits a membrane potential.

C includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

D All of these choices are correct.

E includes most cells of the body.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Norepinephrine

B Epinephrine

C Dopamine

D Serotonin

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A nodes of Ranvier

B axon

C choroid plexus

D dendrite

E Schwann cells

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A protons

B neutrons

C electrons

D ions

E free radicals

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Latent period

B Relative refractory period

C All of these choices

D Absolute refractory period

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Tight junctions

C Anchoring junctions

D Desmosomes

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A schwann cells

B dendrite

C choroid plexus

D nodes of Ranvier

E axon

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Integrative function

B All are functions of the nervous system

C Sensory function

D Motor function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A hyperpolarizes

B repolarizes

C does not affect the polarity of

D depolarizes

E moves across channels in

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory postsynaptic potential

B inhibitory presynaptic potential.

C none of these choices

D inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

E inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Cl-

B Ca2+

C Fe2+

D Na+

E K¬+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

B Release of neurotransmitter

C Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D Firing of a second action potential

E Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A at the trigger zone.

B in the neuroplasm.

C in the neuron nucleus

D in the dendrites.

E in the synaptic cleft.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A Na+ out of the cell

B Na+ into the cell

C K+ out of the cell

D K+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

B voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

C ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

D none of these choices occur.

E ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

C Can occur in unmyelinated axons

D Occurs only in myelinated axons

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Resting membrane potential

B Receptor potential

C Threshold potential

D Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E Electrical refractory period

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A water-filled channels in its membrane

B either EPSPs or IPSPs

C EPSPs

D IPSPs

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Enzymatic degradation only

C Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D Reuptake at axon terminal only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

B EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

C IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –90 to 5 mV

B None of these choices

C +5 to 100 mV

D –40 to –90 mV

E –25 to –70 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A The sodium ions are negatively charged

B It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C It exhibits low permeability

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A More myelin sheathing

B Lower amplitude of action potential

C Decreased stimulus strength

D Decreased temperature

E Increased diameter of axon

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A chemical synapses

B ligand-gated channels

C voltage-gated channels

D electrical synapses

E mechanically-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A arachnoid membrane

B choroid plexus

C cerebral ganglia

D dura mater

E limbic system

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Cardiac

B Skeletal

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used to form glands.

B is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

C All of these Answer choices are correct.

D is used as a covering of body surfaces.

E usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Sweat

B Saliva

C Bile

D Hormones

E Breastmilk

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Muscle

B Adipose

C Connective

D Epithelial

E Nervous

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Muscle

B Epithelial

C Nervous

D Adipose

E Connective

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Stratified cuboidal epithelium

B Simple cuboidal epithelium

C Simple squamous epithelium

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Epidermis

B Blood

C Tendons

D Bone

E Cartilage

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A plasma.

B albumin.

C white blood cells.

D red blood cells.

E lymph.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

B Stratified squamous

C Stratified columnar

D Transitional

E Simple squamous

F Simple cuboidal

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and somites.

B neuroglial cells and neurons.

C neurons and mast cells.

D neuroglial cells and myofibers.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Esophagus

B Mouth lining

C Blood-brain barrier

D Skin

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Emancipation

B Deamination

C Phosphorylation

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of protons

B The addition of protons

C The removal of electrons

D The addition of electrons

E None of these choices

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Transition reaction

B Krebs cycle

C Glycolysis

D Electron transport chain

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A osmosis

B cell division

C protein synthesis

D contraction

E active transport

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A mitochondria

B nucleolus

C golgi complex

D endoplasmic reticulum

E cytoplasm

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A generation of ATP

B Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A H+

B FADH2

C All of these are electron acceptors

D NADH and FADH2

E NADH

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Formation of acetyl-CoA

B Electron transport system

C Protein synthesis

D Glycolysis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Glucose

B Oxygen

C Magic

D Carbon dioxide

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Glycolysis

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C Protein synthesis

D The Krebs cycle

E Electron transport system

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Glycogenolysis

B Oxidation

C Carbonification

D Decarboxylation

E Gluconeogenesis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Erythropoetic

B Endergonic

C Ergonomic

D Exergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of carbon dioxide

B All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

C generation of ATP

D formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

E production of reduced coenzymes

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Transition reaction

B Glycolysis

C Krebs cycle

D Electron transport chain

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