Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A corticospinal

B reticulospinal

C pyramidal

D spinocerebellar

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A X-ray

B Ultrasound

C CT

D PET

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A delta waves.

B beta waves.

C P waves.

D theta waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 2 only

B Both 1 & 2

C 3 only

D Both 2 & 3

E 1 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Arachnoid mater

B Dura mater

C Cerebrospinal fluid

D All of these choices

E Blood brain barrier

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A vestibular nuclei

B basal nuclei

C lateral olivary nuclei

D autonomic ganglia

E red nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Aqueduct of the midbrain

B Choroid plexuses

C Lateral apertures

D Interventricular foramina

E Brachial plexuses

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Purkinje

B Astrocytes

C Uniaxial

D Unipolar

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A posterior gray horn.

B central canal.

C dorsal root ganglion.

D anterior white commissure.

E lateral gray horn.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A theta waves.

B beta waves.

C delta waves.

D P waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A arachnoid membrane

B dura mater

C choroid plexus

D cerebral ganglia

E limbic system

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A choroid plexus

B 3rd ventricle

C subarachnoid space

D arachnoid granulations

E lateral ventricles

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Mesencephalon

B Telencephalon

C Diencephalon

D Myelencephalon

E Rhombencephelon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Commissural tracts

B Projection tracts

C Association tracts

D Stria medullaris

E Mammillothalamic tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Pyramids

B Corpus callosum

C Association tracts

D Sulci

E Projection tracts

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Anterior ramus

B Rami communicantes

C Meningeal branch

D Brachial plexus

E Posterior ramus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Medulla Oblongata

B Pons

C Cerebrum

D Cerebellum

E Corpus Callosum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Summation

B Long Term Potentiation

C IPSPs

D Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Dendrites

B Axon Terminal

C Axon

D Cell body

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A continue a temporal summation

B remove a neurotransmitter

C inhibit a presynaptic potential

D excite a presynaptic potential

E stop a spatial summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

B runs out of neurotransmitter.

C recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

D fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

E stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

B includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

C exhibits a membrane potential.

D includes most cells of the body.

E All of these choices are correct.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Dopamine

B Serotonin

C Epinephrine

D Norepinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A choroid plexus

B axon

C dendrite

D Schwann cells

E nodes of Ranvier

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A ions

B electrons

C free radicals

D neutrons

E protons

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Relative refractory period

B Latent period

C Absolute refractory period

D All of these choices

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Desmosomes

B Tight junctions

C Gap junctions

D Anchoring junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A dendrite

B axon

C nodes of Ranvier

D schwann cells

E choroid plexus

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A All are functions of the nervous system

B Integrative function

C Motor function

D Sensory function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A repolarizes

B depolarizes

C moves across channels in

D hyperpolarizes

E does not affect the polarity of

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A none of these choices

B inhibitory presynaptic potential.

C inhibitory postsynaptic potential

D inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

E inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Cl-

B Ca2+

C Fe2+

D K¬+

E Na+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Firing of a second action potential

B Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

C Release of neurotransmitter

D K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

E Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A at the trigger zone.

B in the neuron nucleus

C in the dendrites.

D in the synaptic cleft.

E in the neuroplasm.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A K+ into the cell

B Na+ out of the cell

C Na+ into the cell

D K+ out of the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A none of these choices occur.

B ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

C ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

D voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

E voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

B Can occur in unmyelinated axons

C Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D Occurs only in myelinated axons

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Receptor potential

B Excitatory postsynaptic potential

C Electrical refractory period

D Resting membrane potential

E Threshold potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A IPSPs

B EPSPs

C either EPSPs or IPSPs

D water-filled channels in its membrane

E All the choices are correct

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

B Reuptake at axon terminal only

C Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D Enzymatic degradation only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

B EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

C IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

D EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

E EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –25 to –70 mV

B None of these choices

C –40 to –90 mV

D –90 to 5 mV

E +5 to 100 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

B It exhibits low permeability

C The sodium ions are negatively charged

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Increased diameter of axon

B Decreased stimulus strength

C Lower amplitude of action potential

D Decreased temperature

E More myelin sheathing

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A ligand-gated channels

B mechanically-gated channels

C electrical synapses

D chemical synapses

E voltage-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A arachnoid membrane

B choroid plexus

C cerebral ganglia

D limbic system

E dura mater

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Cardiac

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

B All of these Answer choices are correct.

C is used as a covering of body surfaces.

D is used to form glands.

E is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Sweat

B Breastmilk

C Hormones

D Saliva

E Bile

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Epithelial

B Muscle

C Connective

D Nervous

E Adipose

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Muscle

B Nervous

C Connective

D Epithelial

E Adipose

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple cuboidal epithelium

B Stratified squamous epithelium

C Stratified cuboidal epithelium

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Simple squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Tendons

B Cartilage

C Blood

D Epidermis

E Bone

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A white blood cells.

B lymph.

C plasma.

D albumin.

E red blood cells.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Transitional

C Simple cuboidal

D Stratified squamous

E Simple squamous

F Stratified columnar

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neuroglial cells and neurons.

B neurons and mast cells.

C neurons and somites.

D neuroglial cells and myofibers.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Skin

B Esophagus

C Mouth lining

D Blood-brain barrier

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Phosphorylation

B Emancipation

C transcription

D Deamination

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of protons

B The addition of electrons

C None of these choices

D The removal of electrons

E The addition of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Krebs cycle

B Electron transport chain

C Glycolysis

D Transition reaction

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A protein synthesis

B cell division

C active transport

D contraction

E osmosis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A cytoplasm

B golgi complex

C nucleolus

D endoplasmic reticulum

E mitochondria

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

B generation of ATP

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D production of carbon dioxide

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A FADH2

B All of these are electron acceptors

C NADH

D H+

E NADH and FADH2

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Electron transport system

B Glycolysis

C Protein synthesis

D Formation of acetyl-CoA

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Oxygen

B Carbon dioxide

C Magic

D Glucose

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Glycolysis

B Formation of acetyl-CoA

C The Krebs cycle

D Electron transport system

E Protein synthesis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Carbonification

B Glycogenolysis

C Gluconeogenesis

D Decarboxylation

E Oxidation

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Endergonic

B Exergonic

C Erythropoetic

D Ergonomic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

B production of reduced coenzymes

C production of carbon dioxide

D generation of ATP

E formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport chain

C Krebs cycle

D Transition reaction

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