Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A reticulospinal

B pyramidal

C spinocerebellar

D corticospinal

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A X-ray

B PET

C CT

D Ultrasound

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A delta waves.

B P waves.

C beta waves.

D theta waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 2 only

B Both 1 & 2

C Both 2 & 3

D 1 only

E 3 only

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A Cerebrospinal fluid

B All of these choices

C Blood brain barrier

D Dura mater

E Arachnoid mater

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A autonomic ganglia

B vestibular nuclei

C basal nuclei

D lateral olivary nuclei

E red nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Interventricular foramina

B Choroid plexuses

C Aqueduct of the midbrain

D Lateral apertures

E Brachial plexuses

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Astrocytes

B Purkinje

C Unipolar

D Uniaxial

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A lateral gray horn.

B anterior white commissure.

C posterior gray horn.

D dorsal root ganglion.

E central canal.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A beta waves.

B theta waves.

C delta waves.

D P waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B limbic system

C arachnoid membrane

D dura mater

E cerebral ganglia

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A arachnoid granulations

B subarachnoid space

C choroid plexus

D 3rd ventricle

E lateral ventricles

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Rhombencephelon

B Diencephalon

C Telencephalon

D Mesencephalon

E Myelencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Projection tracts

B Association tracts

C Commissural tracts

D Stria medullaris

E Mammillothalamic tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Association tracts

B Projection tracts

C Sulci

D Corpus callosum

E Pyramids

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Posterior ramus

B Brachial plexus

C Rami communicantes

D Meningeal branch

E Anterior ramus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Pons

B Corpus Callosum

C Medulla Oblongata

D Cerebellum

E Cerebrum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Long Term Potentiation

B IPSPs

C Summation

D Substrate Phosphorylation

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Dendrites

B Axon Terminal

C Cell body

D Axon

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A continue a temporal summation

B excite a presynaptic potential

C inhibit a presynaptic potential

D remove a neurotransmitter

E stop a spatial summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

B stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

C runs out of neurotransmitter.

D fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

E recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A All of these choices are correct.

B exhibits a membrane potential.

C includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

D includes most cells of the body.

E has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Dopamine

B Norepinephrine

C Serotonin

D Epinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A Schwann cells

B choroid plexus

C axon

D nodes of Ranvier

E dendrite

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A ions

B neutrons

C electrons

D protons

E free radicals

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Absolute refractory period

B Latent period

C Relative refractory period

D All of these choices

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Gap junctions

B Anchoring junctions

C Desmosomes

D Tight junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A dendrite

B choroid plexus

C axon

D nodes of Ranvier

E schwann cells

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Sensory function

B Motor function

C All are functions of the nervous system

D Integrative function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A moves across channels in

B hyperpolarizes

C depolarizes

D does not affect the polarity of

E repolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic potential.

B none of these choices

C inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

D inhibitory postsynaptic potential

E inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Chemical synapse

B Electrical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Ca2+

B Fe2+

C Na+

D K¬+

E Cl-

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

C Firing of a second action potential

D Release of neurotransmitter

E Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A in the neuron nucleus

B in the neuroplasm.

C in the synaptic cleft.

D at the trigger zone.

E in the dendrites.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A K+ out of the cell

B Na+ into the cell

C Na+ out of the cell

D K+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A none of these choices occur.

B ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

C voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

D ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

E voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Can occur in unmyelinated axons

B Occurs only in myelinated axons

C Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

D Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Receptor potential

B Excitatory postsynaptic potential

C Threshold potential

D Electrical refractory period

E Resting membrane potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A IPSPs

B water-filled channels in its membrane

C EPSPs

D All the choices are correct

E either EPSPs or IPSPs

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation only

B Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

C Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

D Reuptake at axon terminal only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

B IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

C EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

D IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

E EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –90 to 5 mV

B –25 to –70 mV

C +5 to 100 mV

D –40 to –90 mV

E None of these choices

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A The sodium ions are negatively charged

B It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C It exhibits low permeability

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Increased diameter of axon

B Decreased stimulus strength

C Decreased temperature

D More myelin sheathing

E Lower amplitude of action potential

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A chemical synapses

B electrical synapses

C ligand-gated channels

D mechanically-gated channels

E voltage-gated channels

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A limbic system

B dura mater

C arachnoid membrane

D cerebral ganglia

E choroid plexus

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Cardiac

C Smooth

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a covering of body surfaces.

B usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

C All of these Answer choices are correct.

D is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

E is used to form glands.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Sweat

B Hormones

C Bile

D Saliva

E Breastmilk

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Adipose

B Nervous

C Muscle

D Epithelial

E Connective

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Epithelial

B Adipose

C Nervous

D Muscle

E Connective

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Simple squamous epithelium

B Simple columnar epithelium

C Simple cuboidal epithelium

D Stratified cuboidal epithelium

E Stratified squamous epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Blood

B Epidermis

C Tendons

D Bone

E Cartilage

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A lymph.

B red blood cells.

C white blood cells.

D plasma.

E albumin.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

B Transitional

C Stratified squamous

D Stratified columnar

E Simple cuboidal

F Simple squamous

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neuroglial cells and neurons.

B neuroglial cells and myofibers.

C neurons and somites.

D neurons and mast cells.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Skin

B Mouth lining

C Blood-brain barrier

D Esophagus

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A Deamination

B Phosphorylation

C Emancipation

D transcription

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The removal of electrons

B The addition of protons

C The removal of protons

D The addition of electrons

E None of these choices

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Electron transport chain

B Krebs cycle

C Glycolysis

D Transition reaction

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A cell division

B osmosis

C contraction

D active transport

E protein synthesis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A cytoplasm

B golgi complex

C endoplasmic reticulum

D mitochondria

E nucleolus

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

B formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

C production of carbon dioxide

D generation of ATP

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A NADH

B All of these are electron acceptors

C H+

D NADH and FADH2

E FADH2

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Electron transport system

B Protein synthesis

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Glycolysis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Magic

B Glucose

C Oxygen

D Carbon dioxide

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A The Krebs cycle

B Electron transport system

C Protein synthesis

D Formation of acetyl-CoA

E Glycolysis

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Decarboxylation

B Oxidation

C Carbonification

D Gluconeogenesis

E Glycogenolysis

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Exergonic

B Endergonic

C Erythropoetic

D Ergonomic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of carbon dioxide

B generation of ATP

C production of reduced coenzymes

D All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

E formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Krebs cycle

B Electron transport chain

C Glycolysis

D Transition reaction

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