Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  65%

B  90%

C  95%

D  85%

E  75%

A  Fracture zone

B  Neither

C  Transform fault

A  Neither

B  Transform fault

C  Fracture zone

A  Guyots

B  Nemataths

C  Seaknolls

D  Fracture zone

E  Transform fault

A  Nemataths

B  Guyots

C  Fracture zone

D  Transform fault

E  Seaknolls

A  Rift valley

B  Black smoker

C  Hydrothermal vent

D  White smoker

E  Deep focus earthquake

A  Trenches

B  Rift valley

C  Seamounts

D  Metal sulfide deposits

E  Pillow basalts

A  Oceanic ridge

B  Abyssal hill

C  Rift valley

D  Oceanic rise

E  Seafloor spreading

A  located in submarine canyons.

B  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

C  associated with hydrothermal vents.

D  parallel to the rift valley.

A  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

B  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

C  associated with turbidity currents.

D  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

E  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

A  turbidity currents.

B  white smokers.

C  cold seeps.

D  abyssal hills.

E  black smokers.

A  fracture zones.

B  transform faults.

C  oceanic rises.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  convergent plate boundaries.

A  fracture zones.

B  transform faults.

C  deep-sea trenches.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  hydrothermal vents.

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  The long and flat part below sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The gentle slope above sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  The long and flat part below sea level

B  The steep deepest part below sea level

C  The gentle slope above sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  collisional

B  metamorphic

C  erosional

D  sedimentary

E  volcanic

A  Undersea streams

B  Melting icebergs

C  Suspension settling

D  Turbidity currents

E  Precipitation

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  transform plate boundaries

B  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

C  convergent plate boundaries

D  convergent and transform plate boundaries

E  divergent plate boundaries

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  island arc

C  deep sea trench

D  transform fault

E  hotspot

A  deep sea trench

B  hotspot

C  transform fault

D  island arc

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  3 miles

B  4 miles

C  5 miles

D  1 mile

E  2 miles

A  rhyolitic

B  andesitic

C  basaltic

D  granitic

A  44%

B  29%

C  33%

D  23%

E  39%

A  60,000

B  46,000

C  40,000

D  50,000

E  55,000

A  50

B  85

C  75

D  65

E  60

A  Hydrogen sulfate

B  Hydrogen sulfide

C  Oxygen

D  Nitrogen

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Mendocino Fracture

B  Dead Sea Fault

C  San Andreas Fault

D  Alpine Fault

A  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

B  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

C  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  hydrothermal vent

B  central rift valley

C  seismic fissure

D  fracture zone

E  transform fault

A  volcanic in origin

B  parts of volcanic island arcs

C  parts of continents separated from continents

D  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

E  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

A  1000-2000 m above sea level

B  3000-4000 m below sea level

C  4000-5000 m below sea level

D  0-1000 m above sea level

E  5000-6000 m below sea level

A  White smoker

B  Warm-water vents

C  Geothermal heat pump

D  Black smoker

E  Hot springs

A  Submarine canyon

B  Oceanic rise

C  Trench

D  Rift valley

E  Volcanic arc

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Volcanoes and trench

B  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

C  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

A  Arabian and African

B  Nazca and South American

C  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

D  African and Indian

E  Eurasian and North American

A  Alaska

B  The Alps

C  near Egypt

D  California

E  New Zealand

A  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

C  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

D  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A  Alpine Fault

B  Mendocino

C  San Andreas Fault

D  Hawaii

E  Juan De Fuca

A  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

B  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

C  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

D  along the fracture zones

E  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

A  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

B  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

C  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

D  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

A  Ring of Fire.

B  mid-ocean ridges.

C  turbidity currents

D  Submarine canyons

A  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

C  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

D  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

A  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

D  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A  Ring of Fire

B  continental volcanic arcs

C  mid-ocean ridges

D  Submarine canyons

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  At transform plate boundaries

B  At submarine canyons

C  At divergent plate boundaries

D  At convergent plate boundaries

E  At the intraplate abyssal plains

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  10,000 to 15,000

B  > 20,000

C  5,000 to 10,000

D  < 5,000

E  15,000 to 20,000

A  Melting icebergs

B  Suspension settling

C  Black smokers

D  Undersea streams

E  Precipitation

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Pacific Ocean

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  guyot

B  nematath

C  seaknoll

D  abyssal hill

E  island

A  seamounts

B  guyots

C  seaknolls

D  nemataths

E  islands

A  seamounts

B  nemataths

C  seaknolls

D  guyots

E  islands

A  guyots

B  seaknolls

C  seamounts

D  islands

E  nemataths

A  erosional

B  volcanic

C  sedimentary

D  metamorphic

E  seismic

A  seismic

B  sedimentary

C  metamorphic

D  volcanic

E  erosional

A  Volcanic arc

B  Continental arc

C  Ocean trench

D  Island arc

E  Passive margin

A  Abyssal plain

B  Tablemount

C  Submarine canyon

D  Abyssal hill

E  Seamount

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  fracture zones.

C  spreading centers.

D  hydrothermal vents.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  seamounts.

E  tablemounts.

A  seamounts.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  tablemounts.

A  seamounts.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  submarine canyons.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  tablemounts.

A  the absence of convergent active margins.

B  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

C  the presence of convergent active margins.

D  the presence of seamounts.

E  All of the answers are correct.

A  tablemounts.

B  abyssal plains.

C  continental slopes.

D  abyssal hills.

E  continental shelves.

A  transform fault

B  hotspot

C  rift valley

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  island arc

A  island arc

B  hotspot

C  rift valley

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  transform fault

A  Indian Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

A  one-third

B  one-half

C  one-fifth

D  one-quarter

A  Abyssal plain

B  Rise

C  Slope

D  Shelf

A  Seahills

B  Seamounds

C  Seaknobs

D  Seaknolls

A  Southern Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  Tablemount

B  Abyssal hill

C  Seamount

A  Southern Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Kuril

B  Aleutian

C  Peru-Chile

D  Middle America

E  Mariana

A  Peru-Chile

B  Kuril

C  Middle America

D  Mariana

E  Aleutian

A  Pacific

B  Indian

C  Southern

D  Atlantic

E  Arctic

A  shallow islands in tropical seas

B  the continental slope and rise

C  the continental shelf

D  abyssal plains

E  submarine fans

A  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

B  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

C  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

D  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

E  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

A  continental borderland

B  continental rise

C  abyssal plain

D  continental shelf

E  continental slope

A  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

B  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

C  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

D  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

C  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

E  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

A  Turbidity Currents

B  Nonconformities

C  Graded Bedding

D  Suspension Deposits

E  Sandstone Layering

A  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

B  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

C  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

D  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

E  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental slope

C  Continental rise

D  Shoreline

E  Abyssal plain

A  Continental rise

B  Shoreline

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental slope

E  Abyssal plain

A  A large parking lot

B  A soap box derby course

C  An Olympic toboggan track

D  The continental slope

E  A beginners ski hill

A  a tenth of a degree

B  greater than five degrees

C  two to five degrees

D  one to two degrees

E  one-half to one degree

A  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

B  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

E  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

A  East Coast of the United States

B  East Coast of Japan

C  West Coast of Mexico

D  Southern Coast of Alaska

E  West Coast of Chile

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  Continental flood basalt

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental rise

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental slope

A  Abyssal plains

B  Turbidite deposits

C  Deep-sea fans

D  Graded bedding

E  Turbidity currents

A  Continental slope

B  Continental shelf

C  Continental rise

D  Shelf break

E  Abyssal hill

A  Rift valley

B  Active margin

C  Transform active margin

D  Convergent active margin

E  Continental margin

A  erosion by major rivers in the past.

B  erosion by turbidity currents.

C  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

D  earthquake activity.

E  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

A  white smokers.

B  deep sea fans.

C  graded bedding.

D  turbidity currents.

E  turbidite deposits.

A  abyssal plain.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  continental slope.

D  continental rise.

E  trench.

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Fracture zone

D  Continental slope

E  Submarine canyon

A  Broad continental shelves

B  Volcanic and earthquake activity

C  Chains of islands

D  Thin sediment accumulation

E  Deep-sea trenches

A  No sediment accumulation

B  Shallow coastal waters

C  Sparse earthquake activity

D  Deep-sea trenches

E  Broad continental shelves

A  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

B  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

C  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

D  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

E  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

A  Continental margins

B  Deep-ocean basin

C  Mid-ocean ridge

A  Continental-continental convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

C  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

D  Oceanic-continental convergent

A  Transform

B  Convergent

C  Divergent

A  Rhyolite

B  Basalt

C  Peridotite

D  Granite

A  40

B  20

C  100

D  60

E  80

A  5

B  10

C  20

D  15

E  25

A  L

B  V

C  T

D  U

E  Y

A  upward

B  downward

C  no change

D  sideways

A  Continental slope

B  Continental shelf

C  Tablemountas

D  Continental rise

E  Abyssal plains

A  Himalayan

B  Andes

C  Cascades

D  Chilean

A  Abyssal plain

B  Rise

C  Shelf

D  Slope

A  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

B  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

C  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

D  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

E  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

A  a continental borderland

B  near an offshore fault

C  lacking a continental rise

D  far from an oceanic ridge

E  seismically active

A  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

D  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

B  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

C  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

D  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

A  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

B  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

C  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

D  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

B  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

A  delta

B  abyssal plain

C  deep-sea fans

D  continental shelf

E  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

A  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

B  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

C  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

D  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

E  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

C  ridge and continental rise

D  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

A  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

C  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

A  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

B  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

A  United States

B  Ireland

C  France

D  Canada

E  Iceland

A  layered stratum

B  graded bedding

C  velocity profile

D  grand layering

E  rip current

A  wave size

B  density stratification

C  shaking speed

D  settling velocity

E  slosh speed

A  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

C  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

D  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

A  air bubbles

B  suspended sediment

C  water currents

D  brown algae

E  microscopic floating marine life

A  a balloon

B  a candle

C  a can of soda

D  Silly Putty

E  a large jar filled with water and sediment

A  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

B  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

C  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

D  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

A  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

C  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

D  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

A  somewhat frequently

B  very frequently

C  infrequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

B  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

C  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 0.93 s.

B  It would take 700 s.

C  It would take 0.46 s.

D  It would take 2.15 s.

E  It would take 0.23 s.

A  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

B  The ocean depth is 6 m.

C  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

D  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

E  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

A  tablemount and deep-sea fan

B  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

C  basin and trench

D  tablemount and basin

A  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

B  trench and basin

C  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

D  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

A  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

A  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

C  biological productivity and seawater salinity

D  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

A  seafloor age

B  height of the sea surface

C  location of faults on the ocean floor

D  depth of seafloor sediments

E  depth to the ocean floor

A  Seismic Reflection

B  Multibeam Sonar

C  Magnetometer

D  Sounding

E  Side-scan Sonar

A  Meter

B  League

C  Foot

D  Mile

E  Fathom

A  Side-scan Sonar

B  Multibeam Sonar

C  Magnetometer

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Sounding

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  millimeters

B  centimeters

C  decimeters

D  meters

E  kilometers

A  SeaBeam

B  Global positioning system (GPS)

C  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

D  GLORIA

E  Sea MARC

A  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

B  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

C  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

D  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

E  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

A  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

B  they are inexpensive to build and launch

C  they are affected by surface weather

D  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

E  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A  drilling.

B  satellite observation.

C  direct observation.

D  light waves.

E  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

A  Comet

B  HMS Challenger

C  Meteor

D  Odyssey

A  4

B  5

C  6

D  7

E  3

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Mediterranean Sea

C  Red Sea

D  Atlantic Ocean

A  Comet

B  Meteor

C  Challenger

D  Odyssey

A  1960s

B  1950s

C  1970s

D  1980s

A  4,970 feet per second

B  5,000 feet per second

C  4,925 feet per second

D  4,945 feet per second

A  temperature and pressure

B  pressure and salinity

C  salinity, temperature and pressure

D  salinity

A  Chirp

B  Ping

C  Echo

D  Beep

A  TOPEX

B  Jason-2

C  Geosat

D  CryoSat-2

E  Jason-1

A  SeaWiFS

B  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

C  Seabeam

D  GLORIA

E  SeaMARC

A  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

B  density differences of ocean waters

C  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

D  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

E  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

A  ocean currents

B  extreme pressure at depth

C  plate tectonic processes

D  biological activity

E  erosion and weathering

A  11,100 meters

B  7400 meters

C  4550 meters

D  5550 meters

E  3000 meters

A  navigation

B  bathymetry

C  hydrology

D  tomography

E  cartography

A  Seismic reflection

B  Side-scan sonar

C  Multibeam echo sounder

D  Satellite altimetry

E  Precision depth recorder

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

B  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

A  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

B  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

C  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

B  seamount and transform fault on land

C  transform fault on land and tablemount

A  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

C  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B  less expensive and more detailed

C  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D  less expensive and more accurate

A  1507 meters (4944 feet)

B  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

C  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

D  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

E  5 meters (16.4 feet)

A  the study of the temperature of the ocean

B  the study of the depth of the ocean

C  the study of ocean currents

D  the study of marine mammals

E  the study of ocean productivity

A  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

B  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

C  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

D  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

E  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

A  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

B  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

C  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

D  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

E  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

A  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

B  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

C  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

D  Ocean basins are very flat features.

A  Radar

B  Satellites

C  Aerial photography

D  Echo sounder

E  Lidar

A  The creation of NASA

B  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

C  The sinking of the Titanic

D  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

E  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

A  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

B  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

C  DNA analysis of marine organisms

D  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

E  navigation to determine the position of the ship

A  rolling violently

B  research vessel

C  rocking vehicle

D  recumbent vehicle

E  repair vessel