Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  75%

B  90%

C  95%

D  85%

E  65%

A  Fracture zone

B  Neither

C  Transform fault

A  Transform fault

B  Fracture zone

C  Neither

A  Nemataths

B  Guyots

C  Transform fault

D  Fracture zone

E  Seaknolls

A  Seaknolls

B  Fracture zone

C  Nemataths

D  Transform fault

E  Guyots

A  Black smoker

B  Hydrothermal vent

C  Rift valley

D  Deep focus earthquake

E  White smoker

A  Seamounts

B  Rift valley

C  Pillow basalts

D  Trenches

E  Metal sulfide deposits

A  Rift valley

B  Seafloor spreading

C  Oceanic ridge

D  Abyssal hill

E  Oceanic rise

A  parallel to the rift valley.

B  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

C  located in submarine canyons.

D  associated with hydrothermal vents.

A  associated with turbidity currents.

B  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

C  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

D  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

E  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

A  turbidity currents.

B  white smokers.

C  black smokers.

D  abyssal hills.

E  cold seeps.

A  deep-sea trenches.

B  fracture zones.

C  transform faults.

D  convergent plate boundaries.

E  oceanic rises.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  deep-sea trenches.

C  fracture zones.

D  hydrothermal vents.

E  transform faults.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The gentle slope above sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The long and flat part below sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  collisional

B  erosional

C  sedimentary

D  metamorphic

E  volcanic

A  Precipitation

B  Undersea streams

C  Turbidity currents

D  Melting icebergs

E  Suspension settling

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  transform plate boundaries

B  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

C  divergent plate boundaries

D  convergent plate boundaries

E  convergent and transform plate boundaries

A  island arc

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  hotspot

D  transform fault

E  deep sea trench

A  island arc

B  transform fault

C  deep sea trench

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  hotspot

A  4 miles

B  5 miles

C  2 miles

D  1 mile

E  3 miles

A  granitic

B  andesitic

C  basaltic

D  rhyolitic

A  44%

B  23%

C  29%

D  33%

E  39%

A  50,000

B  40,000

C  46,000

D  55,000

E  60,000

A  75

B  60

C  85

D  65

E  50

A  Nitrogen

B  Hydrogen sulfate

C  Hydrogen sulfide

D  Oxygen

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Mendocino Fracture

B  Alpine Fault

C  Dead Sea Fault

D  San Andreas Fault

A  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

B  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

C  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

D  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

A  fracture zone

B  hydrothermal vent

C  central rift valley

D  transform fault

E  seismic fissure

A  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

B  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

C  volcanic in origin

D  parts of continents separated from continents

E  parts of volcanic island arcs

A  1000-2000 m above sea level

B  0-1000 m above sea level

C  5000-6000 m below sea level

D  4000-5000 m below sea level

E  3000-4000 m below sea level

A  Warm-water vents

B  Hot springs

C  Black smoker

D  Geothermal heat pump

E  White smoker

A  Submarine canyon

B  Volcanic arc

C  Rift valley

D  Oceanic rise

E  Trench

A  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Volcanoes and trench

B  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

C  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

D  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

A  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

B  Arabian and African

C  Nazca and South American

D  Eurasian and North American

E  African and Indian

A  California

B  The Alps

C  Alaska

D  New Zealand

E  near Egypt

A  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

D  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

A  Hawaii

B  Alpine Fault

C  Juan De Fuca

D  San Andreas Fault

E  Mendocino

A  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

B  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

C  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

D  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

E  along the fracture zones

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

A  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

B  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

D  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

A  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

A  Ring of Fire.

B  mid-ocean ridges.

C  Submarine canyons

D  turbidity currents

A  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

B  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

C  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

D  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

A  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

D  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A  continental volcanic arcs

B  mid-ocean ridges

C  Ring of Fire

D  Submarine canyons

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  At transform plate boundaries

B  At submarine canyons

C  At convergent plate boundaries

D  At the intraplate abyssal plains

E  At divergent plate boundaries

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  > 20,000

B  15,000 to 20,000

C  10,000 to 15,000

D  5,000 to 10,000

E  < 5,000

A  Black smokers

B  Undersea streams

C  Precipitation

D  Suspension settling

E  Melting icebergs

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  island

B  seaknoll

C  guyot

D  nematath

E  abyssal hill

A  islands

B  seaknolls

C  nemataths

D  guyots

E  seamounts

A  seaknolls

B  nemataths

C  seamounts

D  islands

E  guyots

A  seamounts

B  seaknolls

C  nemataths

D  islands

E  guyots

A  volcanic

B  seismic

C  sedimentary

D  erosional

E  metamorphic

A  volcanic

B  erosional

C  seismic

D  sedimentary

E  metamorphic

A  Passive margin

B  Ocean trench

C  Continental arc

D  Volcanic arc

E  Island arc

A  Abyssal hill

B  Abyssal plain

C  Tablemount

D  Submarine canyon

E  Seamount

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  fracture zones.

C  spreading centers.

D  hydrothermal vents.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

B  oceanic trenches.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  tablemounts.

E  seamounts.

A  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  tablemounts.

D  seamounts.

E  oceanic trenches.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  seamounts.

C  oceanic trenches.

D  tablemounts.

E  submarine canyons.

A  the absence of convergent active margins.

B  the presence of convergent active margins.

C  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

D  the presence of seamounts.

E  All of the answers are correct.

A  abyssal hills.

B  continental slopes.

C  abyssal plains.

D  continental shelves.

E  tablemounts.

A  hotspot

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  island arc

D  transform fault

E  rift valley

A  rift valley

B  hotspot

C  island arc

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  transform fault

A  Indian Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-fifth

C  one-third

D  one-half

A  Abyssal plain

B  Slope

C  Rise

D  Shelf

A  Seahills

B  Seaknolls

C  Seaknobs

D  Seamounds

A  Southern Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Seamount

B  Tablemount

C  Abyssal hill

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Middle America

B  Peru-Chile

C  Kuril

D  Mariana

E  Aleutian

A  Mariana

B  Middle America

C  Peru-Chile

D  Aleutian

E  Kuril

A  Arctic

B  Pacific

C  Indian

D  Southern

E  Atlantic

A  abyssal plains

B  shallow islands in tropical seas

C  the continental shelf

D  submarine fans

E  the continental slope and rise

A  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

B  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

C  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

D  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

E  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

A  continental slope

B  continental rise

C  continental shelf

D  continental borderland

E  abyssal plain

A  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

B  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

C  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

D  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

A  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

B  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

C  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

E  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

A  Nonconformities

B  Suspension Deposits

C  Graded Bedding

D  Turbidity Currents

E  Sandstone Layering

A  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

B  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

C  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

D  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

E  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

A  Shoreline

B  Continental slope

C  Continental rise

D  Continental shelf

E  Abyssal plain

A  Continental shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental rise

D  Shoreline

E  Continental slope

A  An Olympic toboggan track

B  The continental slope

C  A soap box derby course

D  A beginners ski hill

E  A large parking lot

A  one-half to one degree

B  two to five degrees

C  one to two degrees

D  a tenth of a degree

E  greater than five degrees

A  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

B  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

C  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

D  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

E  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

A  Southern Coast of Alaska

B  West Coast of Chile

C  East Coast of Japan

D  West Coast of Mexico

E  East Coast of the United States

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Continental slope

D  Abyssal plain

E  Continental flood basalt

A  Abyssal plains

B  Graded bedding

C  Deep-sea fans

D  Turbidite deposits

E  Turbidity currents

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Shelf break

D  Continental slope

E  Abyssal hill

A  Active margin

B  Rift valley

C  Transform active margin

D  Continental margin

E  Convergent active margin

A  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

B  erosion by turbidity currents.

C  earthquake activity.

D  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

E  erosion by major rivers in the past.

A  turbidite deposits.

B  white smokers.

C  graded bedding.

D  deep sea fans.

E  turbidity currents.

A  abyssal plain.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  trench.

D  continental rise.

E  continental slope.

A  Continental slope

B  Continental rise

C  Submarine canyon

D  Fracture zone

E  Continental shelf

A  Broad continental shelves

B  Thin sediment accumulation

C  Chains of islands

D  Deep-sea trenches

E  Volcanic and earthquake activity

A  Shallow coastal waters

B  Deep-sea trenches

C  Broad continental shelves

D  No sediment accumulation

E  Sparse earthquake activity

A  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

B  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

C  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

D  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

E  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

A  Deep-ocean basin

B  Mid-ocean ridge

C  Continental margins

A  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

C  Oceanic-continental convergent

D  Continental-continental convergent

A  Convergent

B  Transform

C  Divergent

A  Rhyolite

B  Basalt

C  Granite

D  Peridotite

A  20

B  40

C  100

D  60

E  80

A  25

B  10

C  5

D  20

E  15

A  U

B  L

C  Y

D  T

E  V

A  no change

B  downward

C  sideways

D  upward

A  Continental shelf

B  Tablemountas

C  Abyssal plains

D  Continental rise

E  Continental slope

A  Cascades

B  Himalayan

C  Andes

D  Chilean

A  Shelf

B  Rise

C  Abyssal plain

D  Slope

A  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

B  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

C  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

D  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

E  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

A  far from an oceanic ridge

B  near an offshore fault

C  a continental borderland

D  lacking a continental rise

E  seismically active

A  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

B  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

B  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

C  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

D  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

A  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

B  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

C  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

D  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

B  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

A  abyssal plain

B  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

C  deep-sea fans

D  continental shelf

E  delta

A  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

B  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

C  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

D  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

E  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

C  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

D  ridge and continental rise

A  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

D  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

B  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

C  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

A  Iceland

B  United States

C  Ireland

D  Canada

E  France

A  layered stratum

B  velocity profile

C  graded bedding

D  rip current

E  grand layering

A  settling velocity

B  wave size

C  slosh speed

D  shaking speed

E  density stratification

A  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

B  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

C  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

A  water currents

B  air bubbles

C  suspended sediment

D  brown algae

E  microscopic floating marine life

A  a large jar filled with water and sediment

B  a balloon

C  a candle

D  a can of soda

E  Silly Putty

A  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

B  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

D  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

B  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

C  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

A  infrequently

B  very frequently

C  somewhat frequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 0.23 s.

B  It would take 0.46 s.

C  It would take 700 s.

D  It would take 2.15 s.

E  It would take 0.93 s.

A  The ocean depth is 6 m.

B  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

C  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

D  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

E  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

A  tablemount and basin

B  basin and trench

C  tablemount and deep-sea fan

D  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

A  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

B  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

C  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

D  trench and basin

A  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

B  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

B  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

C  biological productivity and seawater salinity

D  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

A  depth of seafloor sediments

B  depth to the ocean floor

C  height of the sea surface

D  seafloor age

E  location of faults on the ocean floor

A  Sounding

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Seismic Reflection

D  Multibeam Sonar

E  Magnetometer

A  Mile

B  Meter

C  Foot

D  League

E  Fathom

A  Magnetometer

B  Sounding

C  Multibeam Sonar

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Side-scan Sonar

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  kilometers

B  millimeters

C  decimeters

D  meters

E  centimeters

A  Sea MARC

B  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

C  Global positioning system (GPS)

D  SeaBeam

E  GLORIA

A  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

B  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

C  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

D  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

E  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

A  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

B  they are inexpensive to build and launch

C  they are affected by surface weather

D  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

E  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

A  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

B  satellite observation.

C  light waves.

D  direct observation.

E  drilling.

A  Odyssey

B  HMS Challenger

C  Meteor

D  Comet

A  3

B  7

C  6

D  5

E  4

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Red Sea

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Mediterranean Sea

A  Meteor

B  Odyssey

C  Comet

D  Challenger

A  1980s

B  1950s

C  1960s

D  1970s

A  4,945 feet per second

B  5,000 feet per second

C  4,925 feet per second

D  4,970 feet per second

A  temperature and pressure

B  pressure and salinity

C  salinity

D  salinity, temperature and pressure

A  Echo

B  Beep

C  Ping

D  Chirp

A  Jason-2

B  CryoSat-2

C  Geosat

D  Jason-1

E  TOPEX

A  SeaMARC

B  Seabeam

C  SeaWiFS

D  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

E  GLORIA

A  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

B  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

C  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

D  density differences of ocean waters

E  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

A  biological activity

B  plate tectonic processes

C  ocean currents

D  erosion and weathering

E  extreme pressure at depth

A  7400 meters

B  4550 meters

C  3000 meters

D  11,100 meters

E  5550 meters

A  tomography

B  navigation

C  cartography

D  bathymetry

E  hydrology

A  Precision depth recorder

B  Side-scan sonar

C  Seismic reflection

D  Satellite altimetry

E  Multibeam echo sounder

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

B  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

D  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

B  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

C  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

A  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

B  transform fault on land and tablemount

C  seamount and transform fault on land

A  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

A  less expensive and more accurate

B  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D  less expensive and more detailed

A  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

B  1507 meters (4944 feet)

C  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

D  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

E  5 meters (16.4 feet)

A  the study of ocean currents

B  the study of the temperature of the ocean

C  the study of marine mammals

D  the study of the depth of the ocean

E  the study of ocean productivity

A  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

B  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

C  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

D  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

E  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

A  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

B  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

C  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

D  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

E  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

A  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

B  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

C  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

D  Ocean basins are very flat features.

A  Satellites

B  Aerial photography

C  Echo sounder

D  Radar

E  Lidar

A  The creation of NASA

B  The sinking of the Titanic

C  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

D  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

E  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

A  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

B  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

C  DNA analysis of marine organisms

D  navigation to determine the position of the ship

E  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

A  rocking vehicle

B  repair vessel

C  recumbent vehicle

D  rolling violently

E  research vessel