Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  85%

B  90%

C  75%

D  95%

E  65%

A  Fracture zone

B  Transform fault

C  Neither

A  Neither

B  Transform fault

C  Fracture zone

A  Seaknolls

B  Nemataths

C  Transform fault

D  Guyots

E  Fracture zone

A  Nemataths

B  Guyots

C  Fracture zone

D  Transform fault

E  Seaknolls

A  White smoker

B  Black smoker

C  Rift valley

D  Hydrothermal vent

E  Deep focus earthquake

A  Pillow basalts

B  Metal sulfide deposits

C  Trenches

D  Seamounts

E  Rift valley

A  Abyssal hill

B  Seafloor spreading

C  Rift valley

D  Oceanic ridge

E  Oceanic rise

A  parallel to the rift valley.

B  associated with hydrothermal vents.

C  located in submarine canyons.

D  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

A  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

B  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

C  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

D  associated with turbidity currents.

E  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

A  cold seeps.

B  turbidity currents.

C  black smokers.

D  abyssal hills.

E  white smokers.

A  convergent plate boundaries.

B  oceanic rises.

C  transform faults.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  fracture zones.

A  transform faults.

B  deep-sea trenches.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  fracture zones.

E  hydrothermal vents.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The steep segment above sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The steep deepest part below sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The steep deepest part below sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  The long and flat part below sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  metamorphic

B  volcanic

C  collisional

D  sedimentary

E  erosional

A  Precipitation

B  Suspension settling

C  Melting icebergs

D  Turbidity currents

E  Undersea streams

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  convergent and transform plate boundaries

B  convergent plate boundaries

C  transform plate boundaries

D  divergent plate boundaries

E  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  deep sea trench

C  hotspot

D  transform fault

E  island arc

A  island arc

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  deep sea trench

D  hotspot

E  transform fault

A  3 miles

B  4 miles

C  1 mile

D  2 miles

E  5 miles

A  rhyolitic

B  basaltic

C  granitic

D  andesitic

A  23%

B  29%

C  39%

D  44%

E  33%

A  40,000

B  55,000

C  60,000

D  50,000

E  46,000

A  50

B  85

C  75

D  60

E  65

A  Hydrogen sulfate

B  Oxygen

C  Hydrogen sulfide

D  Nitrogen

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Dead Sea Fault

B  San Andreas Fault

C  Alpine Fault

D  Mendocino Fracture

A  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

B  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

C  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

D  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

A  hydrothermal vent

B  fracture zone

C  transform fault

D  seismic fissure

E  central rift valley

A  parts of volcanic island arcs

B  volcanic in origin

C  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

D  parts of continents separated from continents

E  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

A  0-1000 m above sea level

B  5000-6000 m below sea level

C  1000-2000 m above sea level

D  4000-5000 m below sea level

E  3000-4000 m below sea level

A  Hot springs

B  White smoker

C  Black smoker

D  Warm-water vents

E  Geothermal heat pump

A  Oceanic rise

B  Rift valley

C  Trench

D  Submarine canyon

E  Volcanic arc

A  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

B  Volcanoes and trench

C  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

A  African and Indian

B  Nazca and South American

C  Arabian and African

D  Eurasian and North American

E  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

A  New Zealand

B  California

C  Alaska

D  near Egypt

E  The Alps

A  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

C  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

D  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

A  Alpine Fault

B  San Andreas Fault

C  Mendocino

D  Juan De Fuca

E  Hawaii

A  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

B  along the fracture zones

C  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

D  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

E  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

A  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

B  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

C  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

D  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A  turbidity currents

B  mid-ocean ridges.

C  Ring of Fire.

D  Submarine canyons

A  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

C  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

D  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

A  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

D  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A  Submarine canyons

B  Ring of Fire

C  continental volcanic arcs

D  mid-ocean ridges

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  At divergent plate boundaries

B  At transform plate boundaries

C  At convergent plate boundaries

D  At submarine canyons

E  At the intraplate abyssal plains

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  > 20,000

B  15,000 to 20,000

C  5,000 to 10,000

D  10,000 to 15,000

E  < 5,000

A  Melting icebergs

B  Undersea streams

C  Precipitation

D  Suspension settling

E  Black smokers

A  Southern Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Arctic Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  abyssal hill

B  island

C  seaknoll

D  nematath

E  guyot

A  seaknolls

B  seamounts

C  guyots

D  islands

E  nemataths

A  guyots

B  nemataths

C  seaknolls

D  islands

E  seamounts

A  islands

B  nemataths

C  guyots

D  seamounts

E  seaknolls

A  metamorphic

B  erosional

C  sedimentary

D  seismic

E  volcanic

A  volcanic

B  sedimentary

C  erosional

D  seismic

E  metamorphic

A  Ocean trench

B  Passive margin

C  Volcanic arc

D  Island arc

E  Continental arc

A  Abyssal hill

B  Abyssal plain

C  Seamount

D  Submarine canyon

E  Tablemount

A  spreading centers.

B  fracture zones.

C  hydrothermal vents.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  mid-ocean ridges.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  seamounts.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  tablemounts.

E  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  seamounts.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  tablemounts.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  seamounts.

C  tablemounts.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  submarine canyons.

A  the presence of seamounts.

B  the absence of convergent active margins.

C  All of the answers are correct.

D  the presence of convergent active margins.

E  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

A  continental slopes.

B  continental shelves.

C  tablemounts.

D  abyssal plains.

E  abyssal hills.

A  hotspot

B  island arc

C  transform fault

D  rift valley

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  rift valley

B  hotspot

C  transform fault

D  island arc

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-third

C  one-fifth

D  one-half

A  Abyssal plain

B  Shelf

C  Rise

D  Slope

A  Seaknobs

B  Seamounds

C  Seaknolls

D  Seahills

A  Indian Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Tablemount

B  Abyssal hill

C  Seamount

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  Mariana

B  Kuril

C  Aleutian

D  Peru-Chile

E  Middle America

A  Aleutian

B  Kuril

C  Peru-Chile

D  Mariana

E  Middle America

A  Indian

B  Southern

C  Pacific

D  Arctic

E  Atlantic

A  abyssal plains

B  shallow islands in tropical seas

C  submarine fans

D  the continental slope and rise

E  the continental shelf

A  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

B  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

C  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

D  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

E  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

A  continental shelf

B  continental rise

C  abyssal plain

D  continental borderland

E  continental slope

A  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

B  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

C  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

D  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

B  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

C  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

D  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

E  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

A  Turbidity Currents

B  Sandstone Layering

C  Suspension Deposits

D  Graded Bedding

E  Nonconformities

A  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

B  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

C  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

D  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

E  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Continental slope

D  Shoreline

E  Abyssal plain

A  Continental rise

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental slope

D  Continental shelf

E  Shoreline

A  A beginners ski hill

B  A soap box derby course

C  The continental slope

D  An Olympic toboggan track

E  A large parking lot

A  greater than five degrees

B  one to two degrees

C  one-half to one degree

D  a tenth of a degree

E  two to five degrees

A  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

B  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

C  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

D  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

E  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

A  West Coast of Chile

B  Southern Coast of Alaska

C  East Coast of the United States

D  West Coast of Mexico

E  East Coast of Japan

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  Continental rise

B  Continental shelf

C  Continental flood basalt

D  Abyssal plain

E  Continental slope

A  Turbidity currents

B  Deep-sea fans

C  Turbidite deposits

D  Abyssal plains

E  Graded bedding

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental slope

C  Shelf break

D  Abyssal hill

E  Continental rise

A  Continental margin

B  Active margin

C  Transform active margin

D  Convergent active margin

E  Rift valley

A  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B  erosion by turbidity currents.

C  erosion by major rivers in the past.

D  earthquake activity.

E  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

A  deep sea fans.

B  white smokers.

C  turbidite deposits.

D  graded bedding.

E  turbidity currents.

A  continental rise.

B  trench.

C  abyssal plain.

D  mid-ocean ridge.

E  continental slope.

A  Continental slope

B  Submarine canyon

C  Fracture zone

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental rise

A  Thin sediment accumulation

B  Deep-sea trenches

C  Chains of islands

D  Broad continental shelves

E  Volcanic and earthquake activity

A  Deep-sea trenches

B  Sparse earthquake activity

C  No sediment accumulation

D  Broad continental shelves

E  Shallow coastal waters

A  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

B  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

C  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

E  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

A  Continental margins

B  Deep-ocean basin

C  Mid-ocean ridge

A  Continental-continental convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C  Oceanic-continental convergent

D  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

A  Convergent

B  Transform

C  Divergent

A  Peridotite

B  Basalt

C  Rhyolite

D  Granite

A  20

B  40

C  60

D  80

E  100

A  15

B  25

C  20

D  10

E  5

A  L

B  V

C  U

D  T

E  Y

A  sideways

B  no change

C  downward

D  upward

A  Continental rise

B  Abyssal plains

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental slope

E  Tablemountas

A  Chilean

B  Andes

C  Himalayan

D  Cascades

A  Shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Rise

D  Slope

A  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

B  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

C  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

D  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

E  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

A  near an offshore fault

B  a continental borderland

C  far from an oceanic ridge

D  seismically active

E  lacking a continental rise

A  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

D  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

B  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

C  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

D  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

A  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

C  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

D  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

A  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

A  continental shelf

B  deep-sea fans

C  abyssal plain

D  delta

E  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

A  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

B  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

C  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

D  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

E  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  ridge and continental rise

C  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

D  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

A  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

B  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

D  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

B  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

A  Canada

B  France

C  United States

D  Ireland

E  Iceland

A  graded bedding

B  velocity profile

C  rip current

D  grand layering

E  layered stratum

A  slosh speed

B  density stratification

C  settling velocity

D  wave size

E  shaking speed

A  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

C  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

E  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

A  water currents

B  microscopic floating marine life

C  brown algae

D  air bubbles

E  suspended sediment

A  a can of soda

B  a balloon

C  Silly Putty

D  a large jar filled with water and sediment

E  a candle

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

C  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

D  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

A  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

C  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

D  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A  somewhat frequently

B  very frequently

C  infrequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

C  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

D  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 700 s.

B  It would take 0.93 s.

C  It would take 2.15 s.

D  It would take 0.23 s.

E  It would take 0.46 s.

A  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

B  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

C  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

D  The ocean depth is 6 m.

E  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

A  tablemount and deep-sea fan

B  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

C  tablemount and basin

D  basin and trench

A  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

B  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

C  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

D  trench and basin

A  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

E  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B  biological productivity and seawater salinity

C  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

D  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

A  location of faults on the ocean floor

B  height of the sea surface

C  depth to the ocean floor

D  seafloor age

E  depth of seafloor sediments

A  Sounding

B  Seismic Reflection

C  Multibeam Sonar

D  Side-scan Sonar

E  Magnetometer

A  Fathom

B  Mile

C  Foot

D  Meter

E  League

A  Sounding

B  Multibeam Sonar

C  Seismic Reflection

D  Magnetometer

E  Side-scan Sonar

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  meters

B  centimeters

C  decimeters

D  millimeters

E  kilometers

A  GLORIA

B  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

C  SeaBeam

D  Sea MARC

E  Global positioning system (GPS)

A  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

C  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

D  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

E  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

A  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

B  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

C  they are inexpensive to build and launch

D  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

E  they are affected by surface weather

A  direct observation.

B  light waves.

C  satellite observation.

D  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

E  drilling.

A  Odyssey

B  Meteor

C  Comet

D  HMS Challenger

A  6

B  4

C  5

D  3

E  7

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Red Sea

C  Mediterranean Sea

D  Atlantic Ocean

A  Challenger

B  Odyssey

C  Comet

D  Meteor

A  1970s

B  1950s

C  1960s

D  1980s

A  4,945 feet per second

B  4,970 feet per second

C  4,925 feet per second

D  5,000 feet per second

A  pressure and salinity

B  salinity, temperature and pressure

C  temperature and pressure

D  salinity

A  Echo

B  Chirp

C  Beep

D  Ping

A  Jason-2

B  CryoSat-2

C  TOPEX

D  Jason-1

E  Geosat

A  GLORIA

B  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

C  SeaMARC

D  SeaWiFS

E  Seabeam

A  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

B  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

C  density differences of ocean waters

D  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

E  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

A  ocean currents

B  plate tectonic processes

C  biological activity

D  extreme pressure at depth

E  erosion and weathering

A  11,100 meters

B  7400 meters

C  3000 meters

D  4550 meters

E  5550 meters

A  hydrology

B  bathymetry

C  navigation

D  tomography

E  cartography

A  Multibeam echo sounder

B  Satellite altimetry

C  Precision depth recorder

D  Side-scan sonar

E  Seismic reflection

A  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

B  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

D  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

A  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

B  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

C  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

A  seamount and transform fault on land

B  transform fault on land and tablemount

C  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

A  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

C  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  less expensive and more accurate

B  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  less expensive and more detailed

D  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

A  1507 meters (4944 feet)

B  5 meters (16.4 feet)

C  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

D  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

E  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

A  the study of the depth of the ocean

B  the study of ocean currents

C  the study of ocean productivity

D  the study of marine mammals

E  the study of the temperature of the ocean

A  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

B  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

C  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

D  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

E  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

A  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

B  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

D  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

E  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

A  Ocean basins are very flat features.

B  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

C  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

D  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

A  Echo sounder

B  Lidar

C  Radar

D  Aerial photography

E  Satellites

A  The creation of NASA

B  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

C  The sinking of the Titanic

D  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

E  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

A  navigation to determine the position of the ship

B  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

C  DNA analysis of marine organisms

D  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

E  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

A  repair vessel

B  research vessel

C  rolling violently

D  recumbent vehicle

E  rocking vehicle