Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  95%

B  75%

C  85%

D  65%

E  90%

A  Neither

B  Fracture zone

C  Transform fault

A  Neither

B  Fracture zone

C  Transform fault

A  Transform fault

B  Nemataths

C  Guyots

D  Fracture zone

E  Seaknolls

A  Transform fault

B  Seaknolls

C  Nemataths

D  Fracture zone

E  Guyots

A  Rift valley

B  Hydrothermal vent

C  White smoker

D  Black smoker

E  Deep focus earthquake

A  Rift valley

B  Trenches

C  Pillow basalts

D  Metal sulfide deposits

E  Seamounts

A  Abyssal hill

B  Rift valley

C  Oceanic rise

D  Oceanic ridge

E  Seafloor spreading

A  located in submarine canyons.

B  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

C  parallel to the rift valley.

D  associated with hydrothermal vents.

A  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

B  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

C  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

D  associated with turbidity currents.

E  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

A  abyssal hills.

B  turbidity currents.

C  white smokers.

D  cold seeps.

E  black smokers.

A  fracture zones.

B  transform faults.

C  convergent plate boundaries.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  oceanic rises.

A  transform faults.

B  fracture zones.

C  hydrothermal vents.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The gentle slope above sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The gentle slope above sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  erosional

B  collisional

C  volcanic

D  sedimentary

E  metamorphic

A  Turbidity currents

B  Undersea streams

C  Suspension settling

D  Precipitation

E  Melting icebergs

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  transform plate boundaries

B  convergent plate boundaries

C  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

D  convergent and transform plate boundaries

E  divergent plate boundaries

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  island arc

C  deep sea trench

D  transform fault

E  hotspot

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  hotspot

C  transform fault

D  deep sea trench

E  island arc

A  5 miles

B  2 miles

C  1 mile

D  3 miles

E  4 miles

A  andesitic

B  granitic

C  rhyolitic

D  basaltic

A  33%

B  44%

C  29%

D  23%

E  39%

A  60,000

B  50,000

C  40,000

D  46,000

E  55,000

A  60

B  65

C  50

D  85

E  75

A  Hydrogen sulfate

B  Hydrogen sulfide

C  Oxygen

D  Nitrogen

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A  San Andreas Fault

B  Dead Sea Fault

C  Mendocino Fracture

D  Alpine Fault

A  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

B  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

C  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

D  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

A  seismic fissure

B  hydrothermal vent

C  transform fault

D  fracture zone

E  central rift valley

A  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

B  parts of volcanic island arcs

C  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

D  parts of continents separated from continents

E  volcanic in origin

A  0-1000 m above sea level

B  5000-6000 m below sea level

C  4000-5000 m below sea level

D  3000-4000 m below sea level

E  1000-2000 m above sea level

A  Hot springs

B  Geothermal heat pump

C  White smoker

D  Black smoker

E  Warm-water vents

A  Trench

B  Rift valley

C  Oceanic rise

D  Volcanic arc

E  Submarine canyon

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

B  Volcanoes and trench

C  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

D  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

A  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

B  Nazca and South American

C  African and Indian

D  Eurasian and North American

E  Arabian and African

A  The Alps

B  Alaska

C  California

D  New Zealand

E  near Egypt

A  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

B  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

D  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A  San Andreas Fault

B  Alpine Fault

C  Hawaii

D  Juan De Fuca

E  Mendocino

A  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

B  along the fracture zones

C  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

D  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

E  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

C  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

B  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

C  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

D  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  Ring of Fire.

C  turbidity currents

D  Submarine canyons

A  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

B  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

C  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

D  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

A  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

C  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

D  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

A  continental volcanic arcs

B  Ring of Fire

C  mid-ocean ridges

D  Submarine canyons

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  At divergent plate boundaries

B  At convergent plate boundaries

C  At transform plate boundaries

D  At the intraplate abyssal plains

E  At submarine canyons

A  Southern Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  15,000 to 20,000

B  > 20,000

C  10,000 to 15,000

D  5,000 to 10,000

E  < 5,000

A  Black smokers

B  Undersea streams

C  Suspension settling

D  Precipitation

E  Melting icebergs

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  abyssal hill

B  island

C  guyot

D  nematath

E  seaknoll

A  nemataths

B  seaknolls

C  islands

D  guyots

E  seamounts

A  guyots

B  seaknolls

C  seamounts

D  nemataths

E  islands

A  seaknolls

B  guyots

C  islands

D  nemataths

E  seamounts

A  metamorphic

B  sedimentary

C  volcanic

D  erosional

E  seismic

A  volcanic

B  metamorphic

C  seismic

D  sedimentary

E  erosional

A  Island arc

B  Volcanic arc

C  Continental arc

D  Ocean trench

E  Passive margin

A  Submarine canyon

B  Abyssal hill

C  Tablemount

D  Abyssal plain

E  Seamount

A  hydrothermal vents.

B  deep-sea trenches.

C  mid-ocean ridges.

D  spreading centers.

E  fracture zones.

A  seamounts.

B  tablemounts.

C  oceanic trenches.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  tablemounts.

E  seamounts.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  submarine canyons.

C  seamounts.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  tablemounts.

A  All of the answers are correct.

B  the absence of convergent active margins.

C  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

D  the presence of convergent active margins.

E  the presence of seamounts.

A  tablemounts.

B  continental shelves.

C  continental slopes.

D  abyssal plains.

E  abyssal hills.

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  rift valley

C  hotspot

D  island arc

E  transform fault

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  rift valley

C  transform fault

D  hotspot

E  island arc

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-half

C  one-fifth

D  one-third

A  Shelf

B  Rise

C  Abyssal plain

D  Slope

A  Seahills

B  Seamounds

C  Seaknobs

D  Seaknolls

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Arctic Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  Tablemount

B  Seamount

C  Abyssal hill

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  Peru-Chile

B  Kuril

C  Middle America

D  Mariana

E  Aleutian

A  Peru-Chile

B  Middle America

C  Aleutian

D  Kuril

E  Mariana

A  Indian

B  Pacific

C  Southern

D  Atlantic

E  Arctic

A  the continental shelf

B  the continental slope and rise

C  submarine fans

D  abyssal plains

E  shallow islands in tropical seas

A  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

B  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

C  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

D  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

E  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

A  abyssal plain

B  continental borderland

C  continental shelf

D  continental slope

E  continental rise

A  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

B  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

C  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

D  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

A  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

B  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

C  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

E  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

A  Sandstone Layering

B  Suspension Deposits

C  Turbidity Currents

D  Nonconformities

E  Graded Bedding

A  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

B  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

C  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

D  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

E  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

A  Abyssal plain

B  Continental slope

C  Continental rise

D  Continental shelf

E  Shoreline

A  Continental slope

B  Continental rise

C  Shoreline

D  Continental shelf

E  Abyssal plain

A  A soap box derby course

B  A beginners ski hill

C  The continental slope

D  A large parking lot

E  An Olympic toboggan track

A  greater than five degrees

B  one-half to one degree

C  a tenth of a degree

D  one to two degrees

E  two to five degrees

A  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

B  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

E  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

A  East Coast of Japan

B  East Coast of the United States

C  West Coast of Mexico

D  Southern Coast of Alaska

E  West Coast of Chile

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  Continental shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental slope

D  Continental flood basalt

E  Continental rise

A  Turbidite deposits

B  Deep-sea fans

C  Turbidity currents

D  Abyssal plains

E  Graded bedding

A  Continental slope

B  Continental rise

C  Abyssal hill

D  Shelf break

E  Continental shelf

A  Rift valley

B  Continental margin

C  Active margin

D  Transform active margin

E  Convergent active margin

A  earthquake activity.

B  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

C  erosion by turbidity currents.

D  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

E  erosion by major rivers in the past.

A  turbidite deposits.

B  white smokers.

C  turbidity currents.

D  graded bedding.

E  deep sea fans.

A  continental rise.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  continental slope.

D  trench.

E  abyssal plain.

A  Submarine canyon

B  Continental rise

C  Fracture zone

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental slope

A  Deep-sea trenches

B  Broad continental shelves

C  Thin sediment accumulation

D  Chains of islands

E  Volcanic and earthquake activity

A  No sediment accumulation

B  Deep-sea trenches

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Shallow coastal waters

E  Sparse earthquake activity

A  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

B  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

C  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

D  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

E  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

A  Deep-ocean basin

B  Continental margins

C  Mid-ocean ridge

A  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

C  Continental-continental convergent

D  Oceanic-continental convergent

A  Convergent

B  Divergent

C  Transform

A  Granite

B  Rhyolite

C  Basalt

D  Peridotite

A  80

B  60

C  40

D  100

E  20

A  10

B  20

C  15

D  25

E  5

A  V

B  T

C  Y

D  L

E  U

A  downward

B  sideways

C  no change

D  upward

A  Tablemountas

B  Continental shelf

C  Continental slope

D  Continental rise

E  Abyssal plains

A  Andes

B  Chilean

C  Cascades

D  Himalayan

A  Rise

B  Slope

C  Abyssal plain

D  Shelf

A  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

B  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

C  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

D  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

E  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

A  near an offshore fault

B  far from an oceanic ridge

C  lacking a continental rise

D  a continental borderland

E  seismically active

A  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

B  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

B  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

C  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

D  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

A  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

C  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

D  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

C  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

A  abyssal plain

B  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

C  delta

D  deep-sea fans

E  continental shelf

A  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

B  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

C  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

D  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

E  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

A  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

B  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

C  ridge and continental rise

D  narrow continental shelf and trench

A  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

D  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

B  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

C  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

A  Iceland

B  France

C  Ireland

D  United States

E  Canada

A  graded bedding

B  layered stratum

C  grand layering

D  rip current

E  velocity profile

A  slosh speed

B  density stratification

C  wave size

D  settling velocity

E  shaking speed

A  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

B  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

C  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

A  microscopic floating marine life

B  suspended sediment

C  brown algae

D  water currents

E  air bubbles

A  a large jar filled with water and sediment

B  a can of soda

C  a balloon

D  Silly Putty

E  a candle

A  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

C  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

A  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

B  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

A  very frequently

B  somewhat frequently

C  infrequently

A  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

C  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

D  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 2.15 s.

B  It would take 700 s.

C  It would take 0.23 s.

D  It would take 0.46 s.

E  It would take 0.93 s.

A  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

B  The ocean depth is 6 m.

C  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

D  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

E  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

A  basin and trench

B  tablemount and basin

C  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

D  tablemount and deep-sea fan

A  trench and basin

B  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

C  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

D  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

A  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

C  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

D  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

A  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

B  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

C  biological productivity and seawater salinity

D  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

A  location of faults on the ocean floor

B  height of the sea surface

C  seafloor age

D  depth to the ocean floor

E  depth of seafloor sediments

A  Sounding

B  Magnetometer

C  Side-scan Sonar

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Multibeam Sonar

A  League

B  Fathom

C  Mile

D  Foot

E  Meter

A  Side-scan Sonar

B  Sounding

C  Seismic Reflection

D  Multibeam Sonar

E  Magnetometer

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  millimeters

B  kilometers

C  decimeters

D  centimeters

E  meters

A  Sea MARC

B  GLORIA

C  SeaBeam

D  Global positioning system (GPS)

E  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

A  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

C  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

D  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

E  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

A  they are affected by surface weather

B  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

C  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

D  they are inexpensive to build and launch

E  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

B  direct observation.

C  satellite observation.

D  light waves.

E  drilling.

A  Odyssey

B  HMS Challenger

C  Comet

D  Meteor

A  5

B  7

C  6

D  3

E  4

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Mediterranean Sea

D  Red Sea

A  Meteor

B  Challenger

C  Comet

D  Odyssey

A  1970s

B  1960s

C  1950s

D  1980s

A  4,945 feet per second

B  5,000 feet per second

C  4,925 feet per second

D  4,970 feet per second

A  pressure and salinity

B  salinity, temperature and pressure

C  salinity

D  temperature and pressure

A  Beep

B  Echo

C  Ping

D  Chirp

A  Jason-1

B  TOPEX

C  CryoSat-2

D  Jason-2

E  Geosat

A  SeaWiFS

B  GLORIA

C  SeaMARC

D  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

E  Seabeam

A  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

B  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

C  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

D  density differences of ocean waters

E  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

A  erosion and weathering

B  ocean currents

C  extreme pressure at depth

D  plate tectonic processes

E  biological activity

A  5550 meters

B  4550 meters

C  11,100 meters

D  7400 meters

E  3000 meters

A  cartography

B  tomography

C  bathymetry

D  navigation

E  hydrology

A  Side-scan sonar

B  Precision depth recorder

C  Satellite altimetry

D  Multibeam echo sounder

E  Seismic reflection

A  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

B  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

C  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

A  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

B  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

C  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

A  seamount and transform fault on land

B  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

C  transform fault on land and tablemount

A  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

A  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B  less expensive and more detailed

C  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D  less expensive and more accurate

A  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

B  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

C  1507 meters (4944 feet)

D  5 meters (16.4 feet)

E  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

A  the study of the depth of the ocean

B  the study of marine mammals

C  the study of ocean productivity

D  the study of the temperature of the ocean

E  the study of ocean currents

A  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

B  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

C  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

D  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

E  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

A  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

B  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

D  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

E  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

A  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

B  Ocean basins are very flat features.

C  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

D  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

A  Lidar

B  Echo sounder

C  Radar

D  Aerial photography

E  Satellites

A  The creation of NASA

B  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

C  The sinking of the Titanic

D  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

E  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

A  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

B  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

C  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

D  navigation to determine the position of the ship

E  DNA analysis of marine organisms

A  rolling violently

B  repair vessel

C  research vessel

D  rocking vehicle

E  recumbent vehicle