Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  95%

B  75%

C  90%

D  85%

E  65%

A  Fracture zone

B  Transform fault

C  Neither

A  Neither

B  Fracture zone

C  Transform fault

A  Seaknolls

B  Nemataths

C  Guyots

D  Transform fault

E  Fracture zone

A  Guyots

B  Seaknolls

C  Transform fault

D  Nemataths

E  Fracture zone

A  Rift valley

B  Hydrothermal vent

C  Black smoker

D  Deep focus earthquake

E  White smoker

A  Pillow basalts

B  Rift valley

C  Trenches

D  Seamounts

E  Metal sulfide deposits

A  Rift valley

B  Abyssal hill

C  Oceanic rise

D  Oceanic ridge

E  Seafloor spreading

A  associated with hydrothermal vents.

B  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

C  located in submarine canyons.

D  parallel to the rift valley.

A  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

B  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

C  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

D  associated with turbidity currents.

E  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

A  turbidity currents.

B  white smokers.

C  black smokers.

D  abyssal hills.

E  cold seeps.

A  convergent plate boundaries.

B  transform faults.

C  fracture zones.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  oceanic rises.

A  hydrothermal vents.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  deep-sea trenches.

D  transform faults.

E  fracture zones.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The gentle slope above sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The gentle slope above sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  sedimentary

B  volcanic

C  collisional

D  metamorphic

E  erosional

A  Undersea streams

B  Melting icebergs

C  Turbidity currents

D  Precipitation

E  Suspension settling

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

B  convergent and transform plate boundaries

C  divergent plate boundaries

D  transform plate boundaries

E  convergent plate boundaries

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  deep sea trench

C  hotspot

D  transform fault

E  island arc

A  deep sea trench

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  island arc

D  hotspot

E  transform fault

A  2 miles

B  1 mile

C  5 miles

D  3 miles

E  4 miles

A  granitic

B  rhyolitic

C  basaltic

D  andesitic

A  39%

B  44%

C  33%

D  29%

E  23%

A  50,000

B  60,000

C  46,000

D  55,000

E  40,000

A  85

B  50

C  60

D  75

E  65

A  Hydrogen sulfate

B  Oxygen

C  Nitrogen

D  Hydrogen sulfide

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Dead Sea Fault

B  Alpine Fault

C  San Andreas Fault

D  Mendocino Fracture

A  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

B  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

C  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  central rift valley

B  hydrothermal vent

C  fracture zone

D  transform fault

E  seismic fissure

A  parts of continents separated from continents

B  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

C  parts of volcanic island arcs

D  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

E  volcanic in origin

A  1000-2000 m above sea level

B  3000-4000 m below sea level

C  5000-6000 m below sea level

D  4000-5000 m below sea level

E  0-1000 m above sea level

A  Black smoker

B  White smoker

C  Warm-water vents

D  Geothermal heat pump

E  Hot springs

A  Oceanic rise

B  Trench

C  Submarine canyon

D  Rift valley

E  Volcanic arc

A  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Volcanoes and trench

B  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

C  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

D  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

A  Eurasian and North American

B  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

C  African and Indian

D  Arabian and African

E  Nazca and South American

A  Alaska

B  near Egypt

C  New Zealand

D  California

E  The Alps

A  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

B  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

D  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A  Juan De Fuca

B  Mendocino

C  Hawaii

D  Alpine Fault

E  San Andreas Fault

A  along the fracture zones

B  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

C  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

D  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

E  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

B  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

B  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

D  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

A  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A  Ring of Fire.

B  mid-ocean ridges.

C  turbidity currents

D  Submarine canyons

A  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

B  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

C  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

D  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

A  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

B  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

C  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

D  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A  Ring of Fire

B  mid-ocean ridges

C  Submarine canyons

D  continental volcanic arcs

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  At the intraplate abyssal plains

B  At transform plate boundaries

C  At divergent plate boundaries

D  At convergent plate boundaries

E  At submarine canyons

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

E  Pacific Ocean

A  15,000 to 20,000

B  > 20,000

C  < 5,000

D  10,000 to 15,000

E  5,000 to 10,000

A  Undersea streams

B  Suspension settling

C  Precipitation

D  Melting icebergs

E  Black smokers

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Arctic Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  island

B  nematath

C  seaknoll

D  guyot

E  abyssal hill

A  guyots

B  nemataths

C  seaknolls

D  seamounts

E  islands

A  seamounts

B  islands

C  seaknolls

D  guyots

E  nemataths

A  guyots

B  seaknolls

C  islands

D  nemataths

E  seamounts

A  erosional

B  sedimentary

C  seismic

D  volcanic

E  metamorphic

A  metamorphic

B  sedimentary

C  volcanic

D  erosional

E  seismic

A  Passive margin

B  Volcanic arc

C  Continental arc

D  Island arc

E  Ocean trench

A  Submarine canyon

B  Tablemount

C  Seamount

D  Abyssal hill

E  Abyssal plain

A  fracture zones.

B  hydrothermal vents.

C  deep-sea trenches.

D  mid-ocean ridges.

E  spreading centers.

A  tablemounts.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  seamounts.

E  oceanic trenches.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

C  seamounts.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  tablemounts.

A  submarine canyons.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  tablemounts.

D  seamounts.

E  oceanic trenches.

A  the absence of convergent active margins.

B  the presence of convergent active margins.

C  All of the answers are correct.

D  the presence of seamounts.

E  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

A  continental shelves.

B  tablemounts.

C  continental slopes.

D  abyssal plains.

E  abyssal hills.

A  island arc

B  rift valley

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  transform fault

E  hotspot

A  hotspot

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  transform fault

D  rift valley

E  island arc

A  Southern Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-third

C  one-half

D  one-fifth

A  Rise

B  Slope

C  Shelf

D  Abyssal plain

A  Seaknobs

B  Seahills

C  Seaknolls

D  Seamounds

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  Tablemount

B  Abyssal hill

C  Seamount

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Pacific Ocean

A  Mariana

B  Middle America

C  Kuril

D  Aleutian

E  Peru-Chile

A  Kuril

B  Middle America

C  Aleutian

D  Peru-Chile

E  Mariana

A  Pacific

B  Arctic

C  Atlantic

D  Southern

E  Indian

A  submarine fans

B  the continental slope and rise

C  the continental shelf

D  abyssal plains

E  shallow islands in tropical seas

A  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

B  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

C  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

D  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

E  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

A  abyssal plain

B  continental shelf

C  continental borderland

D  continental rise

E  continental slope

A  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

B  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

C  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

D  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

B  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

C  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

D  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

E  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

A  Turbidity Currents

B  Sandstone Layering

C  Nonconformities

D  Graded Bedding

E  Suspension Deposits

A  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

B  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

C  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

D  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

E  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

A  Continental slope

B  Shoreline

C  Abyssal plain

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental rise

A  Continental shelf

B  Shoreline

C  Continental slope

D  Abyssal plain

E  Continental rise

A  The continental slope

B  A large parking lot

C  A beginners ski hill

D  An Olympic toboggan track

E  A soap box derby course

A  greater than five degrees

B  one-half to one degree

C  two to five degrees

D  one to two degrees

E  a tenth of a degree

A  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

B  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

E  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

A  West Coast of Chile

B  East Coast of Japan

C  Southern Coast of Alaska

D  West Coast of Mexico

E  East Coast of the United States

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  Continental flood basalt

B  Continental shelf

C  Continental slope

D  Continental rise

E  Abyssal plain

A  Turbidite deposits

B  Deep-sea fans

C  Turbidity currents

D  Graded bedding

E  Abyssal plains

A  Abyssal hill

B  Shelf break

C  Continental rise

D  Continental slope

E  Continental shelf

A  Rift valley

B  Convergent active margin

C  Transform active margin

D  Continental margin

E  Active margin

A  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

C  erosion by major rivers in the past.

D  earthquake activity.

E  erosion by turbidity currents.

A  white smokers.

B  deep sea fans.

C  graded bedding.

D  turbidite deposits.

E  turbidity currents.

A  trench.

B  continental rise.

C  continental slope.

D  mid-ocean ridge.

E  abyssal plain.

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Continental slope

D  Fracture zone

E  Submarine canyon

A  Deep-sea trenches

B  Volcanic and earthquake activity

C  Chains of islands

D  Thin sediment accumulation

E  Broad continental shelves

A  Sparse earthquake activity

B  Broad continental shelves

C  Deep-sea trenches

D  No sediment accumulation

E  Shallow coastal waters

A  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

B  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

C  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

D  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

E  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

A  Mid-ocean ridge

B  Continental margins

C  Deep-ocean basin

A  Continental-continental convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C  Oceanic-continental convergent

D  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

A  Convergent

B  Divergent

C  Transform

A  Granite

B  Peridotite

C  Rhyolite

D  Basalt

A  20

B  100

C  40

D  60

E  80

A  15

B  10

C  20

D  25

E  5

A  Y

B  V

C  L

D  U

E  T

A  downward

B  upward

C  sideways

D  no change

A  Continental rise

B  Continental slope

C  Continental shelf

D  Tablemountas

E  Abyssal plains

A  Himalayan

B  Cascades

C  Andes

D  Chilean

A  Shelf

B  Slope

C  Rise

D  Abyssal plain

A  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

B  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

C  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

E  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

A  far from an oceanic ridge

B  a continental borderland

C  lacking a continental rise

D  near an offshore fault

E  seismically active

A  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

B  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

C  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

D  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

A  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

C  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

D  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

D  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

A  delta

B  deep-sea fans

C  abyssal plain

D  continental shelf

E  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

A  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

B  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

C  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

D  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

E  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  ridge and continental rise

C  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

D  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

A  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

D  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

B  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

C  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

A  United States

B  Ireland

C  France

D  Canada

E  Iceland

A  grand layering

B  graded bedding

C  rip current

D  velocity profile

E  layered stratum

A  slosh speed

B  shaking speed

C  density stratification

D  wave size

E  settling velocity

A  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

C  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

E  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

A  air bubbles

B  water currents

C  brown algae

D  suspended sediment

E  microscopic floating marine life

A  a balloon

B  Silly Putty

C  a candle

D  a large jar filled with water and sediment

E  a can of soda

A  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

C  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

A  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

B  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

C  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

A  infrequently

B  somewhat frequently

C  very frequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

A  It would take 0.23 s.

B  It would take 0.93 s.

C  It would take 0.46 s.

D  It would take 700 s.

E  It would take 2.15 s.

A  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

B  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

C  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

D  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

E  The ocean depth is 6 m.

A  tablemount and basin

B  tablemount and deep-sea fan

C  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

D  basin and trench

A  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

B  trench and basin

C  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

D  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

A  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

C  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

C  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

D  biological productivity and seawater salinity

A  location of faults on the ocean floor

B  depth of seafloor sediments

C  height of the sea surface

D  seafloor age

E  depth to the ocean floor

A  Sounding

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Seismic Reflection

D  Magnetometer

E  Multibeam Sonar

A  League

B  Foot

C  Mile

D  Fathom

E  Meter

A  Multibeam Sonar

B  Sounding

C  Side-scan Sonar

D  Magnetometer

E  Seismic Reflection

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  kilometers

B  meters

C  centimeters

D  millimeters

E  decimeters

A  Sea MARC

B  SeaBeam

C  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

D  GLORIA

E  Global positioning system (GPS)

A  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

C  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

D  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

E  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

A  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

B  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

C  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

D  they are inexpensive to build and launch

E  they are affected by surface weather

A  drilling.

B  light waves.

C  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

D  direct observation.

E  satellite observation.

A  HMS Challenger

B  Comet

C  Odyssey

D  Meteor

A  3

B  7

C  5

D  6

E  4

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Red Sea

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Mediterranean Sea

A  Meteor

B  Odyssey

C  Comet

D  Challenger

A  1960s

B  1980s

C  1950s

D  1970s

A  4,945 feet per second

B  5,000 feet per second

C  4,970 feet per second

D  4,925 feet per second

A  salinity

B  pressure and salinity

C  salinity, temperature and pressure

D  temperature and pressure

A  Beep

B  Chirp

C  Ping

D  Echo

A  Jason-2

B  CryoSat-2

C  Jason-1

D  Geosat

E  TOPEX

A  Seabeam

B  SeaWiFS

C  SeaMARC

D  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

E  GLORIA

A  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

B  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

C  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

D  density differences of ocean waters

E  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

A  plate tectonic processes

B  erosion and weathering

C  biological activity

D  extreme pressure at depth

E  ocean currents

A  11,100 meters

B  3000 meters

C  7400 meters

D  5550 meters

E  4550 meters

A  cartography

B  tomography

C  navigation

D  hydrology

E  bathymetry

A  Satellite altimetry

B  Precision depth recorder

C  Seismic reflection

D  Side-scan sonar

E  Multibeam echo sounder

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

B  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

D  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

B  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

C  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A  transform fault on land and tablemount

B  seamount and transform fault on land

C  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

A  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

B  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B  less expensive and more accurate

C  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D  less expensive and more detailed

A  5 meters (16.4 feet)

B  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

C  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

D  1507 meters (4944 feet)

E  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

A  the study of the temperature of the ocean

B  the study of ocean currents

C  the study of the depth of the ocean

D  the study of marine mammals

E  the study of ocean productivity

A  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

B  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

C  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

D  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

E  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

A  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

B  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

C  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

D  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

E  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

A  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

B  Ocean basins are very flat features.

C  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

D  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

A  Radar

B  Aerial photography

C  Echo sounder

D  Satellites

E  Lidar

A  The creation of NASA

B  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

C  The sinking of the Titanic

D  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

E  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

A  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

B  navigation to determine the position of the ship

C  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

D  DNA analysis of marine organisms

E  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

A  recumbent vehicle

B  rocking vehicle

C  repair vessel

D  rolling violently

E  research vessel