Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  85%

B  95%

C  75%

D  90%

E  65%

A  Neither

B  Fracture zone

C  Transform fault

A  Transform fault

B  Neither

C  Fracture zone

A  Seaknolls

B  Nemataths

C  Fracture zone

D  Transform fault

E  Guyots

A  Fracture zone

B  Seaknolls

C  Guyots

D  Nemataths

E  Transform fault

A  Deep focus earthquake

B  Hydrothermal vent

C  Rift valley

D  Black smoker

E  White smoker

A  Trenches

B  Metal sulfide deposits

C  Seamounts

D  Pillow basalts

E  Rift valley

A  Oceanic rise

B  Seafloor spreading

C  Rift valley

D  Abyssal hill

E  Oceanic ridge

A  parallel to the rift valley.

B  associated with hydrothermal vents.

C  located in submarine canyons.

D  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

A  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

B  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

C  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

D  associated with turbidity currents.

E  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

A  turbidity currents.

B  abyssal hills.

C  cold seeps.

D  black smokers.

E  white smokers.

A  convergent plate boundaries.

B  fracture zones.

C  oceanic rises.

D  transform faults.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  deep-sea trenches.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  fracture zones.

D  hydrothermal vents.

E  transform faults.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The steep deepest part below sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The steep deepest part below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  collisional

B  erosional

C  sedimentary

D  volcanic

E  metamorphic

A  Turbidity currents

B  Precipitation

C  Undersea streams

D  Melting icebergs

E  Suspension settling

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  transform plate boundaries

B  divergent plate boundaries

C  convergent and transform plate boundaries

D  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

E  convergent plate boundaries

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  deep sea trench

C  hotspot

D  island arc

E  transform fault

A  hotspot

B  island arc

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  deep sea trench

E  transform fault

A  5 miles

B  3 miles

C  2 miles

D  1 mile

E  4 miles

A  rhyolitic

B  andesitic

C  basaltic

D  granitic

A  33%

B  44%

C  23%

D  39%

E  29%

A  40,000

B  55,000

C  46,000

D  60,000

E  50,000

A  85

B  65

C  50

D  75

E  60

A  Nitrogen

B  Hydrogen sulfide

C  Oxygen

D  Hydrogen sulfate

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Dead Sea Fault

B  San Andreas Fault

C  Mendocino Fracture

D  Alpine Fault

A  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

B  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

C  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  transform fault

B  seismic fissure

C  fracture zone

D  hydrothermal vent

E  central rift valley

A  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

B  volcanic in origin

C  parts of volcanic island arcs

D  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

E  parts of continents separated from continents

A  5000-6000 m below sea level

B  4000-5000 m below sea level

C  3000-4000 m below sea level

D  1000-2000 m above sea level

E  0-1000 m above sea level

A  White smoker

B  Black smoker

C  Geothermal heat pump

D  Hot springs

E  Warm-water vents

A  Rift valley

B  Submarine canyon

C  Volcanic arc

D  Trench

E  Oceanic rise

A  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

B  Volcanoes and trench

C  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

A  African and Indian

B  Nazca and South American

C  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

D  Eurasian and North American

E  Arabian and African

A  New Zealand

B  The Alps

C  near Egypt

D  Alaska

E  California

A  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

C  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

D  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

A  Mendocino

B  Alpine Fault

C  San Andreas Fault

D  Juan De Fuca

E  Hawaii

A  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

B  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

C  along the fracture zones

D  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

E  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

A  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

B  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

C  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

D  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A  Ring of Fire.

B  turbidity currents

C  mid-ocean ridges.

D  Submarine canyons

A  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

C  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

D  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

A  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

C  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

D  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

A  continental volcanic arcs

B  Submarine canyons

C  mid-ocean ridges

D  Ring of Fire

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  At divergent plate boundaries

B  At submarine canyons

C  At transform plate boundaries

D  At the intraplate abyssal plains

E  At convergent plate boundaries

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  5,000 to 10,000

B  > 20,000

C  10,000 to 15,000

D  15,000 to 20,000

E  < 5,000

A  Melting icebergs

B  Suspension settling

C  Precipitation

D  Black smokers

E  Undersea streams

A  Southern Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  seaknoll

B  nematath

C  abyssal hill

D  guyot

E  island

A  seamounts

B  guyots

C  seaknolls

D  islands

E  nemataths

A  islands

B  guyots

C  seamounts

D  seaknolls

E  nemataths

A  nemataths

B  seamounts

C  islands

D  guyots

E  seaknolls

A  sedimentary

B  volcanic

C  seismic

D  erosional

E  metamorphic

A  seismic

B  erosional

C  sedimentary

D  metamorphic

E  volcanic

A  Volcanic arc

B  Passive margin

C  Continental arc

D  Island arc

E  Ocean trench

A  Submarine canyon

B  Abyssal hill

C  Seamount

D  Tablemount

E  Abyssal plain

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  spreading centers.

C  hydrothermal vents.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  fracture zones.

A  tablemounts.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  seamounts.

D  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

E  oceanic trenches.

A  seamounts.

B  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

C  tablemounts.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  tablemounts.

C  oceanic trenches.

D  seamounts.

E  submarine canyons.

A  All of the answers are correct.

B  the presence of seamounts.

C  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

D  the presence of convergent active margins.

E  the absence of convergent active margins.

A  continental shelves.

B  continental slopes.

C  tablemounts.

D  abyssal hills.

E  abyssal plains.

A  hotspot

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  island arc

D  rift valley

E  transform fault

A  hotspot

B  transform fault

C  island arc

D  rift valley

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  Southern Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

A  one-third

B  one-half

C  one-quarter

D  one-fifth

A  Abyssal plain

B  Rise

C  Slope

D  Shelf

A  Seaknobs

B  Seaknolls

C  Seahills

D  Seamounds

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  Seamount

B  Tablemount

C  Abyssal hill

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Middle America

B  Peru-Chile

C  Aleutian

D  Mariana

E  Kuril

A  Aleutian

B  Peru-Chile

C  Mariana

D  Middle America

E  Kuril

A  Southern

B  Indian

C  Arctic

D  Atlantic

E  Pacific

A  submarine fans

B  the continental slope and rise

C  the continental shelf

D  abyssal plains

E  shallow islands in tropical seas

A  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

B  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

C  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

D  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

E  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

A  continental rise

B  continental shelf

C  abyssal plain

D  continental borderland

E  continental slope

A  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

B  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

C  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

D  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

C  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

E  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

A  Graded Bedding

B  Suspension Deposits

C  Sandstone Layering

D  Nonconformities

E  Turbidity Currents

A  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

B  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

C  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

D  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

E  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

A  Abyssal plain

B  Shoreline

C  Continental slope

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental rise

A  Continental shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental rise

D  Shoreline

E  Continental slope

A  An Olympic toboggan track

B  A beginners ski hill

C  A soap box derby course

D  The continental slope

E  A large parking lot

A  two to five degrees

B  one-half to one degree

C  a tenth of a degree

D  greater than five degrees

E  one to two degrees

A  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

B  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

E  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

A  Southern Coast of Alaska

B  East Coast of Japan

C  East Coast of the United States

D  West Coast of Mexico

E  West Coast of Chile

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  Continental slope

B  Continental shelf

C  Continental rise

D  Abyssal plain

E  Continental flood basalt

A  Deep-sea fans

B  Turbidite deposits

C  Abyssal plains

D  Graded bedding

E  Turbidity currents

A  Abyssal hill

B  Shelf break

C  Continental rise

D  Continental slope

E  Continental shelf

A  Convergent active margin

B  Continental margin

C  Rift valley

D  Active margin

E  Transform active margin

A  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

C  erosion by major rivers in the past.

D  erosion by turbidity currents.

E  earthquake activity.

A  turbidite deposits.

B  white smokers.

C  deep sea fans.

D  graded bedding.

E  turbidity currents.

A  trench.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  continental slope.

D  abyssal plain.

E  continental rise.

A  Submarine canyon

B  Fracture zone

C  Continental rise

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental slope

A  Thin sediment accumulation

B  Chains of islands

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Deep-sea trenches

E  Volcanic and earthquake activity

A  Deep-sea trenches

B  Shallow coastal waters

C  Sparse earthquake activity

D  Broad continental shelves

E  No sediment accumulation

A  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

B  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

C  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

E  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

A  Mid-ocean ridge

B  Deep-ocean basin

C  Continental margins

A  Oceanic-continental convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C  Continental-continental convergent

D  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

A  Divergent

B  Convergent

C  Transform

A  Basalt

B  Granite

C  Rhyolite

D  Peridotite

A  20

B  100

C  80

D  60

E  40

A  25

B  10

C  5

D  15

E  20

A  U

B  L

C  V

D  Y

E  T

A  sideways

B  no change

C  downward

D  upward

A  Tablemountas

B  Abyssal plains

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental slope

E  Continental rise

A  Chilean

B  Cascades

C  Andes

D  Himalayan

A  Abyssal plain

B  Shelf

C  Rise

D  Slope

A  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

B  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

C  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

D  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

E  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

A  near an offshore fault

B  a continental borderland

C  lacking a continental rise

D  far from an oceanic ridge

E  seismically active

A  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

B  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

B  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

C  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

D  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

A  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

B  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

C  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

D  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

B  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

A  continental shelf

B  deep-sea fans

C  delta

D  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

E  abyssal plain

A  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

B  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

C  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

D  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

E  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

C  ridge and continental rise

D  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

A  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

C  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

D  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

B  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

E  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

A  Canada

B  United States

C  Ireland

D  Iceland

E  France

A  velocity profile

B  layered stratum

C  grand layering

D  rip current

E  graded bedding

A  wave size

B  shaking speed

C  settling velocity

D  density stratification

E  slosh speed

A  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

C  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

D  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

A  brown algae

B  water currents

C  air bubbles

D  suspended sediment

E  microscopic floating marine life

A  a balloon

B  a candle

C  a large jar filled with water and sediment

D  a can of soda

E  Silly Putty

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

D  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

A  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

B  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

C  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

A  infrequently

B  very frequently

C  somewhat frequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

C  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

A  It would take 0.93 s.

B  It would take 2.15 s.

C  It would take 0.46 s.

D  It would take 0.23 s.

E  It would take 700 s.

A  The ocean depth is 6 m.

B  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

C  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

D  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

E  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

A  tablemount and deep-sea fan

B  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

C  basin and trench

D  tablemount and basin

A  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

B  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

C  trench and basin

D  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

A  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

B  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

A  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

B  biological productivity and seawater salinity

C  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

D  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

A  depth of seafloor sediments

B  height of the sea surface

C  location of faults on the ocean floor

D  seafloor age

E  depth to the ocean floor

A  Multibeam Sonar

B  Seismic Reflection

C  Sounding

D  Side-scan Sonar

E  Magnetometer

A  Fathom

B  Mile

C  Meter

D  Foot

E  League

A  Multibeam Sonar

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Seismic Reflection

D  Sounding

E  Magnetometer

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  kilometers

B  millimeters

C  decimeters

D  centimeters

E  meters

A  Sea MARC

B  GLORIA

C  Global positioning system (GPS)

D  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

E  SeaBeam

A  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

C  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

D  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

E  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

A  they are affected by surface weather

B  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

C  they are inexpensive to build and launch

D  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

E  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

A  light waves.

B  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

C  drilling.

D  satellite observation.

E  direct observation.

A  Comet

B  Meteor

C  HMS Challenger

D  Odyssey

A  7

B  4

C  6

D  5

E  3

A  Mediterranean Sea

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Red Sea

D  Pacific Ocean

A  Odyssey

B  Comet

C  Meteor

D  Challenger

A  1970s

B  1960s

C  1950s

D  1980s

A  4,925 feet per second

B  4,970 feet per second

C  4,945 feet per second

D  5,000 feet per second

A  salinity, temperature and pressure

B  salinity

C  temperature and pressure

D  pressure and salinity

A  Ping

B  Chirp

C  Beep

D  Echo

A  Jason-2

B  CryoSat-2

C  TOPEX

D  Geosat

E  Jason-1

A  Seabeam

B  SeaWiFS

C  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

D  GLORIA

E  SeaMARC

A  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

B  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

C  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

D  density differences of ocean waters

E  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

A  biological activity

B  ocean currents

C  erosion and weathering

D  extreme pressure at depth

E  plate tectonic processes

A  3000 meters

B  4550 meters

C  11,100 meters

D  7400 meters

E  5550 meters

A  tomography

B  hydrology

C  navigation

D  cartography

E  bathymetry

A  Precision depth recorder

B  Satellite altimetry

C  Seismic reflection

D  Multibeam echo sounder

E  Side-scan sonar

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

B  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

C  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

D  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

B  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

C  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

A  seamount and transform fault on land

B  transform fault on land and tablemount

C  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

A  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

C  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  less expensive and more detailed

D  less expensive and more accurate

A  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

B  5 meters (16.4 feet)

C  1507 meters (4944 feet)

D  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

E  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

A  the study of ocean currents

B  the study of the depth of the ocean

C  the study of the temperature of the ocean

D  the study of ocean productivity

E  the study of marine mammals

A  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

B  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

C  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

D  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

E  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

A  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

B  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

C  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

D  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

E  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

A  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

B  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

C  Ocean basins are very flat features.

D  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

A  Satellites

B  Echo sounder

C  Lidar

D  Radar

E  Aerial photography

A  The creation of NASA

B  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

C  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

D  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

E  The sinking of the Titanic

A  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

B  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

C  DNA analysis of marine organisms

D  navigation to determine the position of the ship

E  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

A  repair vessel

B  recumbent vehicle

C  research vessel

D  rocking vehicle

E  rolling violently