Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  95%

B  65%

C  75%

D  90%

E  85%

A  Transform fault

B  Neither

C  Fracture zone

A  Transform fault

B  Fracture zone

C  Neither

A  Seaknolls

B  Transform fault

C  Guyots

D  Nemataths

E  Fracture zone

A  Fracture zone

B  Transform fault

C  Seaknolls

D  Nemataths

E  Guyots

A  Hydrothermal vent

B  Rift valley

C  Black smoker

D  White smoker

E  Deep focus earthquake

A  Trenches

B  Metal sulfide deposits

C  Pillow basalts

D  Seamounts

E  Rift valley

A  Abyssal hill

B  Oceanic ridge

C  Rift valley

D  Seafloor spreading

E  Oceanic rise

A  associated with hydrothermal vents.

B  located in submarine canyons.

C  parallel to the rift valley.

D  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

A  associated with turbidity currents.

B  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

C  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

D  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

E  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

A  black smokers.

B  turbidity currents.

C  white smokers.

D  abyssal hills.

E  cold seeps.

A  deep-sea trenches.

B  fracture zones.

C  convergent plate boundaries.

D  transform faults.

E  oceanic rises.

A  hydrothermal vents.

B  deep-sea trenches.

C  fracture zones.

D  transform faults.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The long and flat part below sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The gentle slope above sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The long and flat part below sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The steep segment above sea level

B  The steep deepest part below sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The gentle slope above sea level

A  collisional

B  volcanic

C  erosional

D  sedimentary

E  metamorphic

A  Melting icebergs

B  Precipitation

C  Turbidity currents

D  Suspension settling

E  Undersea streams

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  convergent and transform plate boundaries

B  transform plate boundaries

C  convergent plate boundaries

D  divergent plate boundaries

E  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

A  hotspot

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  deep sea trench

D  island arc

E  transform fault

A  hotspot

B  deep sea trench

C  island arc

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  transform fault

A  5 miles

B  1 mile

C  3 miles

D  4 miles

E  2 miles

A  rhyolitic

B  andesitic

C  basaltic

D  granitic

A  44%

B  39%

C  29%

D  33%

E  23%

A  55,000

B  60,000

C  40,000

D  46,000

E  50,000

A  60

B  75

C  50

D  65

E  85

A  Oxygen

B  Nitrogen

C  Hydrogen sulfide

D  Hydrogen sulfate

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Mendocino Fracture

B  Dead Sea Fault

C  Alpine Fault

D  San Andreas Fault

A  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

B  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

C  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

D  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

A  central rift valley

B  transform fault

C  seismic fissure

D  fracture zone

E  hydrothermal vent

A  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

B  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

C  volcanic in origin

D  parts of continents separated from continents

E  parts of volcanic island arcs

A  3000-4000 m below sea level

B  5000-6000 m below sea level

C  1000-2000 m above sea level

D  4000-5000 m below sea level

E  0-1000 m above sea level

A  Hot springs

B  Black smoker

C  Warm-water vents

D  Geothermal heat pump

E  White smoker

A  Volcanic arc

B  Trench

C  Rift valley

D  Oceanic rise

E  Submarine canyon

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

A  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

B  Volcanoes and trench

C  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

D  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

A  Nazca and South American

B  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

C  Arabian and African

D  African and Indian

E  Eurasian and North American

A  Alaska

B  near Egypt

C  The Alps

D  California

E  New Zealand

A  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

D  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A  Hawaii

B  Juan De Fuca

C  Alpine Fault

D  San Andreas Fault

E  Mendocino

A  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

B  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

C  along the fracture zones

D  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

E  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

C  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

B  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

C  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

D  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A  turbidity currents

B  Submarine canyons

C  Ring of Fire.

D  mid-ocean ridges.

A  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

D  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

A  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

B  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

C  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

D  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

A  Ring of Fire

B  continental volcanic arcs

C  mid-ocean ridges

D  Submarine canyons

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  At transform plate boundaries

B  At the intraplate abyssal plains

C  At submarine canyons

D  At divergent plate boundaries

E  At convergent plate boundaries

A  Indian Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Arctic Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  15,000 to 20,000

B  10,000 to 15,000

C  < 5,000

D  > 20,000

E  5,000 to 10,000

A  Melting icebergs

B  Suspension settling

C  Precipitation

D  Black smokers

E  Undersea streams

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  abyssal hill

B  guyot

C  seaknoll

D  island

E  nematath

A  seaknolls

B  nemataths

C  seamounts

D  islands

E  guyots

A  islands

B  seaknolls

C  guyots

D  seamounts

E  nemataths

A  nemataths

B  seamounts

C  seaknolls

D  guyots

E  islands

A  volcanic

B  erosional

C  metamorphic

D  sedimentary

E  seismic

A  sedimentary

B  seismic

C  volcanic

D  erosional

E  metamorphic

A  Volcanic arc

B  Island arc

C  Ocean trench

D  Passive margin

E  Continental arc

A  Submarine canyon

B  Abyssal plain

C  Abyssal hill

D  Tablemount

E  Seamount

A  fracture zones.

B  hydrothermal vents.

C  spreading centers.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  mid-ocean ridges.

A  tablemounts.

B  oceanic trenches.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  seamounts.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

B  seamounts.

C  tablemounts.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  submarine canyons.

B  seamounts.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  tablemounts.

A  the presence of seamounts.

B  All of the answers are correct.

C  the absence of convergent active margins.

D  the presence of convergent active margins.

E  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

A  abyssal hills.

B  continental shelves.

C  tablemounts.

D  continental slopes.

E  abyssal plains.

A  hotspot

B  transform fault

C  rift valley

D  island arc

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  hotspot

C  island arc

D  transform fault

E  rift valley

A  Indian Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

A  one-third

B  one-quarter

C  one-half

D  one-fifth

A  Shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Slope

D  Rise

A  Seaknolls

B  Seaknobs

C  Seamounds

D  Seahills

A  Southern Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Arctic Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Abyssal hill

B  Tablemount

C  Seamount

A  Southern Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Arctic Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Peru-Chile

B  Kuril

C  Aleutian

D  Mariana

E  Middle America

A  Peru-Chile

B  Mariana

C  Aleutian

D  Middle America

E  Kuril

A  Pacific

B  Indian

C  Atlantic

D  Arctic

E  Southern

A  abyssal plains

B  the continental slope and rise

C  submarine fans

D  shallow islands in tropical seas

E  the continental shelf

A  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

B  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

C  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

D  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

E  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

A  continental borderland

B  abyssal plain

C  continental slope

D  continental shelf

E  continental rise

A  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

B  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

C  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

D  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

A  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

B  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

C  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

E  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

A  Suspension Deposits

B  Graded Bedding

C  Sandstone Layering

D  Nonconformities

E  Turbidity Currents

A  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

B  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

C  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

D  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

E  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

A  Continental shelf

B  Shoreline

C  Abyssal plain

D  Continental rise

E  Continental slope

A  Continental slope

B  Continental rise

C  Shoreline

D  Abyssal plain

E  Continental shelf

A  A soap box derby course

B  The continental slope

C  An Olympic toboggan track

D  A large parking lot

E  A beginners ski hill

A  one-half to one degree

B  two to five degrees

C  one to two degrees

D  a tenth of a degree

E  greater than five degrees

A  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

B  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

C  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

D  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

E  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

A  Southern Coast of Alaska

B  West Coast of Mexico

C  West Coast of Chile

D  East Coast of Japan

E  East Coast of the United States

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  Continental rise

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental flood basalt

D  Continental slope

E  Continental shelf

A  Turbidite deposits

B  Graded bedding

C  Abyssal plains

D  Turbidity currents

E  Deep-sea fans

A  Continental slope

B  Shelf break

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental rise

E  Abyssal hill

A  Rift valley

B  Active margin

C  Transform active margin

D  Convergent active margin

E  Continental margin

A  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

B  earthquake activity.

C  erosion by turbidity currents.

D  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

E  erosion by major rivers in the past.

A  graded bedding.

B  turbidite deposits.

C  deep sea fans.

D  turbidity currents.

E  white smokers.

A  continental slope.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  trench.

D  abyssal plain.

E  continental rise.

A  Continental rise

B  Submarine canyon

C  Continental shelf

D  Fracture zone

E  Continental slope

A  Broad continental shelves

B  Thin sediment accumulation

C  Deep-sea trenches

D  Chains of islands

E  Volcanic and earthquake activity

A  Broad continental shelves

B  No sediment accumulation

C  Sparse earthquake activity

D  Deep-sea trenches

E  Shallow coastal waters

A  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

B  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

C  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

E  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

A  Deep-ocean basin

B  Mid-ocean ridge

C  Continental margins

A  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

C  Oceanic-continental convergent

D  Continental-continental convergent

A  Convergent

B  Transform

C  Divergent

A  Rhyolite

B  Granite

C  Peridotite

D  Basalt

A  20

B  80

C  60

D  100

E  40

A  15

B  25

C  10

D  5

E  20

A  U

B  T

C  V

D  L

E  Y

A  downward

B  no change

C  upward

D  sideways

A  Abyssal plains

B  Continental slope

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental rise

E  Tablemountas

A  Andes

B  Himalayan

C  Cascades

D  Chilean

A  Shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Slope

D  Rise

A  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

B  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

C  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

E  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

A  a continental borderland

B  lacking a continental rise

C  near an offshore fault

D  seismically active

E  far from an oceanic ridge

A  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

C  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

B  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

C  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

D  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

A  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

C  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

D  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

C  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

A  abyssal plain

B  delta

C  deep-sea fans

D  continental shelf

E  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

A  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

B  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

C  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

D  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

E  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  ridge and continental rise

C  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

D  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

A  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

B  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

A  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

B  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

C  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

A  France

B  Canada

C  Ireland

D  Iceland

E  United States

A  layered stratum

B  graded bedding

C  rip current

D  grand layering

E  velocity profile

A  density stratification

B  slosh speed

C  settling velocity

D  wave size

E  shaking speed

A  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

C  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

A  suspended sediment

B  air bubbles

C  water currents

D  brown algae

E  microscopic floating marine life

A  a balloon

B  Silly Putty

C  a can of soda

D  a large jar filled with water and sediment

E  a candle

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

C  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

A  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

B  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

C  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

A  somewhat frequently

B  infrequently

C  very frequently

A  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 2.15 s.

B  It would take 0.46 s.

C  It would take 0.93 s.

D  It would take 700 s.

E  It would take 0.23 s.

A  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

B  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

C  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

D  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

E  The ocean depth is 6 m.

A  basin and trench

B  tablemount and basin

C  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

D  tablemount and deep-sea fan

A  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

B  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

C  trench and basin

D  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

A  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

D  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A  biological productivity and seawater salinity

B  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

C  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

D  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

A  depth to the ocean floor

B  location of faults on the ocean floor

C  depth of seafloor sediments

D  height of the sea surface

E  seafloor age

A  Seismic Reflection

B  Magnetometer

C  Multibeam Sonar

D  Sounding

E  Side-scan Sonar

A  Meter

B  Mile

C  League

D  Foot

E  Fathom

A  Magnetometer

B  Seismic Reflection

C  Sounding

D  Side-scan Sonar

E  Multibeam Sonar

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  millimeters

B  meters

C  centimeters

D  decimeters

E  kilometers

A  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

B  Global positioning system (GPS)

C  GLORIA

D  SeaBeam

E  Sea MARC

A  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

B  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

C  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

D  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

E  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

A  they are affected by surface weather

B  they are inexpensive to build and launch

C  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

D  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

E  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

A  light waves.

B  direct observation.

C  drilling.

D  satellite observation.

E  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

A  Odyssey

B  HMS Challenger

C  Meteor

D  Comet

A  5

B  3

C  7

D  4

E  6

A  Red Sea

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Mediterranean Sea

A  Meteor

B  Odyssey

C  Challenger

D  Comet

A  1980s

B  1970s

C  1960s

D  1950s

A  4,970 feet per second

B  5,000 feet per second

C  4,945 feet per second

D  4,925 feet per second

A  pressure and salinity

B  temperature and pressure

C  salinity, temperature and pressure

D  salinity

A  Ping

B  Beep

C  Chirp

D  Echo

A  CryoSat-2

B  Jason-2

C  Geosat

D  Jason-1

E  TOPEX

A  SeaWiFS

B  SeaMARC

C  GLORIA

D  Seabeam

E  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

A  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

B  density differences of ocean waters

C  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

D  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

E  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

A  ocean currents

B  extreme pressure at depth

C  erosion and weathering

D  plate tectonic processes

E  biological activity

A  4550 meters

B  5550 meters

C  3000 meters

D  11,100 meters

E  7400 meters

A  tomography

B  navigation

C  hydrology

D  bathymetry

E  cartography

A  Precision depth recorder

B  Multibeam echo sounder

C  Seismic reflection

D  Side-scan sonar

E  Satellite altimetry

A  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

B  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

C  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

D  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

B  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

C  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A  seamount and transform fault on land

B  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

C  transform fault on land and tablemount

A  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

B  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  less expensive and more detailed

B  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  less expensive and more accurate

D  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

A  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

B  5 meters (16.4 feet)

C  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

D  1507 meters (4944 feet)

E  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

A  the study of the depth of the ocean

B  the study of ocean currents

C  the study of ocean productivity

D  the study of marine mammals

E  the study of the temperature of the ocean

A  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

B  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

C  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

D  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

E  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

A  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

B  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

D  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

E  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

A  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

B  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

C  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

D  Ocean basins are very flat features.

A  Aerial photography

B  Echo sounder

C  Satellites

D  Lidar

E  Radar

A  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

B  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

C  The creation of NASA

D  The sinking of the Titanic

E  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

A  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

B  navigation to determine the position of the ship

C  DNA analysis of marine organisms

D  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

E  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

A  research vessel

B  rocking vehicle

C  rolling violently

D  recumbent vehicle

E  repair vessel