Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  65%

B  75%

C  90%

D  95%

E  85%

A  Fracture zone

B  Transform fault

C  Neither

A  Transform fault

B  Neither

C  Fracture zone

A  Seaknolls

B  Nemataths

C  Fracture zone

D  Transform fault

E  Guyots

A  Nemataths

B  Transform fault

C  Seaknolls

D  Guyots

E  Fracture zone

A  Rift valley

B  Black smoker

C  Hydrothermal vent

D  White smoker

E  Deep focus earthquake

A  Rift valley

B  Trenches

C  Pillow basalts

D  Seamounts

E  Metal sulfide deposits

A  Rift valley

B  Oceanic rise

C  Abyssal hill

D  Oceanic ridge

E  Seafloor spreading

A  located in submarine canyons.

B  associated with hydrothermal vents.

C  parallel to the rift valley.

D  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

A  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

B  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

C  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

D  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

E  associated with turbidity currents.

A  black smokers.

B  abyssal hills.

C  turbidity currents.

D  cold seeps.

E  white smokers.

A  deep-sea trenches.

B  transform faults.

C  convergent plate boundaries.

D  fracture zones.

E  oceanic rises.

A  hydrothermal vents.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  fracture zones.

D  transform faults.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The steep segment above sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The gentle slope above sea level

A  The long and flat part below sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The gentle slope above sea level

A  The steep segment above sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The steep deepest part below sea level

E  The gentle slope above sea level

A  collisional

B  volcanic

C  sedimentary

D  metamorphic

E  erosional

A  Precipitation

B  Turbidity currents

C  Suspension settling

D  Melting icebergs

E  Undersea streams

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  convergent plate boundaries

B  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

C  convergent and transform plate boundaries

D  divergent plate boundaries

E  transform plate boundaries

A  transform fault

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  island arc

D  deep sea trench

E  hotspot

A  transform fault

B  hotspot

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  island arc

E  deep sea trench

A  5 miles

B  1 mile

C  3 miles

D  2 miles

E  4 miles

A  basaltic

B  rhyolitic

C  granitic

D  andesitic

A  29%

B  23%

C  39%

D  33%

E  44%

A  55,000

B  46,000

C  40,000

D  50,000

E  60,000

A  50

B  65

C  75

D  85

E  60

A  Nitrogen

B  Hydrogen sulfide

C  Oxygen

D  Hydrogen sulfate

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Mendocino Fracture

B  San Andreas Fault

C  Dead Sea Fault

D  Alpine Fault

A  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

B  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

C  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  transform fault

B  fracture zone

C  hydrothermal vent

D  central rift valley

E  seismic fissure

A  parts of volcanic island arcs

B  parts of continents separated from continents

C  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

D  volcanic in origin

E  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

A  5000-6000 m below sea level

B  0-1000 m above sea level

C  4000-5000 m below sea level

D  3000-4000 m below sea level

E  1000-2000 m above sea level

A  Warm-water vents

B  Hot springs

C  Black smoker

D  White smoker

E  Geothermal heat pump

A  Submarine canyon

B  Oceanic rise

C  Trench

D  Volcanic arc

E  Rift valley

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

A  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

B  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

C  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D  Volcanoes and trench

A  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

B  Arabian and African

C  African and Indian

D  Eurasian and North American

E  Nazca and South American

A  near Egypt

B  California

C  New Zealand

D  The Alps

E  Alaska

A  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

D  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

A  Mendocino

B  Juan De Fuca

C  San Andreas Fault

D  Alpine Fault

E  Hawaii

A  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

B  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

C  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

D  along the fracture zones

E  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

B  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

D  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

A  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

C  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

D  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  Submarine canyons

C  turbidity currents

D  Ring of Fire.

A  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

D  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

A  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

D  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

A  mid-ocean ridges

B  continental volcanic arcs

C  Ring of Fire

D  Submarine canyons

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  At divergent plate boundaries

B  At convergent plate boundaries

C  At transform plate boundaries

D  At submarine canyons

E  At the intraplate abyssal plains

A  Southern Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  15,000 to 20,000

B  > 20,000

C  5,000 to 10,000

D  < 5,000

E  10,000 to 15,000

A  Suspension settling

B  Melting icebergs

C  Precipitation

D  Black smokers

E  Undersea streams

A  Southern Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  island

B  seaknoll

C  abyssal hill

D  guyot

E  nematath

A  seamounts

B  islands

C  guyots

D  seaknolls

E  nemataths

A  nemataths

B  seaknolls

C  guyots

D  seamounts

E  islands

A  seamounts

B  seaknolls

C  guyots

D  nemataths

E  islands

A  erosional

B  sedimentary

C  metamorphic

D  seismic

E  volcanic

A  seismic

B  erosional

C  metamorphic

D  volcanic

E  sedimentary

A  Passive margin

B  Volcanic arc

C  Continental arc

D  Island arc

E  Ocean trench

A  Abyssal plain

B  Submarine canyon

C  Abyssal hill

D  Seamount

E  Tablemount

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  spreading centers.

C  hydrothermal vents.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  fracture zones.

A  tablemounts.

B  oceanic trenches.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

E  seamounts.

A  tablemounts.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  oceanic trenches.

D  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

E  seamounts.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  submarine canyons.

C  tablemounts.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  seamounts.

A  the presence of seamounts.

B  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

C  the absence of convergent active margins.

D  the presence of convergent active margins.

E  All of the answers are correct.

A  continental shelves.

B  abyssal plains.

C  abyssal hills.

D  tablemounts.

E  continental slopes.

A  transform fault

B  rift valley

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  island arc

E  hotspot

A  hotspot

B  island arc

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  transform fault

E  rift valley

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-half

C  one-fifth

D  one-third

A  Rise

B  Slope

C  Shelf

D  Abyssal plain

A  Seahills

B  Seamounds

C  Seaknolls

D  Seaknobs

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Tablemount

B  Seamount

C  Abyssal hill

A  Southern Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  Middle America

B  Mariana

C  Peru-Chile

D  Aleutian

E  Kuril

A  Aleutian

B  Kuril

C  Mariana

D  Peru-Chile

E  Middle America

A  Atlantic

B  Southern

C  Pacific

D  Arctic

E  Indian

A  the continental slope and rise

B  abyssal plains

C  submarine fans

D  shallow islands in tropical seas

E  the continental shelf

A  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

B  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

C  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

D  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

E  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

A  abyssal plain

B  continental slope

C  continental shelf

D  continental rise

E  continental borderland

A  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

B  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

C  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

D  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

C  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

E  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

A  Suspension Deposits

B  Sandstone Layering

C  Turbidity Currents

D  Nonconformities

E  Graded Bedding

A  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

B  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

C  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

D  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

E  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

A  Shoreline

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental slope

E  Continental rise

A  Continental slope

B  Continental shelf

C  Continental rise

D  Shoreline

E  Abyssal plain

A  A beginners ski hill

B  The continental slope

C  A large parking lot

D  An Olympic toboggan track

E  A soap box derby course

A  a tenth of a degree

B  one to two degrees

C  two to five degrees

D  one-half to one degree

E  greater than five degrees

A  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

B  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

E  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

A  West Coast of Chile

B  East Coast of the United States

C  Southern Coast of Alaska

D  East Coast of Japan

E  West Coast of Mexico

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental flood basalt

C  Continental rise

D  Continental slope

E  Abyssal plain

A  Abyssal plains

B  Deep-sea fans

C  Turbidite deposits

D  Graded bedding

E  Turbidity currents

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Shelf break

D  Abyssal hill

E  Continental slope

A  Convergent active margin

B  Rift valley

C  Active margin

D  Continental margin

E  Transform active margin

A  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

C  erosion by turbidity currents.

D  earthquake activity.

E  erosion by major rivers in the past.

A  graded bedding.

B  white smokers.

C  deep sea fans.

D  turbidite deposits.

E  turbidity currents.

A  trench.

B  continental rise.

C  continental slope.

D  abyssal plain.

E  mid-ocean ridge.

A  Submarine canyon

B  Continental shelf

C  Fracture zone

D  Continental rise

E  Continental slope

A  Deep-sea trenches

B  Broad continental shelves

C  Thin sediment accumulation

D  Volcanic and earthquake activity

E  Chains of islands

A  Shallow coastal waters

B  Broad continental shelves

C  Deep-sea trenches

D  No sediment accumulation

E  Sparse earthquake activity

A  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

B  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

C  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

E  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

A  Deep-ocean basin

B  Mid-ocean ridge

C  Continental margins

A  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

B  Continental-continental convergent

C  Oceanic-continental convergent

D  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

A  Divergent

B  Convergent

C  Transform

A  Rhyolite

B  Peridotite

C  Basalt

D  Granite

A  80

B  100

C  20

D  60

E  40

A  10

B  25

C  15

D  5

E  20

A  L

B  Y

C  U

D  V

E  T

A  sideways

B  downward

C  upward

D  no change

A  Tablemountas

B  Abyssal plains

C  Continental shelf

D  Continental rise

E  Continental slope

A  Andes

B  Himalayan

C  Chilean

D  Cascades

A  Slope

B  Shelf

C  Abyssal plain

D  Rise

A  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

B  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

C  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

E  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

A  far from an oceanic ridge

B  seismically active

C  near an offshore fault

D  a continental borderland

E  lacking a continental rise

A  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

A  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

B  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

C  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

D  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

A  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

B  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

C  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

D  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

D  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

A  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

B  continental shelf

C  delta

D  abyssal plain

E  deep-sea fans

A  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

B  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

C  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

D  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

E  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

A  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

B  ridge and continental rise

C  narrow continental shelf and trench

D  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

A  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

B  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

D  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

B  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

A  United States

B  Iceland

C  France

D  Ireland

E  Canada

A  graded bedding

B  velocity profile

C  grand layering

D  layered stratum

E  rip current

A  settling velocity

B  density stratification

C  wave size

D  slosh speed

E  shaking speed

A  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

C  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

A  brown algae

B  water currents

C  microscopic floating marine life

D  air bubbles

E  suspended sediment

A  Silly Putty

B  a large jar filled with water and sediment

C  a balloon

D  a can of soda

E  a candle

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

C  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

D  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

C  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

D  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

A  somewhat frequently

B  very frequently

C  infrequently

A  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

D  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

A  It would take 700 s.

B  It would take 0.23 s.

C  It would take 0.46 s.

D  It would take 0.93 s.

E  It would take 2.15 s.

A  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

B  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

C  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

D  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

E  The ocean depth is 6 m.

A  basin and trench

B  tablemount and basin

C  tablemount and deep-sea fan

D  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

A  trench and basin

B  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

C  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

D  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

A  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

C  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

B  biological productivity and seawater salinity

C  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

D  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

A  depth of seafloor sediments

B  seafloor age

C  depth to the ocean floor

D  height of the sea surface

E  location of faults on the ocean floor

A  Seismic Reflection

B  Magnetometer

C  Multibeam Sonar

D  Side-scan Sonar

E  Sounding

A  Foot

B  League

C  Mile

D  Meter

E  Fathom

A  Seismic Reflection

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Sounding

D  Magnetometer

E  Multibeam Sonar

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  meters

B  kilometers

C  centimeters

D  millimeters

E  decimeters

A  Sea MARC

B  Global positioning system (GPS)

C  GLORIA

D  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

E  SeaBeam

A  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

C  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

D  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

E  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

A  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

B  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

C  they are affected by surface weather

D  they are inexpensive to build and launch

E  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A  light waves.

B  satellite observation.

C  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

D  direct observation.

E  drilling.

A  Meteor

B  Comet

C  HMS Challenger

D  Odyssey

A  7

B  3

C  5

D  4

E  6

A  Mediterranean Sea

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Red Sea

A  Comet

B  Meteor

C  Odyssey

D  Challenger

A  1980s

B  1960s

C  1970s

D  1950s

A  4,925 feet per second

B  4,970 feet per second

C  4,945 feet per second

D  5,000 feet per second

A  salinity

B  pressure and salinity

C  temperature and pressure

D  salinity, temperature and pressure

A  Echo

B  Ping

C  Beep

D  Chirp

A  Jason-2

B  CryoSat-2

C  Geosat

D  Jason-1

E  TOPEX

A  SeaMARC

B  SeaWiFS

C  GLORIA

D  Seabeam

E  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

A  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

B  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

C  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

D  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

E  density differences of ocean waters

A  plate tectonic processes

B  extreme pressure at depth

C  ocean currents

D  biological activity

E  erosion and weathering

A  5550 meters

B  4550 meters

C  7400 meters

D  11,100 meters

E  3000 meters

A  navigation

B  cartography

C  hydrology

D  tomography

E  bathymetry

A  Side-scan sonar

B  Multibeam echo sounder

C  Precision depth recorder

D  Seismic reflection

E  Satellite altimetry

A  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

B  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

C  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

D  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

B  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

C  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

A  transform fault on land and tablemount

B  seamount and transform fault on land

C  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

A  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

A  less expensive and more accurate

B  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

D  less expensive and more detailed

A  1507 meters (4944 feet)

B  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

C  5 meters (16.4 feet)

D  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

E  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

A  the study of marine mammals

B  the study of the temperature of the ocean

C  the study of ocean currents

D  the study of the depth of the ocean

E  the study of ocean productivity

A  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

B  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

C  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

D  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

E  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

A  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

B  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

D  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

E  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

A  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

B  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

C  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

D  Ocean basins are very flat features.

A  Echo sounder

B  Aerial photography

C  Satellites

D  Radar

E  Lidar

A  The sinking of the Titanic

B  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

C  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

D  The creation of NASA

E  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

A  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

B  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

C  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

D  navigation to determine the position of the ship

E  DNA analysis of marine organisms

A  recumbent vehicle

B  rocking vehicle

C  rolling violently

D  repair vessel

E  research vessel