Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  95%

B  75%

C  90%

D  85%

E  65%

A  Neither

B  Fracture zone

C  Transform fault

A  Neither

B  Fracture zone

C  Transform fault

A  Transform fault

B  Nemataths

C  Fracture zone

D  Guyots

E  Seaknolls

A  Seaknolls

B  Transform fault

C  Nemataths

D  Guyots

E  Fracture zone

A  Rift valley

B  Deep focus earthquake

C  White smoker

D  Hydrothermal vent

E  Black smoker

A  Pillow basalts

B  Metal sulfide deposits

C  Seamounts

D  Trenches

E  Rift valley

A  Rift valley

B  Oceanic ridge

C  Abyssal hill

D  Oceanic rise

E  Seafloor spreading

A  located in submarine canyons.

B  associated with hydrothermal vents.

C  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

D  parallel to the rift valley.

A  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

B  associated with turbidity currents.

C  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

D  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

E  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

A  abyssal hills.

B  black smokers.

C  turbidity currents.

D  white smokers.

E  cold seeps.

A  oceanic rises.

B  transform faults.

C  convergent plate boundaries.

D  fracture zones.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  transform faults.

C  hydrothermal vents.

D  fracture zones.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The long and flat part below sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The gentle slope above sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The long and flat part below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The steep deepest part below sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The shallowest slope below sea level

B  The steep deepest part below sea level

C  The gentle slope above sea level

D  The steep segment above sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  erosional

B  collisional

C  volcanic

D  sedimentary

E  metamorphic

A  Undersea streams

B  Melting icebergs

C  Turbidity currents

D  Suspension settling

E  Precipitation

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  convergent plate boundaries

B  divergent plate boundaries

C  transform plate boundaries

D  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

E  convergent and transform plate boundaries

A  island arc

B  hotspot

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  deep sea trench

E  transform fault

A  island arc

B  hotspot

C  transform fault

D  deep sea trench

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  5 miles

B  1 mile

C  4 miles

D  2 miles

E  3 miles

A  basaltic

B  granitic

C  rhyolitic

D  andesitic

A  33%

B  23%

C  29%

D  44%

E  39%

A  55,000

B  60,000

C  46,000

D  40,000

E  50,000

A  65

B  50

C  85

D  60

E  75

A  Nitrogen

B  Oxygen

C  Hydrogen sulfate

D  Hydrogen sulfide

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Mendocino Fracture

B  Dead Sea Fault

C  Alpine Fault

D  San Andreas Fault

A  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

B  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

C  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

D  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

A  seismic fissure

B  central rift valley

C  fracture zone

D  hydrothermal vent

E  transform fault

A  parts of continents separated from continents

B  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

C  parts of volcanic island arcs

D  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

E  volcanic in origin

A  3000-4000 m below sea level

B  4000-5000 m below sea level

C  1000-2000 m above sea level

D  5000-6000 m below sea level

E  0-1000 m above sea level

A  Hot springs

B  Warm-water vents

C  Black smoker

D  Geothermal heat pump

E  White smoker

A  Trench

B  Volcanic arc

C  Oceanic rise

D  Rift valley

E  Submarine canyon

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

B  Volcanoes and trench

C  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

D  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

A  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

B  Arabian and African

C  African and Indian

D  Nazca and South American

E  Eurasian and North American

A  The Alps

B  near Egypt

C  California

D  New Zealand

E  Alaska

A  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

D  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

A  San Andreas Fault

B  Mendocino

C  Juan De Fuca

D  Hawaii

E  Alpine Fault

A  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

B  along the fracture zones

C  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

D  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

E  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

B  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

D  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

A  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  turbidity currents

C  Ring of Fire.

D  Submarine canyons

A  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

B  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

C  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

D  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

A  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

D  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A  Submarine canyons

B  mid-ocean ridges

C  continental volcanic arcs

D  Ring of Fire

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  At divergent plate boundaries

B  At convergent plate boundaries

C  At transform plate boundaries

D  At the intraplate abyssal plains

E  At submarine canyons

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  > 20,000

B  < 5,000

C  5,000 to 10,000

D  15,000 to 20,000

E  10,000 to 15,000

A  Melting icebergs

B  Black smokers

C  Precipitation

D  Undersea streams

E  Suspension settling

A  Indian Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  island

B  guyot

C  seaknoll

D  nematath

E  abyssal hill

A  seamounts

B  seaknolls

C  nemataths

D  islands

E  guyots

A  guyots

B  seaknolls

C  nemataths

D  seamounts

E  islands

A  seamounts

B  nemataths

C  islands

D  guyots

E  seaknolls

A  sedimentary

B  erosional

C  metamorphic

D  seismic

E  volcanic

A  seismic

B  erosional

C  metamorphic

D  sedimentary

E  volcanic

A  Continental arc

B  Ocean trench

C  Passive margin

D  Volcanic arc

E  Island arc

A  Submarine canyon

B  Abyssal plain

C  Abyssal hill

D  Seamount

E  Tablemount

A  hydrothermal vents.

B  deep-sea trenches.

C  mid-ocean ridges.

D  spreading centers.

E  fracture zones.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  oceanic trenches.

C  seamounts.

D  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

E  tablemounts.

A  tablemounts.

B  seamounts.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  oceanic trenches.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  seamounts.

D  submarine canyons.

E  tablemounts.

A  the presence of seamounts.

B  All of the answers are correct.

C  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

D  the presence of convergent active margins.

E  the absence of convergent active margins.

A  continental slopes.

B  tablemounts.

C  continental shelves.

D  abyssal plains.

E  abyssal hills.

A  island arc

B  transform fault

C  rift valley

D  hotspot

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  transform fault

C  island arc

D  rift valley

E  hotspot

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-third

C  one-fifth

D  one-half

A  Slope

B  Shelf

C  Rise

D  Abyssal plain

A  Seaknobs

B  Seahills

C  Seaknolls

D  Seamounds

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  Abyssal hill

B  Seamount

C  Tablemount

A  Indian Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  Kuril

B  Middle America

C  Mariana

D  Peru-Chile

E  Aleutian

A  Mariana

B  Peru-Chile

C  Middle America

D  Aleutian

E  Kuril

A  Arctic

B  Pacific

C  Indian

D  Southern

E  Atlantic

A  submarine fans

B  the continental slope and rise

C  abyssal plains

D  shallow islands in tropical seas

E  the continental shelf

A  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

B  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

C  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

D  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

E  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

A  abyssal plain

B  continental borderland

C  continental slope

D  continental rise

E  continental shelf

A  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

B  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

C  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

D  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

C  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

D  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

E  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

A  Graded Bedding

B  Suspension Deposits

C  Turbidity Currents

D  Sandstone Layering

E  Nonconformities

A  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

B  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

C  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

D  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

E  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

A  Abyssal plain

B  Continental slope

C  Continental rise

D  Shoreline

E  Continental shelf

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Continental slope

D  Shoreline

E  Abyssal plain

A  A soap box derby course

B  The continental slope

C  A beginners ski hill

D  An Olympic toboggan track

E  A large parking lot

A  one to two degrees

B  greater than five degrees

C  a tenth of a degree

D  one-half to one degree

E  two to five degrees

A  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

B  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

C  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

D  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

E  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

A  West Coast of Chile

B  Southern Coast of Alaska

C  East Coast of Japan

D  East Coast of the United States

E  West Coast of Mexico

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  Abyssal plain

B  Continental slope

C  Continental rise

D  Continental flood basalt

E  Continental shelf

A  Deep-sea fans

B  Graded bedding

C  Turbidity currents

D  Abyssal plains

E  Turbidite deposits

A  Abyssal hill

B  Continental rise

C  Shelf break

D  Continental slope

E  Continental shelf

A  Convergent active margin

B  Transform active margin

C  Continental margin

D  Active margin

E  Rift valley

A  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

B  erosion by major rivers in the past.

C  erosion by turbidity currents.

D  earthquake activity.

E  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

A  turbidite deposits.

B  deep sea fans.

C  turbidity currents.

D  white smokers.

E  graded bedding.

A  continental rise.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  abyssal plain.

D  trench.

E  continental slope.

A  Fracture zone

B  Continental rise

C  Continental shelf

D  Submarine canyon

E  Continental slope

A  Volcanic and earthquake activity

B  Broad continental shelves

C  Thin sediment accumulation

D  Deep-sea trenches

E  Chains of islands

A  Shallow coastal waters

B  Sparse earthquake activity

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Deep-sea trenches

E  No sediment accumulation

A  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

B  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

C  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

E  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

A  Continental margins

B  Deep-ocean basin

C  Mid-ocean ridge

A  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C  Continental-continental convergent

D  Oceanic-continental convergent

A  Transform

B  Divergent

C  Convergent

A  Rhyolite

B  Peridotite

C  Basalt

D  Granite

A  80

B  60

C  100

D  40

E  20

A  5

B  20

C  25

D  15

E  10

A  L

B  T

C  V

D  U

E  Y

A  downward

B  no change

C  sideways

D  upward

A  Continental slope

B  Abyssal plains

C  Tablemountas

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental rise

A  Himalayan

B  Chilean

C  Cascades

D  Andes

A  Abyssal plain

B  Slope

C  Rise

D  Shelf

A  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

B  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

C  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

D  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

E  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

A  seismically active

B  a continental borderland

C  near an offshore fault

D  far from an oceanic ridge

E  lacking a continental rise

A  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

D  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

B  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

C  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

D  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

A  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

C  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

D  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

C  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

A  delta

B  abyssal plain

C  continental shelf

D  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

E  deep-sea fans

A  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

B  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

C  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

D  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

E  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

A  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

B  narrow continental shelf and trench

C  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

D  ridge and continental rise

A  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

D  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

A  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

B  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

C  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

D  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

A  Iceland

B  Canada

C  United States

D  Ireland

E  France

A  grand layering

B  layered stratum

C  graded bedding

D  rip current

E  velocity profile

A  settling velocity

B  shaking speed

C  slosh speed

D  wave size

E  density stratification

A  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

C  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

D  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

A  suspended sediment

B  microscopic floating marine life

C  air bubbles

D  brown algae

E  water currents

A  a balloon

B  a large jar filled with water and sediment

C  a can of soda

D  a candle

E  Silly Putty

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

C  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

A  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

B  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

C  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A  infrequently

B  very frequently

C  somewhat frequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

A  It would take 2.15 s.

B  It would take 0.93 s.

C  It would take 0.46 s.

D  It would take 0.23 s.

E  It would take 700 s.

A  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

B  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

C  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

D  The ocean depth is 6 m.

E  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

A  tablemount and basin

B  basin and trench

C  tablemount and deep-sea fan

D  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

A  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

B  trench and basin

C  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

D  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

A  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

A  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

B  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

C  biological productivity and seawater salinity

D  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

A  seafloor age

B  height of the sea surface

C  depth to the ocean floor

D  depth of seafloor sediments

E  location of faults on the ocean floor

A  Sounding

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Seismic Reflection

D  Magnetometer

E  Multibeam Sonar

A  Meter

B  League

C  Foot

D  Fathom

E  Mile

A  Multibeam Sonar

B  Seismic Reflection

C  Sounding

D  Side-scan Sonar

E  Magnetometer

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  meters

B  millimeters

C  kilometers

D  centimeters

E  decimeters

A  Global positioning system (GPS)

B  Sea MARC

C  GLORIA

D  SeaBeam

E  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

A  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

C  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

D  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

E  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

A  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

B  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

C  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

D  they are affected by surface weather

E  they are inexpensive to build and launch

A  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

B  direct observation.

C  light waves.

D  drilling.

E  satellite observation.

A  Meteor

B  HMS Challenger

C  Odyssey

D  Comet

A  4

B  3

C  6

D  7

E  5

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Red Sea

D  Mediterranean Sea

A  Comet

B  Odyssey

C  Meteor

D  Challenger

A  1950s

B  1960s

C  1970s

D  1980s

A  5,000 feet per second

B  4,925 feet per second

C  4,945 feet per second

D  4,970 feet per second

A  pressure and salinity

B  salinity, temperature and pressure

C  salinity

D  temperature and pressure

A  Echo

B  Chirp

C  Ping

D  Beep

A  CryoSat-2

B  Jason-2

C  Jason-1

D  Geosat

E  TOPEX

A  SeaMARC

B  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

C  SeaWiFS

D  Seabeam

E  GLORIA

A  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

B  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

C  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

D  density differences of ocean waters

E  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

A  extreme pressure at depth

B  biological activity

C  plate tectonic processes

D  erosion and weathering

E  ocean currents

A  7400 meters

B  3000 meters

C  11,100 meters

D  5550 meters

E  4550 meters

A  hydrology

B  tomography

C  navigation

D  cartography

E  bathymetry

A  Satellite altimetry

B  Seismic reflection

C  Precision depth recorder

D  Side-scan sonar

E  Multibeam echo sounder

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

B  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

C  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

B  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

C  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

A  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

B  transform fault on land and tablemount

C  seamount and transform fault on land

A  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

B  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  less expensive and more detailed

B  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  less expensive and more accurate

D  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

A  5 meters (16.4 feet)

B  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

C  1507 meters (4944 feet)

D  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

E  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

A  the study of the temperature of the ocean

B  the study of marine mammals

C  the study of ocean currents

D  the study of the depth of the ocean

E  the study of ocean productivity

A  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

B  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

C  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

D  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

E  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

A  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

B  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

C  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

D  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

E  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

A  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

B  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

C  Ocean basins are very flat features.

D  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

A  Satellites

B  Echo sounder

C  Lidar

D  Radar

E  Aerial photography

A  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

B  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

C  The creation of NASA

D  The sinking of the Titanic

E  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

A  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

B  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

C  navigation to determine the position of the ship

D  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

E  DNA analysis of marine organisms

A  research vessel

B  rocking vehicle

C  repair vessel

D  rolling violently

E  recumbent vehicle