Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14 (2)
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+.
B Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.
C When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.
D Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract.
E In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.
Question #2
A They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
B None of these would occur.
C They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
D They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
E They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
Question #3
A Distal convoluted tubule
B Proximal convoluted tubule
C Ascending loop of Henle
D Collecting duct
E Glomerulus
Question #4
A Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
B Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
C Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
D Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
E “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
Question #5
A Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
B Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
C The diaphragm relaxes.
D Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
E Lung volume decreases.
Question #6
A It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
C It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
D When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
E By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
Question #7
A The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
B The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
C The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
Question #8
A It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
B Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
C It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
D It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
E It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
Question #9
A Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2.
B Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting.
C Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting, but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2.
D Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating.
E Changes in PO2 do not affect arteriolar smooth muscle in the pulmonary system.
Question #10
A In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
B In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
C In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
D In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
E In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
Question #11
A The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
B The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
C Stretch receptors in the lung
D The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
Question #12
A metabolic acidosis.
B metabolic alkalosis.
C respiratory alkalosis.
D respiratory acidosis.
Question #13
A Bound to hemoglobin
B As carbonic anhydrase
C As dissolved HCO3-
D As H2CO3
E As dissolved CO2
Question #14
A the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
B the increase in plasma H+.
C the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
D the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
Question #15
A The efferent arteriole
B The juxtaglomerular apparatus
C The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D The glomerular capillaries
E The proximal tubule
Question #16
A The excretion of glucose in the urine increased
B An increase in blood pressure
C Very concentrated urine
D A reduction in urine volume
E High volume of dilute urine
Question #17
A Inhalation/inspiration
B Emphysema
C A collapsed lung
D Pneumothorax
E Exhalation/expiration
Question #18
A Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
B Loss of alveoli
C Lack of pulmonary surfactant
D Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
E Inflammation of the bronchioles
Question #19
A More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
B At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
C As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
D The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
E At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
Question #20
A The descending limb of the loop of Henle
B The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C The distal convoluted tubule
D The proximal tubule
E The collecting ducts
Question #21
A Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
B By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
C By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
D By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
E By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
Question #22
A Histamine
B A muscarinic agonist
C Pulmonary surfactant
D A β2-adrenergic antagonist
E A β2-adrenergic agonist
Question #23
A Increased pH of the blood
B Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
C Increased temperature of the blood
D Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
E The presence of carbon monoxide
Question #24
A reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
B reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
C filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
D filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
E secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
Question #25
A Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
B Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.
C Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
D Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
E Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
Question #26
A Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
B Converted to HCO3-
C Bound to hemoglobin
D Bound to myoglobin
E Dissolved in the plasma
Question #27
A No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
B Alveolar PO2 increases.
C Alveolar PO2 decreases.
Question #28
A No change to pH is expected in this circumstance.
B pH will decrease.
C pH will increase.
D It is impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decreased.
Question #29
A Sodium
B Urea
C Glucose
D Bicarbonate ion
E Plasma protein
Question #30
A Distal convoluted tubule
B Descending limb of the loop of Henle
C Macula densa
D
E Cortical collecting duct
F Proximal tubule
Question #31
A
B Vasa recta
C Collecting ducts
D Efferent arterioles
E Afferent arterioles
F Cortical peritubular capillaries
Question #32
A K+
B Water
C HPO42-
D Glucose
E Na+
Question #33
A Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
B Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
C The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
D Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
E Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
Question #34
A Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
B Lining the pleural space
C Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
D Secretion of mucus
E Production of surfactant
Question #35
A Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
B Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
D Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
E Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
Question #36
A Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
B Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
C Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
D Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
E Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
Question #37
A Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
B Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
C Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
D Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
E Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
Question #38
A Ca2+
B HPO42-
C K+
D H+
E Glucose
Question #39
A Increasing excretion of CO2
B Decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
C Decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
D Increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
E Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
Question #40
A The glomerulus
B The collecting duct
C The loop of Henle
D The distal convoluted tubule
E The proximal convoluted tubule
Question #41
A It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
B It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
C It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
D During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
E It is lower than alveolar pressure.
Question #42
A increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
B decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
C decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
D increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
E decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
Question #43
A CO2 and O2
B H2O and O2
C H+ and HCO3-
D H2O and CO2
E H2O and CO
Question #44
A isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
D isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
E isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
Question #45
A afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
B efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
C renal vein; peritubular capillaries
D efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
E efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
Question #46
A The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
B All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
C The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
D The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
E The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
Question #47
A H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
B Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
C Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
D The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
E When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
Question #48
A A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
B A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
C A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
D A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
E A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
Question #49
A The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
B Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
C The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
D The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
E Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
Question #50
A Liver
B Kidneys
C The atria of the heart
D Adrenal glands
E Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels