Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14 (2)

A  In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.

B  Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract.

C  Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.

D  Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+.

E  When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.

A  None of these would occur.

B  They would be more likely to have coughing fits.

C  They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.

D  They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.

E  They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.

A  Ascending loop of Henle

B  Proximal convoluted tubule

C  Distal convoluted tubule

D  Glomerulus

E  Collecting duct

A  Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.

B  “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.

C  Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.

D  Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

E  Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

A  Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

B  Lung volume decreases.

C  Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.

D  The diaphragm relaxes.

E  Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

A  By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.

B  By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.

C  It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

D  When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.

E  It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

A  The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.

B  The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.

C  The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.

D  The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.

A  It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.

B  It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.

C  It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.

D  It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.

E  Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.

A  Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating.

B  Changes in PO2 do not affect arteriolar smooth muscle in the pulmonary system.

C  Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting.

D  Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2.

E  Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting, but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2.

A  In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

B  In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

C  In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.

D  In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

E  In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

A  Stretch receptors in the lung

B  The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

C  The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

D  The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

E  The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors

A  metabolic acidosis.

B  respiratory acidosis.

C  metabolic alkalosis.

D  respiratory alkalosis.

A  As H2CO3

B  As carbonic anhydrase

C  As dissolved CO2

D  Bound to hemoglobin

E  As dissolved HCO3-

A  the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.

B  the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.

C  the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.

D  the increase in plasma H+.

A  The proximal tubule

B  The glomerular capillaries

C  The efferent arteriole

D  The juxtaglomerular apparatus

E  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A  An increase in blood pressure

B  High volume of dilute urine

C  A reduction in urine volume

D  Very concentrated urine

E  The excretion of glucose in the urine increased

A  Inhalation/inspiration

B  Emphysema

C  Exhalation/expiration

D  Pneumothorax

E  A collapsed lung

A  Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors

B  Inflammation of the bronchioles

C  Loss of alveoli

D  Lack of pulmonary surfactant

E  Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

A  More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.

B  As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.

C  At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.

D  The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.

E  At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.

A  The proximal tubule

B  The distal convoluted tubule

C  The collecting ducts

D  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

E  The descending limb of the loop of Henle

A  By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

B  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

C  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

D  Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone

E  By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

A  Histamine

B  A muscarinic agonist

C  A β2-adrenergic agonist

D  Pulmonary surfactant

E  A β2-adrenergic antagonist

A  Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood

B  Increased pH of the blood

C  The presence of carbon monoxide

D  Increased temperature of the blood

E  Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes

A  reabsorbed; filtered; secreted

B  reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

C  secreted; reabsorbed; filtered

D  filtered; reabsorbed; secreted

E  filtered; secreted; reabsorbed

A  Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.

B  Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.

C  Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.

D  Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.

E  Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.

A  Converted to HCO3-

B  Bound to hemoglobin

C  Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes

D  Bound to myoglobin

E  Dissolved in the plasma

A  Alveolar PO2 decreases.

B  No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.

C  Alveolar PO2 increases.

A  pH will increase.

B  No change to pH is expected in this circumstance.

C  It is impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decreased.

D  pH will decrease.

A  Urea

B  Sodium

C  Plasma protein

D  Glucose

E  Bicarbonate ion

A  Macula densa

B  Proximal tubule

C  Distal convoluted tubule

D  Descending limb of the loop of Henle

E    

F  Cortical collecting duct

A  Afferent arterioles

B    

C  Cortical peritubular capillaries

D  Vasa recta

E  Collecting ducts

F  Efferent arterioles

A  K+

B  Na+

C  HPO42-

D  Glucose

E  Water

A  The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.

B  Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.

C  Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.

D  Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.

E  Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.

A  Production of surfactant

B  Lining the pleural space

C  Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli

D  Secretion of mucus

E  Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles

A  Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]

B  Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

C  Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

D  Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

E  Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

A  Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.

B  Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

C  Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.

D  Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.

E  Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.

A  Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver

B  Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary

C  Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood

D  Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney

E  Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood

A  Ca2+

B  K+

C  Glucose

D  H+

E  HPO42-

A  Increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

B  Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

C  Decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-

D  Decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-

E  Increasing excretion of CO2

A  The distal convoluted tubule

B  The proximal convoluted tubule

C  The collecting duct

D  The glomerulus

E  The loop of Henle

A  It is lower than alveolar pressure.

B  It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.

C  It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.

D  It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.

E  During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.

A  decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+

B  decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water

C  increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water

D  increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+

E  decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water

A  H2O and O2

B  CO2 and O2

C  H2O and CO2

D  H2O and CO

E  H+ and HCO3-

A  isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

B  isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic

C  isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic

D  isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

E  isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

A  efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule

B  afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

C  efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

D  efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules

E  renal vein; peritubular capillaries

A  The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.

B  All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.

C  The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.

D  The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.

E  The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.

A  When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.

B  Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.

C  H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.

D  Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.

E  The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.

A  A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme

B  A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor

C  A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles

D  A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis

E  A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen

A  The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.

B  Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.

C  The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.

D  Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.

E  The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.

A  Kidneys

B  Liver

C  The atria of the heart

D  Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels

E  Adrenal glands