Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14

A  R is decreased.

B  ΔP is increased.

C  R is increased.

D  None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.

E  ΔP is decreased.

A  Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.

B  The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.

C  Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.

D  Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.

E  Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.

A  Plasma protein

B  Glucose

C  Bicarbonate ion

D  Sodium

E  Urea

A  Alveolar PO2 increases.

B  No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.

C  Alveolar PO2 decreases.

A  Glucose

B  K+

C  HPO42-

D  H+

E  Ca2+

A  Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.

B  Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

C  Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.

D  “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.

E  Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.

A  Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]

B  Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

C  Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

D  Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

E  Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]

A  H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.

B  When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.

C  Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.

D  Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.

E  The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.

A  metabolic alkalosis.

B  metabolic acidosis.

C  respiratory alkalosis.

D  respiratory acidosis.

A  In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

B  In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.

C  In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.

D  In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

E  In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

A  By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption

B  Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone

C  By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

D  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

E  By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption

A  None of these would occur.

B  They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.

C  They would be more likely to have coughing fits.

D  They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.

E  They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.

A  The proximal tubule

B  The juxtaglomerular apparatus

C  The glomerular capillaries

D  The efferent arteriole

E  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A  Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

B  Lack of pulmonary surfactant

C  Inflammation of the bronchioles

D  Loss of alveoli

E  Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors

A  It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.

B  It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.

C  It is lower than alveolar pressure.

D  It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.

E  During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.

A  Lung volume decreases.

B  Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.

C  Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.

D  Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

E    

F  The diaphragm relaxes.

A  Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes

B  Bound to hemoglobin

C  Dissolved in the plasma

D  Converted to HCO3-

E  Bound to myoglobin

A  All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.

B  The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.

C  The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.

D  The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.

E  The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.

A  Glomerulus

B  Collecting duct

C  Distal convoluted tubule

D  Proximal convoluted tubule

E  Ascending loop of Henle

A  The descending limb of the loop of Henle

B  The distal convoluted tubule

C  The collecting ducts

D  The ascending limb of the loop of Henle

E  The proximal tubule

A  isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

B  isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

C  isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic

D  isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic

E  isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic

A  decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water

B  increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water

C  decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water

D  increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+

E  decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+

A  Cortical peritubular capillaries

B  Efferent arterioles

C  Collecting ducts

D  Vasa recta

E  Afferent arterioles

A  Liver

B  Kidneys

C  Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels

D  The atria of the heart

E  Adrenal glands

A  Cystic fibrosis

B  Emphysema

C  Prolonged shallow breathing

D  Asthma

E  Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

A  Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions

B  Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules

C  No change to reabsorption at this site

D  Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical

E  Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules

A  The presence of carbon monoxide

B  Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood

C  Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes

D  Increased temperature of the blood

E  Increased pH of the blood

A  The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.

B  The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.

C  Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.

D  Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.

E  The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.

A  Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver

B  Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney

C  Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood

D  Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary

E  Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood

A  Secretion of mucus

B  Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli

C  Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles

D  Lining the pleural space

E  Production of surfactant

A  Respiratory alkalosis

B  Respiratory acidosis

C  Metabolic alkalosis

D  Increased blood PCO2

E  Metabolic acidosis

A  The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.

B  The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.

C  The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.

D  The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.

A  As dissolved HCO3-

B  Bound to hemoglobin

C  As dissolved CO2

D  As H2CO3

E  As carbonic anhydrase

A  A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles

B  A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen

C  A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme

D  A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor

E  A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis

A  Inhalation/inspiration

B  A collapsed lung

C  Exhalation/expiration

D  Pneumothorax

E  Emphysema

A  Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.

B  It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.

C  It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.

D  It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.

E  It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.

A  Macula densa

B  Distal convoluted tubule

C  Cortical collecting duct

D  Proximal tubule

E  Descending limb of the loop of Henle

A  Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

B  Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

C  Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.

D  Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.

E  Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.

A  The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.

B  At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.

C  As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.

D  At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.

E  More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.

A  efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules

B  efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule

C  afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

D  efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries

E  renal vein; peritubular capillaries

A  Na+

B  K+

C  Glucose

D  HPO42-

E  Water

A  A β2-adrenergic antagonist

B  A β2-adrenergic agonist

C  Histamine

D  Pulmonary surfactant

E  A muscarinic agonist

A  reabsorbed; secreted; filtered

B  reabsorbed; filtered; secreted

C  secreted; reabsorbed; filtered

D  filtered; secreted; reabsorbed

E  filtered; reabsorbed; secreted

A  It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

B  When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.

C  It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.

D  By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.

E  By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.

A  The distal convoluted tubule

B  The proximal convoluted tubule

C  The loop of Henle

D  The collecting duct

E  The glomerulus

A  the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.

B  the increase in plasma H+.

C  the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.

D  the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.

A  The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

B  The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors

C  Stretch receptors in the lung

D  The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

E  The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors

A  H2O and CO

B  H2O and O2

C  H2O and CO2

D  CO2 and O2

E  H+ and HCO3-

A  Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

B  Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.

C  Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.

D  Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.

E  Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.

A  Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.

B  Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.

C  Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.

D  Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.

E  Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.