Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.
B ΔP is increased.
C ΔP is decreased.
D R is decreased.
E R is increased.
Question #2
A Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
B Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
C Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
D The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
E Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
Question #3
A Sodium
B Plasma protein
C Bicarbonate ion
D Glucose
E Urea
Question #4
A Alveolar PO2 increases.
B Alveolar PO2 decreases.
C No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
Question #5
A H+
B K+
C Glucose
D Ca2+
E HPO42-
Question #6
A Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
B “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
C Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
D Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
E Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
Question #7
A Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
B Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
D Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
E Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
Question #8
A Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
B When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
C Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
D The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
E H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
Question #9
A respiratory acidosis.
B metabolic acidosis.
C metabolic alkalosis.
D respiratory alkalosis.
Question #10
A In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
B In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
C In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
D In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
E In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
Question #11
A Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
B By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
C By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
D By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
E By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
Question #12
A They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
B None of these would occur.
C They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
D They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
E They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
Question #13
A The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B The proximal tubule
C The glomerular capillaries
D The juxtaglomerular apparatus
E The efferent arteriole
Question #14
A Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
B Lack of pulmonary surfactant
C Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
D Loss of alveoli
E Inflammation of the bronchioles
Question #15
A During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
B It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
C It is lower than alveolar pressure.
D It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
E It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
Question #16
A
B Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
C The diaphragm relaxes.
D Lung volume decreases.
E Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
F Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
Question #17
A Bound to myoglobin
B Bound to hemoglobin
C Dissolved in the plasma
D Converted to HCO3-
E Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
Question #18
A The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
B The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
C The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
D The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
E All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
Question #19
A Collecting duct
B Ascending loop of Henle
C Glomerulus
D Distal convoluted tubule
E Proximal convoluted tubule
Question #20
A The descending limb of the loop of Henle
B The collecting ducts
C The proximal tubule
D The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
E The distal convoluted tubule
Question #21
A isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
B isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
D isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
E isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
Question #22
A decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
B decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
C decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
D increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
E increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
Question #23
A Efferent arterioles
B Afferent arterioles
C Cortical peritubular capillaries
D Collecting ducts
E Vasa recta
Question #24
A Liver
B The atria of the heart
C Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
D Kidneys
E Adrenal glands
Question #25
A Cystic fibrosis
B Prolonged shallow breathing
C Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
D Emphysema
E Asthma
Question #26
A Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions
B Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules
C No change to reabsorption at this site
D Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules
E Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical
Question #27
A Increased pH of the blood
B Increased temperature of the blood
C Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
D Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
E The presence of carbon monoxide
Question #28
A The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
B Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
C The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
D The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
E Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
Question #29
A Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
B Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
C Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
D Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
E Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
Question #30
A Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
B Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
C Lining the pleural space
D Production of surfactant
E Secretion of mucus
Question #31
A Increased blood PCO2
B Respiratory acidosis
C Respiratory alkalosis
D Metabolic alkalosis
E Metabolic acidosis
Question #32
A The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
B The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
C The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Question #33
A As carbonic anhydrase
B As dissolved HCO3-
C Bound to hemoglobin
D As H2CO3
E As dissolved CO2
Question #34
A A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
B A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
C A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
D A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
E A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
Question #35
A Exhalation/expiration
B Pneumothorax
C Emphysema
D A collapsed lung
E Inhalation/inspiration
Question #36
A Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
B It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
C It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
D It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
E It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
Question #37
A Macula densa
B Descending limb of the loop of Henle
C Distal convoluted tubule
D Cortical collecting duct
E Proximal tubule
Question #38
A Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
B Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
C Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.
D Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
E Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Question #39
A At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
B More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
C As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
D At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
E The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
Question #40
A efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
B afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
C efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
D renal vein; peritubular capillaries
E efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
Question #41
A Water
B HPO42-
C Na+
D K+
E Glucose
Question #42
A A β2-adrenergic agonist
B A β2-adrenergic antagonist
C Histamine
D A muscarinic agonist
E Pulmonary surfactant
Question #43
A secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
B filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
C reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
D reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
E filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
Question #44
A It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
C By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
D It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
E When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
Question #45
A The loop of Henle
B The distal convoluted tubule
C The proximal convoluted tubule
D The collecting duct
E The glomerulus
Question #46
A the increase in plasma H+.
B the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
C the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
D the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
Question #47
A The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
B The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
C The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
D Stretch receptors in the lung
E The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
Question #48
A H2O and CO2
B H2O and CO
C CO2 and O2
D H+ and HCO3-
E H2O and O2
Question #49
A Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
B Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
C Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
D Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
E Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
Question #50
A Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
B Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
C Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
D Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.
E Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.