Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A R is decreased.
B None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.
C ΔP is increased.
D ΔP is decreased.
E R is increased.
Question #2
A Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
B Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
C The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
D Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
E Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
Question #3
A Glucose
B Urea
C Plasma protein
D Sodium
E Bicarbonate ion
Question #4
A Alveolar PO2 decreases.
B No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
C Alveolar PO2 increases.
Question #5
A Glucose
B Ca2+
C K+
D HPO42-
E H+
Question #6
A Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
B Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
C “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
D Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
E Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
Question #7
A Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
B Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
D Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
E Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
Question #8
A When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
B Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
C The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
D Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
E H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
Question #9
A respiratory acidosis.
B metabolic alkalosis.
C respiratory alkalosis.
D metabolic acidosis.
Question #10
A In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
B In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
C In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
D In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
E In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
Question #11
A By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
B By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
C By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
D Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
E By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
Question #12
A They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
B They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
C They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
D None of these would occur.
E They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
Question #13
A The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B The proximal tubule
C The efferent arteriole
D The glomerular capillaries
E The juxtaglomerular apparatus
Question #14
A Loss of alveoli
B Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
C Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
D Lack of pulmonary surfactant
E Inflammation of the bronchioles
Question #15
A It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
B It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
C During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
D It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
E It is lower than alveolar pressure.
Question #16
A Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
B Lung volume decreases.
C Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
D Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
E
F The diaphragm relaxes.
Question #17
A Bound to myoglobin
B Bound to hemoglobin
C Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
D Dissolved in the plasma
E Converted to HCO3-
Question #18
A The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
B The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
C All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
D The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
E The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
Question #19
A Collecting duct
B Ascending loop of Henle
C Glomerulus
D Proximal convoluted tubule
E Distal convoluted tubule
Question #20
A The descending limb of the loop of Henle
B The collecting ducts
C The distal convoluted tubule
D The proximal tubule
E The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #21
A isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
D isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
E isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
Question #22
A decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
B decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
C increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
D decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
E increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
Question #23
A Afferent arterioles
B Collecting ducts
C Cortical peritubular capillaries
D Vasa recta
E Efferent arterioles
Question #24
A Kidneys
B Liver
C Adrenal glands
D Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
E The atria of the heart
Question #25
A Asthma
B Cystic fibrosis
C Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
D Emphysema
E Prolonged shallow breathing
Question #26
A No change to reabsorption at this site
B Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical
C Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions
D Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules
E Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules
Question #27
A Increased temperature of the blood
B Increased pH of the blood
C The presence of carbon monoxide
D Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
E Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
Question #28
A Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
B The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
C The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
D The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
E Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
Question #29
A Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
B Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
C Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
D Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
E Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
Question #30
A Lining the pleural space
B Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
C Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
D Secretion of mucus
E Production of surfactant
Question #31
A Increased blood PCO2
B Metabolic acidosis
C Respiratory alkalosis
D Respiratory acidosis
E Metabolic alkalosis
Question #32
A The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
B The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
C The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Question #33
A As carbonic anhydrase
B As dissolved CO2
C Bound to hemoglobin
D As dissolved HCO3-
E As H2CO3
Question #34
A A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
B A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
C A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
D A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
E A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
Question #35
A A collapsed lung
B Emphysema
C Inhalation/inspiration
D Exhalation/expiration
E Pneumothorax
Question #36
A It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
B Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
C It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
D It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
E It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
Question #37
A Macula densa
B Cortical collecting duct
C Distal convoluted tubule
D Proximal tubule
E Descending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #38
A Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
B Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.
C Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
D Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
E Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
Question #39
A At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
B At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
C More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
D As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
E The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
Question #40
A afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
B renal vein; peritubular capillaries
C efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
D efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
E efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
Question #41
A Na+
B K+
C Water
D Glucose
E HPO42-
Question #42
A A β2-adrenergic antagonist
B Pulmonary surfactant
C A β2-adrenergic agonist
D A muscarinic agonist
E Histamine
Question #43
A reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
B filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
C reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
D secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
E filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
Question #44
A It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
C It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
D By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
E By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
Question #45
A The distal convoluted tubule
B The collecting duct
C The loop of Henle
D The proximal convoluted tubule
E The glomerulus
Question #46
A the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
B the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
C the increase in plasma H+.
D the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
Question #47
A The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
B The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
C Stretch receptors in the lung
D The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
Question #48
A H2O and CO2
B CO2 and O2
C H2O and CO
D H2O and O2
E H+ and HCO3-
Question #49
A Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
B Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
C Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
D Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
E Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
Question #50
A Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.
B Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
C Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
D Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
E Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.