Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A ΔP is increased.
B ΔP is decreased.
C R is decreased.
D R is increased.
E None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.
Question #2
A Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
B The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
C Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
D Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
E Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
Question #3
A Bicarbonate ion
B Sodium
C Urea
D Glucose
E Plasma protein
Question #4
A No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
B Alveolar PO2 decreases.
C Alveolar PO2 increases.
Question #5
A Glucose
B Ca2+
C HPO42-
D H+
E K+
Question #6
A Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
B “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
C Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
D Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
E Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
Question #7
A Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
B Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
D Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
E Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
Question #8
A When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
B Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
C H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
D The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
E Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
Question #9
A metabolic acidosis.
B metabolic alkalosis.
C respiratory acidosis.
D respiratory alkalosis.
Question #10
A In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
B In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
C In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
D In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
E In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
Question #11
A By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
B By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
C Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
D By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
E By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
Question #12
A They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
B They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
C None of these would occur.
D They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
E They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
Question #13
A The glomerular capillaries
B The proximal tubule
C The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D The efferent arteriole
E The juxtaglomerular apparatus
Question #14
A Loss of alveoli
B Lack of pulmonary surfactant
C Inflammation of the bronchioles
D Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
E Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
Question #15
A During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
B It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
C It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
D It is lower than alveolar pressure.
E It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
Question #16
A Lung volume decreases.
B The diaphragm relaxes.
C
D Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
E Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
F Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
Question #17
A Bound to hemoglobin
B Bound to myoglobin
C Converted to HCO3-
D Dissolved in the plasma
E Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
Question #18
A All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
B The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
C The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
D The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
E The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
Question #19
A Ascending loop of Henle
B Collecting duct
C Glomerulus
D Proximal convoluted tubule
E Distal convoluted tubule
Question #20
A The collecting ducts
B The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C The distal convoluted tubule
D The proximal tubule
E The descending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #21
A isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
D isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
E isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
Question #22
A decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
B decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
C increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
D increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
E decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
Question #23
A Efferent arterioles
B Cortical peritubular capillaries
C Vasa recta
D Collecting ducts
E Afferent arterioles
Question #24
A The atria of the heart
B Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
C Kidneys
D Liver
E Adrenal glands
Question #25
A Prolonged shallow breathing
B Emphysema
C Cystic fibrosis
D Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
E Asthma
Question #26
A No change to reabsorption at this site
B Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical
C Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions
D Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules
E Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules
Question #27
A Increased pH of the blood
B The presence of carbon monoxide
C Increased temperature of the blood
D Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
E Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
Question #28
A Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
B The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
C The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
D Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
E The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
Question #29
A Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
B Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
C Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
D Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
E Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
Question #30
A Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
B Lining the pleural space
C Production of surfactant
D Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
E Secretion of mucus
Question #31
A Metabolic acidosis
B Respiratory acidosis
C Increased blood PCO2
D Metabolic alkalosis
E Respiratory alkalosis
Question #32
A The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
B The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
C The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Question #33
A As H2CO3
B As dissolved CO2
C As carbonic anhydrase
D Bound to hemoglobin
E As dissolved HCO3-
Question #34
A A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
B A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
C A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
D A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
E A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
Question #35
A Emphysema
B Inhalation/inspiration
C A collapsed lung
D Pneumothorax
E Exhalation/expiration
Question #36
A It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
B It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
C It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
D Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
E It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
Question #37
A Descending limb of the loop of Henle
B Proximal tubule
C Macula densa
D Distal convoluted tubule
E Cortical collecting duct
Question #38
A Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
B Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.
C Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
D Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
E Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
Question #39
A As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
B At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
C The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
D More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
E At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
Question #40
A afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
B efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
C efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
D renal vein; peritubular capillaries
E efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
Question #41
A Glucose
B K+
C Na+
D HPO42-
E Water
Question #42
A A β2-adrenergic agonist
B A β2-adrenergic antagonist
C Histamine
D Pulmonary surfactant
E A muscarinic agonist
Question #43
A filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
B secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
C filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
D reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
E reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
Question #44
A It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
C It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
D By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
E By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
Question #45
A The collecting duct
B The glomerulus
C The loop of Henle
D The distal convoluted tubule
E The proximal convoluted tubule
Question #46
A the increase in plasma H+.
B the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
C the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
D the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
Question #47
A The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
B The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
C The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
D The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E Stretch receptors in the lung
Question #48
A H2O and CO
B CO2 and O2
C H2O and O2
D H2O and CO2
E H+ and HCO3-
Question #49
A Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
B Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
C Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
D Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
E Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
Question #50
A Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
B Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
C Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
D Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
E Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.