Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.
B ΔP is increased.
C R is decreased.
D ΔP is decreased.
E R is increased.
Question #2
A Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
B The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
C Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
D Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
E Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
Question #3
A Urea
B Plasma protein
C Bicarbonate ion
D Sodium
E Glucose
Question #4
A No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
B Alveolar PO2 decreases.
C Alveolar PO2 increases.
Question #5
A Glucose
B Ca2+
C H+
D HPO42-
E K+
Question #6
A “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
B Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
C Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
D Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
E Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
Question #7
A Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
B Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
D Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
E Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
Question #8
A When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
B H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
C Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
D The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
E Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
Question #9
A respiratory acidosis.
B metabolic alkalosis.
C metabolic acidosis.
D respiratory alkalosis.
Question #10
A In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
B In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
C In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
D In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
E In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
Question #11
A Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
B By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
C By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
D By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
E By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
Question #12
A They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
B They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
C They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
D None of these would occur.
E They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
Question #13
A The proximal tubule
B The glomerular capillaries
C The efferent arteriole
D The juxtaglomerular apparatus
E The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #14
A Loss of alveoli
B Inflammation of the bronchioles
C Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
D Lack of pulmonary surfactant
E Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
Question #15
A It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
B During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
C It is lower than alveolar pressure.
D It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
E It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
Question #16
A
B Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
C Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
D Lung volume decreases.
E Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
F The diaphragm relaxes.
Question #17
A Converted to HCO3-
B Bound to hemoglobin
C Bound to myoglobin
D Dissolved in the plasma
E Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
Question #18
A The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
B All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
C The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
D The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
E The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
Question #19
A Distal convoluted tubule
B Proximal convoluted tubule
C Ascending loop of Henle
D Glomerulus
E Collecting duct
Question #20
A The collecting ducts
B The descending limb of the loop of Henle
C The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D The distal convoluted tubule
E The proximal tubule
Question #21
A isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
C isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
D isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
E isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
Question #22
A decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
B decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
C increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
D decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
E increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
Question #23
A Efferent arterioles
B Collecting ducts
C Vasa recta
D Afferent arterioles
E Cortical peritubular capillaries
Question #24
A Adrenal glands
B Liver
C Kidneys
D The atria of the heart
E Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
Question #25
A Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
B Asthma
C Cystic fibrosis
D Prolonged shallow breathing
E Emphysema
Question #26
A Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules
B No change to reabsorption at this site
C Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules
D Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical
E Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions
Question #27
A Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
B Increased pH of the blood
C The presence of carbon monoxide
D Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
E Increased temperature of the blood
Question #28
A The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
B Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
C The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
D The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
E Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
Question #29
A Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
B Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
C Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
D Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
E Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
Question #30
A Secretion of mucus
B Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
C Production of surfactant
D Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
E Lining the pleural space
Question #31
A Metabolic alkalosis
B Respiratory alkalosis
C Increased blood PCO2
D Metabolic acidosis
E Respiratory acidosis
Question #32
A The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
B The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
C The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Question #33
A As dissolved CO2
B As H2CO3
C As carbonic anhydrase
D Bound to hemoglobin
E As dissolved HCO3-
Question #34
A A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
B A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
C A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
D A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
E A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
Question #35
A Inhalation/inspiration
B Emphysema
C Pneumothorax
D Exhalation/expiration
E A collapsed lung
Question #36
A It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
B It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
C It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
D It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
E Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
Question #37
A Macula densa
B Distal convoluted tubule
C Descending limb of the loop of Henle
D Cortical collecting duct
E Proximal tubule
Question #38
A Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.
B Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
C Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
D Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
E Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
Question #39
A More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
B As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
C At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
D At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
E The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
Question #40
A renal vein; peritubular capillaries
B efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
C efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
D efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
E afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
Question #41
A Water
B Na+
C Glucose
D HPO42-
E K+
Question #42
A A muscarinic agonist
B Pulmonary surfactant
C Histamine
D A β2-adrenergic agonist
E A β2-adrenergic antagonist
Question #43
A reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
B filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
C reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
D filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
E secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
Question #44
A It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
C By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
D By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
E It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
Question #45
A The collecting duct
B The loop of Henle
C The glomerulus
D The distal convoluted tubule
E The proximal convoluted tubule
Question #46
A the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
B the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
C the increase in plasma H+.
D the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
Question #47
A Stretch receptors in the lung
B The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
C The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
D The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
Question #48
A CO2 and O2
B H2O and CO2
C H+ and HCO3-
D H2O and O2
E H2O and CO
Question #49
A Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
B Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
C Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
D Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
E Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
Question #50
A Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.
B Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
C Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
D Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
E Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.