Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.
B R is decreased.
C R is increased.
D ΔP is decreased.
E ΔP is increased.
Question #2
A Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
B Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
C The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
D Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
E Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
Question #3
A Sodium
B Glucose
C Plasma protein
D Bicarbonate ion
E Urea
Question #4
A Alveolar PO2 decreases.
B No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
C Alveolar PO2 increases.
Question #5
A Glucose
B HPO42-
C K+
D H+
E Ca2+
Question #6
A Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
B “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
C Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
D Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
E Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
Question #7
A Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
B Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
D Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
E Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
Question #8
A H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
B The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
C Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
D When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
E Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
Question #9
A respiratory alkalosis.
B respiratory acidosis.
C metabolic acidosis.
D metabolic alkalosis.
Question #10
A In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
B In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
C In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
D In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
E In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
Question #11
A Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
B By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
C By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
D By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
E By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
Question #12
A They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
B They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
C None of these would occur.
D They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
E They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
Question #13
A The proximal tubule
B The juxtaglomerular apparatus
C The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D The efferent arteriole
E The glomerular capillaries
Question #14
A Lack of pulmonary surfactant
B Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
C Inflammation of the bronchioles
D Loss of alveoli
E Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
Question #15
A It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
B It is lower than alveolar pressure.
C It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
D During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
E It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
Question #16
A The diaphragm relaxes.
B Lung volume decreases.
C Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
D
E Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
F Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
Question #17
A Converted to HCO3-
B Dissolved in the plasma
C Bound to hemoglobin
D Bound to myoglobin
E Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
Question #18
A The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
B The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
C All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
D The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
E The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
Question #19
A Distal convoluted tubule
B Glomerulus
C Ascending loop of Henle
D Collecting duct
E Proximal convoluted tubule
Question #20
A The distal convoluted tubule
B The proximal tubule
C The descending limb of the loop of Henle
D The collecting ducts
E The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #21
A isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
D isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
E isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
Question #22
A increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
B decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
C decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
D decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
E increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
Question #23
A Afferent arterioles
B Efferent arterioles
C Vasa recta
D Cortical peritubular capillaries
E Collecting ducts
Question #24
A Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
B Kidneys
C The atria of the heart
D Adrenal glands
E Liver
Question #25
A Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
B Asthma
C Cystic fibrosis
D Emphysema
E Prolonged shallow breathing
Question #26
A Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical
B Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules
C No change to reabsorption at this site
D Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions
E Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules
Question #27
A Increased temperature of the blood
B Increased pH of the blood
C Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
D The presence of carbon monoxide
E Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
Question #28
A The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
B The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
C Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
D The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
E Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
Question #29
A Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
B Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
C Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
D Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
E Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
Question #30
A Secretion of mucus
B Production of surfactant
C Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
D Lining the pleural space
E Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
Question #31
A Increased blood PCO2
B Respiratory alkalosis
C Metabolic acidosis
D Metabolic alkalosis
E Respiratory acidosis
Question #32
A The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
B The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
C The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Question #33
A As dissolved CO2
B Bound to hemoglobin
C As dissolved HCO3-
D As H2CO3
E As carbonic anhydrase
Question #34
A A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
B A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
C A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
D A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
E A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
Question #35
A A collapsed lung
B Emphysema
C Pneumothorax
D Exhalation/expiration
E Inhalation/inspiration
Question #36
A It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
B Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
C It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
D It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
E It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
Question #37
A Macula densa
B Descending limb of the loop of Henle
C Proximal tubule
D Distal convoluted tubule
E Cortical collecting duct
Question #38
A Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
B Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
C Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
D Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
E Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.
Question #39
A At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
B More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
C The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
D At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
E As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
Question #40
A efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
B renal vein; peritubular capillaries
C afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
D efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
E efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
Question #41
A Na+
B Water
C Glucose
D K+
E HPO42-
Question #42
A Histamine
B A β2-adrenergic agonist
C A β2-adrenergic antagonist
D A muscarinic agonist
E Pulmonary surfactant
Question #43
A secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
B reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
C filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
D filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
E reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
Question #44
A It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
C When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
D It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
E By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
Question #45
A The loop of Henle
B The glomerulus
C The collecting duct
D The proximal convoluted tubule
E The distal convoluted tubule
Question #46
A the increase in plasma H+.
B the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
C the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
D the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
Question #47
A The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
B Stretch receptors in the lung
C The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
D The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
Question #48
A CO2 and O2
B H+ and HCO3-
C H2O and CO2
D H2O and O2
E H2O and CO
Question #49
A Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
B Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
C Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
D Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
E Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
Question #50
A Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
B Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
C Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.
D Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
E Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.