Exam 2 Chapters 7 – 11

A  Lost their jobs

B  Resigned before losing their positions

C  Provided inaccurate information, to the detriment of the organization

D  Had a positive effect in corrections

A  The media construction of crime will reduce the seriousness of the crime

B  The media construction of crime will define what acts are regarded as criminal

C  The media construction of crime will define what are thought to be the causes of crime

D  The media construction of crime will identify what policies of crime control should be adopted

A  The imposition of additional behavioral controls

B  A decrease in treatment programs

C  Increase in recidivism

D  Additional treatment and re-entry programs

A  When a journalist relies on an unsubstantiated argument without noting its weaknesses to produce a desired conclusion

B  Using persuasive interviewing techniques to influence others to disclose material they would normally not disclose

C  Any intentional and successful influence of a person by noncoercively altering the actual choices available to the person or by non-persuasively altering the perceptions by others of those choices.

D  When a journalist makes an attempt in hard news to persuade using emotional rhetoric rather than fact

A  Soliciting a fee from an inmate for finding him a job

B  Extortion through mistreatment or harassment

C  Theft of new televisions from the prison loading dock

D  Accepting gratuities to protect illicit activity

A  Do not rat (inform on other guards)

B  Do not lug (smuggle) drugs in to inmates

C  Always support fellow officers against inmate claims/allegations

D  Assist inmates in getting rehabilitated

A  Prisons have cultures where guards are corrupted and prisoners are denied their humanity

B  A humane correctional system is impossible given the dominant theory and practice of retribution

C  Guards are increasingly using more excessive force

D  Officer training emphasizes emotional detachment and degrading treatment

A  Crimes against children are considered more newsworthy than crimes against the adults

B  Rape is the most likely crime to be reported

C  Homicides are considered more newsworthy when the victim is white

D  Victims who are perpetrated against by a stranger are considered more newsworthy than a victim who knows the perpetrator

A  Assassination violates U.S. values and principles because it is done in secret and is a display of the exercise of overbearing state power against individuals.

B  Targeted killing calls into question the morality of U.S. foreign policy, which stresses human rights and democracy.

C  All of the other answers

D  Assassination is an immoral act and a form of politically motivated murder outside the bounds of the conventions of war and morality.

A  It permits the employment of warlike measures concurrently with law enforcement measures

B  All of the other answers

C  It gives the executive the leverage to demand almost any resources in the furtherance of winning the war

D  It enables the executive branch of government to exercise wide powers under the authority of the president as commander-in-chief

A  United Kingdom

B  Canada

C  United States

D  Australia

A  Sympathetic

B  Retributive

C  Empathetic

D  Callous

A  When a small group of legislators panic and force through unethical legislation

B  An irrational and exaggerated response by the public to a perceived problem

C  When an individual legislator or policy maker over-reacts to a problem

D  A public over-reaction caused by outdated public morals

A  A criminal conviction

B  A life sentence

C  The court

D  The prosecution process

A  Personal

B  Compliance

C  Rewards

D  Legalistic

A  Morality

B  Do no harm

C  Reasonable standard of care

D  Moral blame

A  Whites comprise almost 3/4 of illegal drug users and blacks 13%, a fact not usually incorporated in media accounts

B  Whites comprise almost 1/3 of illegal drug users and blacks almost 2/3, a fact often reported in the media

C  Whites never have been engaged in drugs as much as blacks, a fact often reported in the media

D  The War on Drugs focused on heroin, a drug often used by blacks, a fact not usually in the media

A  Accidental killing of civilian non-terrorists

B  Invading foreign countries

C  Restricting rights during criminal processing of terrorist defendants

D  Torture during interrogation

A  Setting a zero-tolerance standard for prison rape

B  Prioritization of the prevention of rape in each prison system

C  Prisons who want to receive federal funding must eliminate prison rape by 85%

D  Devising and implementation of national standards to detect, prevent, reduce, and punish rape

A  Minimum security

B  Maximum security

C  Medium security

D  Supermax

A  Reporting sympathetic stories of victims who have also been charged with crimes

B  Focusing attention only on victims who meet that standard of victimhood

C  Focusing only on the very young and the very old victims

D  Reporting, on the visual media, pictures of victims

A  Few accused actually go to trial and unexciting plea bargains are the norm

B  The legal system makes it easier to fight crime because prosecutors know how to talk with the media

C  Crime fighting is the complex part of the process

D  The legal system is far more complex

A  Coercion

B  Violence

C  Sympathy

D  Empathy

A  Sex offenses

B  Kidnappings

C  Drug crimes

D  Homicides

A  Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of violent crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness

B  Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are negatively correlated with policies favoring punitiveness

C  Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of property and drug crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness

D  Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are positively correlated with polices favoring punitiveness

A  It is not a realistic scenario

B  It is not likely to happen as its proponents claim

C  It negates the autonomy and dignity of the individual

D  It is a slippery slope, which could expand its use in other circumstances

A  The activities are only morally impermissible if they produce two effects, both of which are morally impermissible

B  An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally impermissible

C  An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally permissible

D  The activities are morally permissible if they produce two effects, so long as one is morally permissible.

A  Treatment

B  Punitiveness

C  Rehabilitation

D  Community-oriented corrections

A  Sex offenders

B  Murderers

C  Drug offenders

D  Prostitutes

A  There is widespread approval of them

B  There is widespread approval of them

C  While they approve of it, they do not believe it should be applied indiscriminately to specific offenders under specific circumstances

D  The public is evenly divided on them

A  Formal control

B  Informal control

C  Social control

D  Governmental control

A  Cost-benefit grounds

B  Due process grounds

C  Ideological grounds

D  Political grounds

A  Deontologists

B  Relativists

C  Consequentialists

D  Absolutists

A  A key profit maker for the media

B  Advocacy for greater levels of social control

C  Assistance to law enforcement to make an arrest

D  A warning to the public

A  Their control function

B  Their heavy caseloads

C  Their treatment function

D  Their treatment and control functions

A  Committed by government, sometimes against its own people.

B  By one part of government against another part of the same government.

C  By the military against a civilian government.

D  Against a state in the United States.

A  Are not applied to all offenders convicted under such statutes

B  Result in disproportionately severe sentences

C  Have no incapacitate effect

D  Do not reflect the will of the majority

A  The primary source of news

B  A site for the construction of a moral order

C  A responsible path for discussion of moral issues

D  A monopoly so that news is consistent

A  Work release programs to reduce jail and prison populations

B  Treatment programs to reduce jail and prison populations

C  Sentencing guidelines

D  Three-strikes laws

A  Using the media to report fictitious events so law enforcement can catch the real criminal

B  Using entertainment to reenact criminal events

C  The marketing of edited, highly formatted information about the world in entertainment media vehicles

D  The placement of crime stories on television late at night hoping a viewer will be able identify the offender

A  United States v. Shallet

B  Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center

C  Reynolds v. Florida

D  Graham v. Florida

A  Maintain power

B  Treat inmates ethically

C  Retain their discretion

D  Gain respect of inmates

A  Refrained from enforcing certain prison rules and regulations.

B  Begun directly disobeying orders from superiors.

C  Become members of prison gangs.

D  Begun taking monetary bribes from prisoners.

A  Debtors

B  Property

C  Violent

D  Vice

A  Terrorism paradigm

B  War paradigm

C  Drone paradigm

D  Enemy paradigm

A  Celebrity

B  Judicial

C  Inmate

D  Prosecutorial

A  Accepting the unavoidable consequences of our policies

B  Asking whether there will be any consequences to our anti-terrorism policies

C  Asking whether our policies will render citizens more secure in the long term

D  Not worrying about the consequences