Lecture Exam 3

A  cause an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and the bipolar cells hyperpolarize

B  bipolar cell release neurotransmitters and the bipolar cells depolarize

C  cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and the bipolar cells depolarize

A  amygdala nuclei and hippocampus

B  temporal area of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

C  sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

A  nicotinic, inhibitory

B  muscarinic, excitatory or inhibitory

C  muscarinic, inhibitory

D  nicotinic, excitatory

E  muscarinic, excitatory

A  prefrontal area

B  visual association area

C  visual area

D  thalamus

E  primary somatic sensory area

A  K+, depolarization

B  Ca+2, repolarization

C  Na+, depolarization

D  Na+, hyperpolarization

E  K+, hyperpolarization

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

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B  FALSE

A  movement of cupula, change in linear acceleration and movement of otoliths

B  movement of otoliths, change in linear acceleration and change in angular acceleration

C  movement of fluid in one or more of the semicircular canals, movement of cupula and change in angular acceleration

A  receptor potential in hair cells and release of neurotransmitters

B  mechanically-regulated Na+ gates open → Na+ diffuse in → receptor potential in hair cells

C  movement of perilymph causes the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti to move

D  action potential in cochlear nerve

E  cilia of hair cells bend against tectorial membrane

A  light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and Na+ diffuses in and the rod cell is depolarized

B  voltage-regulated calcium gates close and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

C  light strikes rhodopsin causing c-GMP channels to open and rods stop releasing of inhibitory neurotransmitters

A  decreased tension on ligaments causes less tension on the lens

B  decrease in refractive power of lens

C  ciliary muscles contract decreasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments

D  mage focused closer to lens and back onto retina

E  lens becomes more curved

A  light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point and the image is upside down

B  the image is upside down

C  light rays traveling through the center of a lens are not refracted

D  light rays traveling through the curved portions of the lens are refracted through the focal point

E  an image is formed at the focal point of the lens

A  hair cells release neurotransmitters

B  impulses travel to the medulla oblongata, to the thalamus and then to the gustatory cortex

C  chemicals react (bind) with receptors on the taste hairs

D  neurotransmitters cause an action potential in the taste nerves (VII, IX, and X)

E  attachment to receptors cause an action potential in the hair cells

A  increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

B  increased numbers of synaptic vesicles, increased amount of neurotransmitters and increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors

C  increased numbers of reverberating neural circuits, increased numbers of neurons in the memory areas of the brain and increased numbers of synaptic vesicles

A  EEG becomes irregular and arousal is more difficult

B  lasts for 30-45 minutes

C  delta waves predominate in the EEG and vital signs are at the lowest point

D  alpha and beta waves appear in EEG and vital signs decrease

E  vital signs are normal and alpha waves are present in EEG

A  cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement,
cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex,
cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement,
cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord,
spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

B  cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement,
cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement,
cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex,
cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord,
spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

C  cerebellum regulates and coordinates muscle movement,
cerebellum sends motor impulses to cerebral cortex,
cerebral cortex sends motor impluses to spinal cord,
cerebral cortex initiates muscle movement,
spinal cord carries impulses to skeletal muscles

A  perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation encodes the stimulus strength

B  perception of the stimulus strength and perception and interpretation of the pattern of stimulation

C  transduction and encodes the stimulus strength

D  encodes the stimulus strength and localizes and filters sensory input

A  hypothalamus

B  pons

C  medulla oblongata

D  limbic system

E  cerebral cortex

A  cholinergic, nicotinic

B  adrenergic, nicotinic

C  adrenergic, muscarinic

D  cholinergic, muscarinic

A  lumbar plexus

B  intercostal nerves

C  sacral plexus

D  cervical plexus

E  brachial plexus

A  Glossopharyngeal (IX)

B  Accessory (XI)

C  Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

D  Vagus (X)

E  Hypoglossal (XII)

A  Abducens (VI)

B  Oculomotor (III)

C  Facial (VII)

D  Trigeminal (V)

E  Trochlear (IV)

A  located in the skin, joint capsules, periostea and around blood vessels

B  they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

C  there a few in deep tissues and organs

D  there a few in deep tissues and organs and they respond to extreme temperatures, mechanical damage and dissolved chemicals

E  they are classified as chemoreceptors

A  touch

B  baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

C  pressure

D  touch, pressure, baroreceptors (stretch) and proprioceptors

A  produced continuously

B  helps to support the brain and protects against trauma

C  reabsorbed into the cerebral sinuses via the arachnoid villi

D  composition is similar to blood plasma

E  produced by the meninges

A  flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral

B  flexor reflexes are polysynaptic and ipsilateral and crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

C  tendon reflex helps to maintain upright posture

D  stretch reflexes are monosynaptic and ipsilateral

E  crossed extensor reflexes are polysynaptic and contralateral

A  touch and pressure

B  touch and pressure, pain, temperature and kinesthetic sensations

C  pain

D  temperature and kinesthetic sensations

A  temporal

B  parietal

C  primary somatic sensory

D  prefrontal

E  primary somatic motor

A  controls the pituitary gland

B  controls food intake

C  controls emotional responses

D  controls water balance

E  filters sensory input

A  motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

B  motor and sensory pathways from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain, controls the heart rate, controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

C  controls the heart rate

D  controls the respiratory rate and controls the size of blood vessels

A  Ca2+ causes the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane with the subsequent release of neurotransmitters

B  the influx of Na+ results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

C  neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic gap and attach to voltage regulated Na+ gates on the postsynaptic membrane

D  impulse at axon terminal opens voltage regulated Ca2+ gates and Ca2+ diffuses in

E  Na+ gates open and Na+ diffuses in

A  occurs only in myelinated axons

B  occurs only in myelinated axons, depolarize to threshold can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier and the impulse “jumps” from node to node down the length of the axon

C  propagation occurs in both directions

D  propagation occurs in both directions and is slower than continuous propagation and is less energy efficient

A  local current flow occurs between the depolarized and “resting” segments of the membrane

B  at the point of the stimulus, an action potential is generated

C  the initial segment repolarizes restoring the resting potential

D  a new action potential occurs at this section

E  local current flow repolarizes the adjacent “resting” segment to threshold

A  they are unable to spread far from the site of stimulation

B  the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization

C  the opening of sodium ion gates leads to hyperpolarization and the opening of potassium gates leads to depolarization

D  repolarization refers to the return to the resting potential

A  mechanically regulated

B  G-protein coupled

C  voltage regulated

D  ligand-gated

E  temperature regulated

A  diffusion of sodium ions out of the cell

B  opening of the voltage-regulated sodium gates

C  diffusion of sodium ions into the cell

D  diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

E  diffusion of potassium ions into the cell

A  type B neurons are medium sized and myelinated

B  association (inter) neurons conduct impulses within the PNS

C  sensory neurons conduct impulses to the CNS

D  most sensory neurons are unipolar

E  multipolar neurons are found within the CNS

A  maintains blood-brain barrier

B  regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid

C  repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons

D  maintains blood-brain barrier, regulates the composition of the interstitial fluid, repairs damaged neural tissue and guides developing neurons