Final Exam

A  Humans use spoken language.

B  Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

C  Humans have opposable big toes.

D  Apes have a complex material culture.

A  speech.

B  tool use.

C  hunting.

D  bipedalism.

A  Sahelanthropus

B  Paranthropus

C  Gigantopithecus

D  Orrorin

A  femurs angled to produce valgus knees

B  a narrow pelvis

C  opposable hallux

D  posterior position of the foramen magnum

A  gingival space.

B  diastema.

C  mesial bridge.

D  dental gap.

A  more difficulty transporting food

B  more limited ways of making tools

C  more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

D  more difficulty transporting children

A  longitudinal arch in the foot

B  dermal ridges on feet

C  nails instead of claws

D  opposable big toe

A  gorillas

B  chimpanzees

C  eosimians

D  hominins

A  protection from scavengers

B  an oxygen-filled environment

C  a long period of exposure

D  acidic soil

A  point and synonymous

B  frameshift and transposable

C  spontaneous and induced

D  synonymous and nonsynonymous

A  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

B  opposable thumbs.

C  a precision grip.

D  short digits.

A  the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

B  a fossil found in a particular site.

C  a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

D  the type specimen of a species.

A  the X chromosome originates only from females.

B  the X chromosome determines sex.

C  sperm are more powerful than eggs.

D  the Y chromosome is present in males only.

A  Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

B  Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

C  A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

D  Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

A  They are no different from ancient species of finches.

B  They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

C  They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

D  They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

A  sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

B  known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

C  a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

D  a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

A  serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

B  Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

C  arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

D  emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A  is also called the “neonatal” period.

B  includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

C  runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

D  runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

A  having twin births every year.

B  bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

C  having one birth per year.

D  caring for young and ensuring access to food.

A  any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

B  the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

C  living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

D  living humans only.

A  They did not differ between populations.

B  They embody the idea of descent with modification.

C  They are found on every continent.

D  They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

A  all of the primates of Madagascar

B  diurnal and nocturnal galagos

C  all of the New World primates

D  all of the African primates

A  A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

B  The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

C  An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

D  A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

A  concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

B  primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

C  refers to the mating rites of primates.

D  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

A  cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

B  physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

C  archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

D  biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A  thick bones and extra muscles

B  the low-lying, elongated skull

C  stocky trunks and short limbs

D  the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

A  pronounced supraorbital tori.

B  low-lying foreheads.

C  small brain cases.

D  reduced prognathism.

A  a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

B  thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

C  a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

D  large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

A  Upper Paleolithic

B  Mousterian

C  Solutrean

D  Magdalenian

A  a tall, flat forehead

B  a narrow torso

C  a large nasal aperture

D  long limbs

A  Mousterian

B  Acheulean

C  flake

D  blade

A  The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

B  Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

C  Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

D  Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

A  small, narrow noses

B  long limbs

C  large, wide noses

D  narrow bodies

A  They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

B  They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

C  They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

D  They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

A  chopper

B  harpoon

C  spear

D  flake

A  modern

B  australopithecine

C  archaic

D  apelike

A  a long and low brain case.

B  a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

C  large browridges and wide cheekbones.

D  flat cheekbones and small teeth.

A  Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

B  Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

C  Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

D  Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

A  thin bones and large browridges.

B  thick bones and large browridges.

C  thick bones and small browridges.

D  thin bones and small browridges.

A  there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

B  of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

C  he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

D  genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

A  habilis.

B  sapiens.

C  erectus.

D  neanderthalensis.

A  violence among hominins was rampant.

B  meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

C  meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

D  big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

A  Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

B  Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

C  Homo habilis had a larger brain.

D  Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

A  increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

B  warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

C  increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

D  stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

A  more than 4.0 mya.

B  4.0–3.0 mya.

C  0.5 mya–present.

D  2.5–1.0 mya.

A  a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

B  long legs and opposable toes.

C  long arms.

D  double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

A  a bigger sagittal keel.

B  shorter legs.

C  larger teeth.

D  a larger brain.

A  contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

B  made the digestion of foods more difficult.

C  limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

D  decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.