Final Exam

A  Apes have a complex material culture.

B  Humans have opposable big toes.

C  Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

D  Humans use spoken language.

A  tool use.

B  speech.

C  hunting.

D  bipedalism.

A  Gigantopithecus

B  Orrorin

C  Sahelanthropus

D  Paranthropus

A  a narrow pelvis

B  opposable hallux

C  posterior position of the foramen magnum

D  femurs angled to produce valgus knees

A  diastema.

B  dental gap.

C  mesial bridge.

D  gingival space.

A  more difficulty transporting children

B  more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

C  more difficulty transporting food

D  more limited ways of making tools

A  longitudinal arch in the foot

B  opposable big toe

C  dermal ridges on feet

D  nails instead of claws

A  chimpanzees

B  eosimians

C  gorillas

D  hominins

A  protection from scavengers

B  acidic soil

C  a long period of exposure

D  an oxygen-filled environment

A  spontaneous and induced

B  point and synonymous

C  frameshift and transposable

D  synonymous and nonsynonymous

A  opposable thumbs.

B  short digits.

C  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D  a precision grip.

A  the type specimen of a species.

B  a fossil found in a particular site.

C  a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

D  the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

A  the X chromosome originates only from females.

B  sperm are more powerful than eggs.

C  the Y chromosome is present in males only.

D  the X chromosome determines sex.

A  Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

B  Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

C  Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

D  A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

A  They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

B  They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

C  They are no different from ancient species of finches.

D  They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

A  a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

B  a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

C  known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

D  sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

A  arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

B  Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

C  serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

D  emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A  includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

B  runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

C  runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

D  is also called the “neonatal” period.

A  having twin births every year.

B  caring for young and ensuring access to food.

C  bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

D  having one birth per year.

A  any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

B  the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

C  living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

D  living humans only.

A  They did not differ between populations.

B  They embody the idea of descent with modification.

C  They are found on every continent.

D  They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

A  all of the primates of Madagascar

B  all of the New World primates

C  diurnal and nocturnal galagos

D  all of the African primates

A  An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

B  A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

C  A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

D  The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

A  primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

B  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

C  refers to the mating rites of primates.

D  concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

A  cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

B  archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

C  physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

D  biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

A  stocky trunks and short limbs

B  thick bones and extra muscles

C  the low-lying, elongated skull

D  the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

A  reduced prognathism.

B  low-lying foreheads.

C  small brain cases.

D  pronounced supraorbital tori.

A  a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

B  thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

C  a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

D  large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

A  Mousterian

B  Upper Paleolithic

C  Solutrean

D  Magdalenian

A  a large nasal aperture

B  a narrow torso

C  long limbs

D  a tall, flat forehead

A  Mousterian

B  blade

C  Acheulean

D  flake

A  Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

B  Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

C  The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

D  Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

A  large, wide noses

B  small, narrow noses

C  narrow bodies

D  long limbs

A  They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

B  They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

C  They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

D  They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

A  chopper

B  harpoon

C  spear

D  flake

A  modern

B  apelike

C  australopithecine

D  archaic

A  flat cheekbones and small teeth.

B  large browridges and wide cheekbones.

C  a long and low brain case.

D  a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

A  Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

B  Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

C  Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

D  Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

A  thick bones and large browridges.

B  thick bones and small browridges.

C  thin bones and large browridges.

D  thin bones and small browridges.

A  there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

B  of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

C  genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

D  he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

A  neanderthalensis.

B  sapiens.

C  erectus.

D  habilis.

A  big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

B  meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

C  meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

D  violence among hominins was rampant.

A  Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

B  Homo habilis had a larger brain.

C  Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

D  Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

A  increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

B  stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

C  warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

D  increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

A  4.0–3.0 mya.

B  2.5–1.0 mya.

C  0.5 mya–present.

D  more than 4.0 mya.

A  a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

B  long arms.

C  long legs and opposable toes.

D  double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

A  shorter legs.

B  larger teeth.

C  a bigger sagittal keel.

D  a larger brain.

A  contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.

B  limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

C  made the digestion of foods more difficult.

D  decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.