Final Exam

A  Apes have longitudinal arches in their feet.

B  Apes have a complex material culture.

C  Humans have opposable big toes.

D  Humans use spoken language.

A  speech.

B  bipedalism.

C  hunting.

D  tool use.

A  Sahelanthropus

B  Orrorin

C  Paranthropus

D  Gigantopithecus

A  opposable hallux

B  a narrow pelvis

C  posterior position of the foramen magnum

D  femurs angled to produce valgus knees

A  mesial bridge.

B  diastema.

C  dental gap.

D  gingival space.

A  more risk of developing arthritis and back injuries

B  more difficulty transporting children

C  more limited ways of making tools

D  more difficulty transporting food

A  longitudinal arch in the foot

B  opposable big toe

C  dermal ridges on feet

D  nails instead of claws

A  hominins

B  eosimians

C  gorillas

D  chimpanzees

A  a long period of exposure

B  an oxygen-filled environment

C  acidic soil

D  protection from scavengers

A  frameshift and transposable

B  point and synonymous

C  synonymous and nonsynonymous

D  spontaneous and induced

A  a precision grip.

B  opposable thumbs.

C  short digits.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  a fossil found in a particular site.

B  the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer.

C  a marker species used to determine the age of a geological layer.

D  the type specimen of a species.

A  sperm are more powerful than eggs.

B  the Y chromosome is present in males only.

C  the X chromosome determines sex.

D  the X chromosome originates only from females.

A  Primates emerged because of adaptations to feeding fruit.

B  A heightened sense of smell was important for finding food in the forest.

C  Greater intelligence allowed primates to locomote on two feet.

D  Grasping hands and feet were necessary for living in trees.

A  They have moved to one area from ancient unrelated species of finches.

B  They are a closely related species that have branched from one species.

C  They show great behavioral differences but are identical in appearance.

D  They are no different from ancient species of finches.

A  a subfield of cultural anthropology focused on primates’ social behavior.

B  a subfield of anthropology focused on the physical aspects of primates.

C  sometimes part of anthropology, zoology, or biology, focusing on the relationships between primates’ social behaviors and reproductive fitness.

D  known as biological anthropology in the Old World and cultural anthropology in the New World.

A  serves to increase the reproductive success of a group’s females at the expense of the males’ reproductive success,

B  arises from the collection of individual behaviors to enhance reproductive success.

C  Arises to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society as a whole.

D  emphasizes the care of the young above all else.

A  includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

B  runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

C  runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.

D  is also called the “neonatal” period.

A  bonding with the dominant male monogamously.

B  caring for young and ensuring access to food.

C  having twin births every year.

D  having one birth per year.

A  living humans only.

B  living humans and their ancestors dating to as far back as 6–8 million years ago.

C  the earliest ancestors of humans, prior to 6–8 million years ago.

D  any living or extinct primate that walks upright.

A  They did not differ between populations.

B  They embody the idea of descent with modification.

C  They are found on every continent.

D  They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence.

A  all of the African primates

B  diurnal and nocturnal galagos

C  all of the New World primates

D  all of the primates of Madagascar

A  A population of finches develops robust beaks in response to a change in food supply.

B  An island population derived from a small group of castaways has an unusually high prevalence of a rare genetic disease.

C  The last black-footed ferret dies in captivity.

D  A rare mutant allele for a medicinally beneficial chemical is lost in a plant population residing in a tropical forest fragment.

A  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

B  primarily refers to male and female social hierarchy.

C  concerns differences in physical traits between males and females.

D  refers to the mating rites of primates.

A  biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

B  physical anthropology, biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology

C  cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, geology, and physical anthropology

D  archaeology, geology, geography, and biology

A  thick bones and extra muscles

B  the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth

C  stocky trunks and short limbs

D  the low-lying, elongated skull

A  low-lying foreheads.

B  small brain cases.

C  pronounced supraorbital tori.

D  reduced prognathism.

A  a large face, small teeth, and the lack of a projecting chin

B  a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges

C  thicker postcranial bones than archaic Homo sapiens

D  large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex

A  Solutrean

B  Mousterian

C  Upper Paleolithic

D  Magdalenian

A  a narrow torso

B  a large nasal aperture

C  a tall, flat forehead

D  long limbs

A  blade

B  Mousterian

C  Acheulean

D  flake

A  Back teeth became smaller because of increased use of material culture for processing food, while front teeth might have increased in size as an adaptation to using them as tools.

B  Hominins shifted from eating roots, which makes use of the back teeth, to fruit, which makes use of the front teeth.

C  The rise and increased use of language required this reconfiguration of the teeth.

D  Front teeth increased in size because of changes in diet, and this forced back teeth to become smaller.

A  long limbs

B  narrow bodies

C  large, wide noses

D  small, narrow noses

A  They evolved in place in different regions through gene flow.

B  They spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with no gene flow.

C  They and Neandertals became one population through gene flow.

D  They initially were found in one region of Africa before spreading to other African regions.

A  chopper

B  spear

C  harpoon

D  flake

A  modern

B  apelike

C  australopithecine

D  archaic

A  a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

B  a long and low brain case.

C  flat cheekbones and small teeth.

D  large browridges and wide cheekbones.

A  Australopithecus robustus, because of similarly large molars and a sagittal crest.

B  Australopithecus garhi, because of its association with stone tools.

C  Australopithecus afarensis, because it dates to 3.0-2.5 mya and they are found in the same area.

D  Australopithecus garhi, because of similarity in the face, jaws, and teeth.

A  thin bones and small browridges.

B  thin bones and large browridges.

C  thick bones and large browridges.

D  thick bones and small browridges.

A  there was no known fossil record of hominins in Asia at the time.

B  of the anatomical similarity of humans and African apes.

C  he found hominin fossils in South Africa while traveling on the Beagle.

D  genetic comparisons linked African primates and living humans.

A  habilis.

B  erectus.

C  neanderthalensis.

D  sapiens.

A  big-game hunting was the most common way early hominins obtained meat.

B  meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

C  meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.

D  violence among hominins was rampant.

A  Homo habilis could walk on two legs.

B  Homo habilis had a larger brain.

C  Homo habilis had a large chewing complex.

D  Tool-making was most likely less important to Homo habilis.

A  warmer climates, which changed the overall shape of the hominin body plan.

B  increased protein in the diet, likely due to hunting.

C  increased intake of food, facilitated by larger teeth that permitted better food processing.

D  stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

A  2.5–1.0 mya.

B  0.5 mya–present.

C  more than 4.0 mya.

D  4.0–3.0 mya.

A  a foramen magnum at the base of the skull.

B  long legs and opposable toes.

C  long arms.

D  double arches of the feet and adducted big toes.

A  a bigger sagittal keel.

B  larger teeth.

C  a larger brain.

D  shorter legs.

A  limited the expansion of hominins into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.

B  made the digestion of foods more difficult.

C  decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominin diet.

D  contributed to geographical expansion and increased food availability.