Exam 2 (B)

A  It will cause flaccid paralysis (no muscle contraction possible).

B  It activates an autoimmune disease that destroys myelin.

C  Muscle function is fine, but it will cause a loss of voluntary control.

D  It will cause persistent twitches with short periods of rest in between.

E  It will cause spastic paralysis (sustained, unwanted muscle contraction).

A  They transmit signals over relatively short distances.

B  They are produced by the opening of ligand-gated sodium channels.

C  They depolarize postsynaptic cell membranes.

D  They are always the same amplitude.

E  They are able to summate.

A  They function exactly the same in cardiac muscle cells as they do in skeletal muscle.

B  They cause the absolute refractory period to be very brief.

C  They are responsible for preventing tetanic contractions.

D  They act as non-conducting voltage sensors that mediate excitation-contraction coupling.

E  They are directly responsible for making cardiac muscle fatigue-resistant.

A  In skeletal muscle, calcium initiates contraction by binding to troponin, while in smooth muscle calcium initiates contraction by binding to calmodulin.

B  In skeletal muscle, calcium initiates contraction by binding to myosin light-chain kinase, while in smooth muscle calcium initiates contraction by binding directly to tropomyosin.

C  In skeletal muscle, calcium initiates contraction by binding to troponin, while in smooth muscle calcium initiates contraction by binding directly to myosin.

D  All of the choices are true.

E  In skeletal muscle, calcium ions bind to a regulatory protein on thin filaments; in smooth muscle, calcium ions bind to a regulatory protein on thick filaments.

A  The tension in a skeletal muscle cell is greatest when contractions occur at either very short or very long lengths.

B  The shorter a skeletal muscle cell is when it begins to contract, the stronger the force generation will be.

C  The longer a skeletal muscle cell is when it begins to contract, the stronger the force generation will be.

D  Skeletal muscle cells generate the same amount of force, regardless of their length.

E  Skeletal muscle cells generate the most force when the contraction occurs at an intermediate length.

A  bound to acetylcholinesterase in the end plate membrane.

B  bound to Ca2+ ions.

C  inside the muscle cell sarcoplasm.

D  bound to receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

E  bound to muscarinic receptors at the end plate.

A  A single action potential in the motor neuron causes a sustained contraction.

B  A very large amplitude action potential in the motor neuron causes a very strong contraction in the skeletal muscle cell.

C  The action potential in the muscle cell is prolonged to last as long as the contraction.

D  Repeated action potentials from the motor neuron summate into a sustained depolarization of the motor end plate, causing a sustained contraction.

E  Multiple action potentials in the motor neuron cause a sustained contraction.

A  By the frequency of action potentials

B  By the size of action potentials

C  By the duration of action potentials

D  By whether the action potential peak is positive or negative

A  calcium; attachment

B  calcium; detachment

C  actin; detachment

D  ATP; detachment

E  ATP; attachment

A  H zones shorten.

B  the whole muscle shortens.

C  tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

D  tetanus occurs.

E  sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

A  leg muscles with a larger diameter.

B  leg muscles with a smaller diameter.

C  hypertrophy of type I muscle fibers.

D  lower concentrations of glycolytic enzymes in her leg muscles.

E  a higher density of capillaries in her leg muscles.

A  The order of recruitment of motor units in a muscle is such that the last units recruited are those that fatigue most readily.

B  The order of motor unit recruitment is independent of the size of the alpha motor neuron that innervates them.

C  Recruitment of one fast-glycolytic motor unit provides a smaller increment in whole-muscle tension than recruitment of one slow-oxidative motor unit.

D  Motor units whose motor neurons have large-diameter cell bodies are recruited first, while motor units with smaller-diameter motor neurons are only activated as the level of activation in the spinal cord increases.

E  The order of recruitment of motor units in a muscle is such that the first units recruited generate the most tension.

A  Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

B  Drowsiness

C  Muscle relaxation

D  Muscle paralysis

E  None of the answer choices are correct

A  Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory.

B  They are both excitatory.

C  They are both inhibitory.

D  Z is excitatory and Y is inhibitory.

A  Increased Na+ flux through K+ channels.

B  activation and inactivation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels.

C  increased K+ flux into the cell.

D  Na+ permeability that is greater than that during the depolarization phase.

E  increased K+ permeability of the cell.

A  PK+ becomes much greater than PNa+.

B  K+ flows rapidly into the cell.

C  PK+ is the same as PNa+.

D  Na+ efflux (flow out of the cell) occurs.

E  PNa+ becomes much greater than PK+.

A  lysosomal proteins.

B  kinesin proteins.

C  proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

D  dyenin proteins.

E  smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A  Actin dissociates from myosin.

B  Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

C  Cross-bridges rotate, sliding past the thin filament.

D  Actin binds to myosin.

E  Cross-bridge heads are cocked into an “energized” state.

A  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

B  All of these will not occur

C  The graded potential

D  The depolarization phase of the action potential

E  The repolarization phase of the action potential

A  Atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist)

B  A drug that inhibits release of acetylcholine

C  Curare

D  A drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase

E  A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist

A  Actin and myosin attach, thin filaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres, calcium release into cytosol

B  Calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, calcium release into cytosol, actin and myosin attach, thin myofilaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres

C  Calcium release into cytosol, actin and myosin attach, thin filaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres, calcium ion influx through sarcolemma

D  Calcium release into cytosol, actin and myosin attach, calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, thin myofilaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres

E  Calcium release into cytosol, calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, actin and myosin attach, thin filaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres

A  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

D  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

E  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

A  Endorphin

B  Dopamine

C  Glutamate

D  Norepinephrine

E  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A  Smooth muscle does not have thick and thin filaments.

B  Smooth muscle does not use troponin-tropomyosin to regulate cross-bridge activity.

C  The myosin in smooth muscle requires phosphorylation before it can bind to ATP.

D  Changes in cytosolic calcium do not regulate cross-bridge activity in smooth muscle.

E  Smooth muscle is striated.

A  All muscles of the body might exhibit frequent small twitches.

B  All muscles of the body will be completely normal in function.

C  All muscles of the body might present a tense, fully contracted state.

D  All muscles of the body might present a limp, relaxed state known as flaccid paralysis.

A  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

B  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

C  Just the first few seconds of exercise

D  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

E  No effects on her running

A  The voltage-gated Na+ channels are in the inactivated state.

B  There is equal permeability to Na+ and K+.

C  Most of the voltage-gated Na+ channels are in the closed state.

D  The permeability to Na+ is much greater than the permeability to K+.

E  All of the K+ channels in the membrane are open.

A  They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

B  They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

C  They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

D  They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

E  They manufacture and store ATP.

A  All of the myosin cross-bridge heads in a thick filament are oriented and rotate in the same direction.

B  Troponin covers the binding site on myosin molecules until Ca2+ binds to troponin to remove it from its blocking position.

C  The rate of ATP hydrolysis by myosin is the same in all types of skeletal muscle.

D  Myosin is an ATPase.

E  Myosin cross-bridge heads contain two binding sites, one for actin and one for tropomyosin.

A  It always brings a postsynaptic cell to threshold.

B  A synapse is stimulated a second time before the effect of a first stimulus at the synapse has terminated.

C  Two synapses on different regions of a cell are stimulated at the same time.

D  It only refers to addition of EPSPs.

E  The size of an EPSP depends on the size of the stimulus.

A  Only skeletal muscle has both actin and myosin.

B  Myosin is the main regulatory protein in smooth muscle.

C  Myosin is the main regulatory protein in skeletal muscle.

D  Only skeletal muscle requires increased calcium ion concentration in the cytosol for contraction.

E  Skeletal muscle usually exhibits spontaneous activity, while smooth muscle cannot contract spontaneously. 

A  Calcium-induced calcium release plays a role in cardiac muscle cells, as well as in some smooth muscle cells.

B  In skeletal muscle cells, it requires the influx of extracellular calcium ion.

C  In all kinds of muscle it requires the entry of calcium from the extracellular fluid.

D  In skeletal muscle cells, excitation-contraction coupling begins when an action potential propagates along the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

E  In smooth muscle cells, it must be preceded by an action potential in the cell membrane.

A  The refractory period prevents the action potential from spreading back over the part of the membrane that just underwent an action potential.
The relative refractory period refers to the period of time during which another action potential can be initiated in that part of the membrane that has just undergone an action potential if a stronger than normal stimulus is applied.
The refractory period places an upper limit on the frequency with which a nerve cell can conduct action potentials.
The absolute refractory period refers to the period of time during which another action potential cannot be initiated in that part of the membrane that is undergoing an action potential, no matter how great the strength of the stimulus.

B  The relative refractory period refers to the period of time during which another action potential can be initiated in that part of the membrane that has just undergone an action potential if a stronger than normal stimulus is applied

C  The refractory period places an upper limit on the frequency with which a nerve cell can conduct action potentials.

D  The absolute refractory period refers to the period of time during which another action potential cannot be initiated in that part of the membrane that is undergoing an action potential, no matter how great the strength of the stimulus.
The refractory period prevents the action potential from spreading back over the part of the membrane that just underwent an action potential.

A  Binding of myosin to actin will take place.

B  Contraction will occur, but the muscle will be stuck in the contracted state and unable to relax.

C  Only one cross-bridge cycle will occur but no second cycle. 

D  A single twitch in skeletal muscle but no sustained contraction.

E  Tropomyosin will continue to cover the myosin binding sites on actin and no cross-bridges will form.

A  The permeability to K+ increases greatly while that to Na+ decreases.

B  The permeability to Na+ increases greatly.

C  Voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened.

D  The Na+, K+ pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

E  ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

A  myosin.

B  the thick filament.

C  actin.

D  tropomyosin.

E  troponin.

A  Type 2X fibers have more abundant mitochondria.

B  Type 2X fibers are smaller in diameter.

C  Type 2X fibers fatigue more readily.

D  Type 2X motor units contain fewer fibers per alpha motor neuron

E  Type 2X fibers have more abundant myoglobin.

A  trigger an action potential.

B  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

C  cause a change in membrane potential.

D  depolarize a dendrite.

E  be conducted to the axon hillock.

A  Synaptic input onto skeletal muscle cells is always excitatory, whereas inputs to smooth muscle cells may be either excitatory or inhibitory.

B  Contractile activity of smooth muscle cells does not normally require Ca2+.

C  Ca2+ that activates contraction of smooth muscles can come from either the ECF or from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

D  A single smooth muscle cell may be innervated by both a sympathetic neuron and a parasympathetic neuron.

E  In the absence of any neural input, skeletal muscle cannot generate tension.

A  A single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates

B  A single muscle fiber plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it

C  A pair of antagonistic muscles

D  All of the muscles that affect the movement of any given joint

E  All of the motor neurons supplying a single muscle

A  Beta-endorphin

B  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

C  Glutamate

D  Dopamine

E  Norepinephrine

A  The postsynaptic cell will undergo an EPSP.

B  The postsynaptic cell will immediately undergo an action potential.

C  There will be no change to the membrane potential in the postsynaptic cell.

D  The postsynaptic cell will undergo an IPSP.

A  an action potential requires the opening of Ca2+ channels, whereas a graded potential does not.

B  action potentials vary in size with the size of a stimulus, while graded potentials do not.

C  an action potential is propagated without decrement, whereas a graded potential decrements with distance.

D  movement of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes mediate action potentials, while graded potentials do not involve movement of Na+ and K+.

E  an action potential has a threshold, whereas a graded potential is an all-or-none phenomenon.

A  agonist to the endogenous opioid receptors.

B  agonist to serotonin receptors.

C  agonist to glycine receptors.

D  agonist to epinephrine receptors.

E  Any of these are possible