Module 4 Exam

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Question #1

When divorce occurs in early childhood, children blame themselves. What about middle childhood? Children in middle childhood ____.

A also blame themselves

B are at a time in their development when they do not really care that their parents divorce

C understand that there are other reasons that their parents divorced that have nothing to do with them

D are so successful at adapting to changes that is has little effect upon them

Question #2

Victims of bullying are most often ____ children who are ____ and ____.

A neglected; low in self-esteem; high in social skills

B popular; high in self-esteem; high in social skills

C controversial; high in self-esteem; low social skills

D rejected-withdrawn; low in self-esteem; low in social skills

Question #3

The prevalence of bullying ____through middle childhood and ____ in early adolescence, then ____ substantially by late adolescence.

A declines; rises; declines

B rises; declines; rises

C rises; peaks; declines

D declines; plateaus; rises

Question #4

Your nephew is extremely intelligent. Your family jokes with him that he is a giant nerd not just because he is very intelligent, but because he also likes to learn and studies quite a bit. He has great social skills and enjoys the joking around. What would you guess about his popularity at school?

A Since he is “nerdish” he probably has very few, if any, friends.

B He is probably very popular since students really respect intelligence regardless of how good his social skills are.

C Since other students are jealous of his intelligence, he is probably not very popular.

D Intelligence enhances popularity in middle school for those with good social skills, so he probably is quite popular.

Question #5

Miriam is in 2nd grade. When her classmates are asked who she is they have difficulty remembering her and find it hard describing her. She is neither liked nor disliked by her classmates, but for the most part, goes unnoticed. From the four categories of social status, Miriam would fall into the category of ____.

A controversial

B rejected

C popular

D neglected

Question #6

Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones who were the most often “disliked” and rarely “liked”?

A neglected

B rejected

C controversial

D popular

Question #7

Age is a key determinant of ________, in that older children tend to have more authority than younger children.

A social with-it-ness

B social knowledge

C social construct

D social status

Question #8

Your 10-year-old daughter and her best friend just ended their nearly four-year-long friendship. Your daughter will not tell you why. Thinking about middle childhood from your development class, what is probably the reason?

A Her friend probably told her that she is moving to a new school.

B They probably just have different interests now.

C Her friend probably showed interest in a boy that your daughter likes.

D Her friend betrayed her trust.

Question #9

Salima is in 2nd grade, does well in school, plays youth soccer, attends a Catholic church, and gets along with others. Based upon selective association principles, Salima will most likely be friends with ____.

A Tom, who attends Salima’s church but is in a different class and plays youth football

B Heidi, who is in Salima’s class, plays on her soccer team, and attends the church

C Gary, who was in Salima’s first grade class, invited her to his birthday party, and does poorly in school.

D Barbara, who is friends with Salima’s older brother and lives in the same neighborhood

Question #10

Your brother just remarried a woman who has been divorced for a year. He is now the stepfather of three children ranging in ages from 2 to 7 years. He is trying to do his best and support his new wife with parenting duties and to show her children that he cares for them. He called last night and was very upset. He found a picture that his oldest stepchild drew and it did not include him. What would you tell him?

A Not to worry. This picture was probably drawn before he was part of the family

B You have no idea why his stepchild did this. The stepchild was probably confused.

C This is typical. There is quite a bit of disruption when a divorce occurs and children typically resent their stepfathers.

D The biological father probably told the children to draw pictures of the family with him omitted to purposefully hurt his feelings.

Question #11

Caleb’s parents are in the process of divorce. Every so often he will get into arguments with his mom where he in turn responds more harshly than he normally would because of the added stress. As an individual in middle childhood, Caleb does not understand what his mother is going through, but responds with greater resistance and more defiant behaviors. From both Caleb’s and his mother’s perspective their battle continues to escalate. Which of the following best describes the scenario?

A coercive cycle

B mitigating forces

C the Cold War phenomenon

D escalation effect

Question #12

Children who display impulsive or unruly behavior and experience high conflict with others are showing ____.

A internalizing problems

B externalizing problems

C incomplete dominance problems

D existential problems

Question #13

For middle childhood, overall self-esteem is ____ for most children, reflecting generally ____ emotional states.

A high; negative

B low; negative

C high; positive

D low; positive

Question #14

Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of a 10-year-old social comparison?

A “Johnny pushed me and then took my toy truck”

B “I’m good at spelling but there are three kids in my class who are better than me.”

C “I’m a fast runner and I like soccer.”

D “I’m really good at math.”

Question #15

What is the term that is used to describe how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities, or achievements?

A social rejection

B social template

C social relations

D social comparison

Question #16

You are impressed with the social development of your son, who is in middle childhood. The way that he describes his positive and less strong attributes is noticeably different than the way he discussed himself when he was in early childhood. What is a likely comment that your son would say at this time?

A I wish that I could play soccer all day long!

B I like my soccer ball.

C I really love playing soccer, but I have a little difficulty shooting

D My soccer team is 4 and 1for the season.

Question #17

You told your parents that your 8-year-old son really wants a particular video game for his birthday. When he opens their gift you realize that they must have forgotten because they gave him a new pair of sneakers instead. Based on what you know of emotional regulation in middle childhood, what is your son’s likely response?

A He reacts angrily and throws the gift down and runs to his room.

B He conceals his true feelings of disappointment because he does not want to hurt his grandparents’ feelings.

C He laughs and yells out, “You are kidding, right?”

D He begins to cry in disappointment, which makes your parents feel horrible.

Question #18

Your son, who is in middle childhood, made it to the next round of the annual spelling bee even though his best friend who studied with him did not. What is his likely response?

A He would probably not express much in the way of emotions, as children in middle childhood are not very emotionally mature or responsive.

B He would be enormously sad that his study partner did not make it to the next round and would not be able to find any joy in making it himself.

C He would be enormously happy that he made it. He worked hard to get to the next round.

D He would have mixed emotions. He would be happy that he made it, but also sad that his study partner did not.

Question #19

The overall conclusion of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) research with regard to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable ____.

A agitation and feelings of being tense

B depression and anxiety

C unhappiness and emotional instability

D contentment and emotional stability

Question #20

Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly ____ in the early years of life; by middle childhood the frequency of such emotions has ____.

A universal; grown exponentially

B frequent; declined substantially

C unusual; disappeared

D rare; increased substantially

Question #21

Assume that you have a friend who is bilingual and is contemplating whether or not to teach her child both English and Spanish. Based on the research, which of the following should be your response?

A “If you want your son to be bilingual it is recommended that you wait until he is at least 14 to teach the second language. The brain is further developed at a later age.”

B “If you teach your child both English and Spanish his teacher will become frustrated and take it out on his grades. It is generally not recommended.”

C “Most of the research for bilingualism is positive. Sometimes children have difficulty with syntax; however, it is better to learn a second language sooner than later.”

D “It is generally not recommended to teach bilingualism as it is too much for the child to handle. Their brains are just not ready for it.”

Question #22

For the most part, becoming bilingual is ____ to language development and learning a secondary language ____ with mastering the primary language.

A stifling; does not interfere

B detrimental; interferes

C favorable; does not interfere

D unfavorable; interferes

Question #23

Ms. Silman proposes that children learn how to read best when they are taught to examine the overall meaning of words, rather than breaking down each word into its smallest component. She encourages her students to guess at the meaning of words they do not know, based on the context of the word within the poem or story. Which of the following does Ms. Silman practice in her classroom?

A literacy-based rating

B a whole-language approach to reading

C sight words–based reading

D phonics-based reading

Question #24

Great inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Graham Bell all possess which of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

A logical–mathematical intelligence

B practical intelligence

C analytical intelligence

D creative intelligence

Question #25

Morris is an engineer. He has always been especially skilled at looking at a two-dimensional blueprint of a building and visualizing that image as it relates into a three-dimensional structure in the real world. According to Gardner, Morris possesses ____.

A spatial intelligence

B bodily–kinesthetic intelligence

C intrapersonal intelligence

D musical intelligence

Question #26

In Gardner’s view, only two types of intelligence are measured by traditional intelligence tests: ____.

A spatial and naturalistic

B interpersonal and intrapersonal

C musical and bodily–kinesthetic

D linguistic and logical–mathematical

Question #27

The Flynn effect, which is the raising of the median IQ score in Western countries in the course of the 20th century, is explained by ____.

A genetics

B evolution

C environment

D neurological development

Question #28

Every child has a genetically based ____ for intelligence, meaning a range of possible developmental paths.

A variance from the mean

B standard deviation

C reaction range

D heritability ratio

Question #29

In terms of intellectual development, one important conclusion from adoption and twin studies is that the more two people in a family are alike genetically, ____.

A the less correlated their IQ scores are

B the higher the correlation in their IQ scores

C the greater the likelihood that there will be children with very low IQ scores in the family

D the greater the diversity in subskills on an intelligence test

Question #30

IQ scores for a population-based sample usually fall into a ____ or ____ curve, in which most people fall near the middle and the proportions decrease at the low and high extremes.

A camelback; double hill

B inverted-U; inverted-V

C variance from the mean; absolute value

D normal distribution; bell

Question #31

Another reason that memory improves from early childhood to middle childhood is that children’s ____.

A families help them remember

B brains get bigger

C knowledge base gets larger

D strategies become more elaborate and purposeful

Question #32

Your daughter borrowed $4.73 from you while you were shopping so she could purchase a doll that she didn’t have enough money for. When you get home, you tell your daughter how much she owes you so that she can pay you back. She keeps repeating 4, 7, 3 over and over as she walks to her room to get the money. What memory strategy is she using?

A rehearsal

B repetition

C organization

D elaboration

Question #33

You are talking to your mother and she is telling you about a neighbor who has a daughter with ADHD. She tells you that the neighbor is extremely upset because her daughter’s pediatrician has suggested medication to treat her ADHD. She thinks that is very unusual and thinks that there might be something else wrong with her daughter that the pediatrician is not telling her. What would you tell your mother to tell the neighbor?

A That the neighbor is correct, there must be something else going on too. Medication is not the treatment of choice in the United States.

B It is very common in the United States for physicians to misdiagnose ADHD.

C It is very common in the United States to treat ADHD with medication. About 90% of children with ADHD receive medication.

D That the neighbor is correct, the treatment of choice in the United States is relaxation therapy.

Question #34

How are the brains of children who have ADHD different than the brains of children who do not have ADHD? The brains of children with ADHD ____.

A have neurofibulary tangling and plaques

B are slightly smaller and grow more slowly

C have a right hemisphere that is noticeably larger than the left hemisphere

D have a larger corpus collosum

Question #35

Your neighbor is a 36-year-old male who has struggled with ADHD his entire life. His wife is pregnant and ultrasound has determined that they are going to have a boy. He is very concerned that his son might have ADHD too. What would you tell him?

A He does not need to worry, ADHD skips a generation.

B He is probably correct to worry, there is a genetic link for ADHD and boys are more likely to have it.

C Since his wife does not have ADHD the baby probably will not either.

D He should worry, almost all children have ADHD today.

Question #36

Children with especially notable difficulties in maintaining attention may be diagnosed with ____, which includes problems of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.

A attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

B attention deficit disorder (ADD)

C attention hypertensive disorder (AHD)

D attention displacement disorder (ADD)

Question #37

Your sister-in-law is amazed at her 9-year-old son. She can remember when her son was not able to sit and listen to a story for very long and now he is able to listen intently and remember the story in very good detail. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities that assist with his newly developed abilities?

A motivation and diligence

B decentering and critical processing

C visual scanning and search routines

D attention and memory

Question #38

If Julia is taller than Anna and Anna is taller than Lynn, then Julia must be taller than Lynn. According to Piaget, what concept does this question illustrate?

A parallelism

B seriation

C conservation

D transitive inference

Question #39

Piaget’s cognitive task where individuals can take more than one aspect of a problem into account is ____.

A egocentrism

B decentering

C animism

D reversibility

Question #40

Ashton is shown two round balls of clay equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape and asks which of the shapes has more clay. If Ashton is in Piaget’s preoperational stage he will reply, ____.

A “I can’t tell”

B “they are both the same”

C “the long one”

D “the ball”

Question #41

Your brother was an All-American baseball shortstop. His 8-year-old son is not nearly as good at catching a baseball as your brother would like. He was hoping that your nephew would also be interested in and good at baseball. Although you think that your brother should support his son’s interests rather than have your nephew pursue what your brother wants him to do, what can you tell your brother about his son’s athletic abilities?

A Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while, he should be patient.

B His son’s chance of being a great baseball player are doomed. Your nephew’s fine motor skills seem to be abnormal.

C His son is probably not going to be athletic. He is too clumsy.

D Perhaps your brother should enroll his son in gymnastics to help him improve his coordination.

Question #42

Your roommate believes that overweight children are happy children. What is the truth about this myth?

A Obese children, not overweight children, are the happiest children in most cultures.

B Although overweight children tend to be happier compared to their peers, this is only true in adolescence, not earlier in childhood.

C Overweight children are at risk for a variety of emotional and behavior problems.

D Not only are they the happiest, they have the most friends.

Question #43

In the U.S., rates of overweight and obesity are higher in ____.

A White American families

B ethnic minority groups

C high income families

D first-generation families

Question #44

Internationally, children ages 6 to 10 are considered to be ____ if their BMI exceeds 18 and ____ if their BMI exceeds 21.

A overweight; obese

B underweight; emaciated

C emaciated; underweight

D obese; overweight

Question #45

Myopia is more likely to occur in _____ as it is positively correlated with _____.

A developed countries; hunting, farming, and gathering

B developed countries; reading, writing, and using computers

C developing countries; hunting, farming, and gathering

D developing countries; reading, writing, and using computers

Question #46

In the story presented in the textbook regarding a little boy and his father who were in a terrible automobile accident, the father died, but the boy was rushed to the hospital. As the boy was rushed into surgery, the doctor looked down at him and said, “I cannot operate on this boy, he is my son!” Many people find this story puzzling because they assume the doctor is male. This story represents what concept?

A gender identity

B gender roles

C gender schemas

D gender constancy

Question #47

As soon as Grant started to play patty-cake with his classmate Emma, he was teased and ridiculed by the boys in the class. Grant quickly learned that patty-cake is a form of play that is reserved for girls and not boys. Grant’s process of learning the roles of “maleness” and “femaleness” is ____.

A gender socialization

B a biological construct

C a sex schema

D sexual-social identity

Question #48

Your nephew has always had a difficult personality. He is now in early childhood and is very aggressive in most things that he does. Your sister is very concerned and asked you what your thoughts are. You tell her that ____.

A she should be concerned; aggressive behavior in early childhood is a predictor of aggression in adolescence and adulthood

B she should not be concerned; most children in early childhood go through this phase and will eventually stop being aggressive

C as it turns out, very aggressive children during early childhood perform at superior levels in school

D she should be concerned, but there is nothing that she can do

Question #49

What type of aggression involves damaging another person’s reputation among peers through exclusion and malicious gossip?

A verbal aggression

B instrumental aggression

C hostile aggression

D relational aggression

Question #50

____ involves using aggressive behaviors to get an item that is wanted, whereas ____ is aggressive behavior that is intended to inflict pain or harm to another person.

A Relational aggression; physical aggression

B Instrumental aggression; hostile aggression

C Physical aggression; relational aggression

D Hostile aggression; instrumental aggression

Question #51

Numerous studies have determined that girls play in what ways in their play groups? They engage in ____.

A competitive play in which there are clear “winners”

B watching television and engaging in aggressive acting

C rough and tumble, high activity, and aggressive play

D quiet play, role playing, fantasy, and cooperative play

Question #52

Numerous studies have determined that boys play in what ways in their play groups? They engage in ____.

A watching television and acting out the roles they are watching

B rough and tumble, high activity, and aggressive play

C very introspective play with considerable role playing

D quiet play with many individuals cooperatively playing

Question #53

There are interesting cultural differences in the use of physical punishment during early childhood. For African American children, the more physical punishment they received during early childhood the ____.

A the less likely that these children would graduate from high school

B less likely they would be aggressive and antisocial in adolescence

C greater the likelihood that they would be aggressive and antisocial in adolescence

D the more likely they would be depressed and psychologically damaged as adults

Question #54

_____ is a parental practice in which shame and the withdrawal of love are used to control the behaviors of children.

A Psychological control

B Corporal punishment

C Authoritative parenting style

D An insecure attachment

Question #55

Filial piety ____.

A parents show a hands-off approach that is characteristic of low demandingness and low responsiveness

B is a cultural mandate that requires all parents to express high responsiveness and high demandingness to their children

C is common in Asian cultures where children are expected to respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life

D is an emphasis of love, closeness, and mutual obligation within the Latino family

Question #56

The relationship between parents and children tends to be complex, and parenting style alone is not the end-all and be-all of answers. It is known that parents have a significant effect on their children, but children also have an effect on their parents; this relationship between parent and child is also known as ____.

A one-way or unilateral relationship

B exponential or quadrupling relationship

C hypothetical or theoretical relationship

D reciprocal or bidirectional relationship

Question #57

What parenting style is associated with the most favorable outcomes for children?

A permissive

B authoritative

C disengaged

D authoritarian

Question #58

Permissive parenting style is characteristic of ____.

A low demandingness and high responsiveness.

B low demandingness and low responsiveness.

C high demandingness and high responsiveness.

D high demandingness and low responsiveness.

Question #59

A drill sergeant who expects his or her subordinates to follow commands without questioning their authority is more similar to which of the following parenting styles?

A disengaged

B authoritative

C authoritarian

D permissive

Question #60

Coach Paige has clear guidelines and rules for his players. He wants them to try their hardest to give 100% all the time. But, Coach Paige also cares for his players and tends to understand each player’s individual needs. Which of the following best describes Coach Paige’s coaching style?

A authoritative

B disengaged

C authoritarian

D permissive

Question #61

Demandingness is also known as ____, and responsiveness is also known as ____.

A limitations; empathy

B empathy; limitations

C warmth; control

D control; warmth

Question #62

When boys insist on doing things that are “boy’s things” and avoid doing things that “girls do,” what is happening?

A gender constancy

B gender socialization

C self-socialization

D gender roles

Question #63

Your brother has a daughter in early childhood who has an excessive degree of self-regulation. He is not quite sure if he should be happy, since she very rarely has any difficulties, or if he should be concerned. What would you tell him?

A He should be glad; a friend of yours has a child who has absolutely no self-regulation and that child is very hard to control.

B He should not be concerned; she will lighten up on her own soon.

C He should be concerned in that overcontrol is associated with depression and anxiety when she gets older.

D He has nothing to be concerned about. Overcontrol is associated with extraordinary academic success.

Question #64

Children who have problems of undercontrol of their emotions are at risk for ____.

A aggression and conflict in early childhood and beyond

B ulcers and other physical problems

C not likely to have serious relationships as adults

D not realizing their academic potential

Question #65

Phrases like “please,” “thank you,” and “bye-bye” are examples of ____.

A the grammatical quality of language

B the pragmatic quality of language

C how prosody varies within language

D the morphemic quality of language

Question #66

Which of the following best describes the concept of a sensitive period for language learning?

A a time period in which children must be exposed to spoken language in order to learn it

B a time period in which the capacity for learning new words is especially pronounced

C a time period in which the learning of language must occur or it never will

D a time period in which the rules of language are best learned

Question #67

The broad consensus among early childhood scholars is that preschool teaching should be based on ____.

A an instructional method that is as formal as the children understand

B the Socratic method

C Piaget’s model of readiness, as strictly as possible

D developmentally appropriate educational practice

Question #68

Which of the following are cited by the author as factors that contribute to the quality of preschool?

A child temperament, the parenting style of the children’s home environment, physical facilities, and emotional reactivity of caregivers

B age-appropriate materials and activities, parenting styles of caregivers, temperament and reactivity of the children, and teacher–child interactions

C parenting style of the caregivers, quality of educational material, temperament and reactivity of the children, and class size and teacher–child ratio

D education and training of teachers, class size and child–teacher ratio, age-appropriate materials and activities, and teacher–child interactions

Question #69

Which of the following theorists proposed that children learn not through their individual interactions with the environment but through social process of guided by participation?

A Lev Vygotsky

B Jean Piaget

C Carl Rogers

D Sigmund Freud

Question #70

What is one of the criticisms that other cognitive theorists and researchers have regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage?

A Piaget did not really like children.

B Piaget overestimated children’s capabilities.

C Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities.