Exam 5

A  trophoblast

B  polyspermal

C  fertilization

D  polyspermy

A  It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth.

B  It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth and forms a blastula.

C  It is a rather slow event of embryonic development.

D  It is a rather slow event of embryonic development involving consecutive cycles of cell division.

E  It forms a blastula.

A  blastopore

B  fertilization.

C  hypoblast

D  epiblast

A    

B  develop into both muscle and epithelial tissue.

C  develop into connective tissue.

D  develop into epithelial tissue.

E  not develop if transplanted.

F  develop into muscle tissue.

A  hydrolytic enzymes are spilled from the acrosome

B  the binding of a sperm cell to the egg

C  a slow block to polyspermy

D  a fast block to polyspermy

E  a fusion of the egg and sperm membranes

A  fast block polyspermy.

B  the embryo to embed into the uterus.

C  the sperm to bind to the egg membrane.

D  egg membrane depolarization.

E  the zona pellucida or vitelline layer to harden.

A  to digest the jelly coat

B  to help propel the sperm toward the egg

C  to trigger the release of cortical granules

D  to trigger the release of cortical granules and to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell

E  to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell and to nourish the oocyte

F  to nourish the oocyte

A  slow

B  moderate

C  constant

D  fast

A  induction

B  gastrulation

C  cleavage

D  fertilization

E  specification

A  The blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole.

B  The posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole.

C  The vegetal pole can have a higher concentration of yolk.

D  The animal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis.

E  The polar bodies bud from this region

A  to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell

B  to digest the jelly coat

C  to trigger the release of cortical granules

D  to help propel the sperm toward the egg

E  to nourish the mitochondria of the sperm

A  is produced as a gradient & induces the differentiation of cells within the embryo.

B  is produced as a gradient & is required for cell-to-cell contact within the embryo.

C  induces blastulation of the developing embryo.

D  that separates out cytoplasmic factors to their respective cells within the developing embryo.

E  induces implantation of the embryo into the uterus of mammals.

A  blastocoel

B  primitive streak

C  blastopore

D  archenteron

E  point of sperm entry

A  the cortical reaction

B  the acrosomal reaction

C  the entry of sperm DNA into the egg

D  fast block to polyspermy

E  the slow block to polyspermy

A  IV, III, V, I, II

B  IV, V, I, III, II

C  V, III, IV, II, I

D  III, V, II, IV, I

E  V, IV, II, III, I

A  the cortical reaction

B  the acrosomal reaction

C  both the cortical reaction and fast block to polyspermy

D  both the acrosomal and cortical reactions

E  the fast block to polyspermy

A  neural crest cells in a mammal.

B  the lip of the blastopore in the frog.

C  polar bodies in a sea urchin.

D  the archenteron in a frog.

E  the notochord in a mammal.

A  heart and lungs

B  the blastocoel

C  reproductive organs

D  digestive tract

E  brain and spinal cord

A  induction

B  specification

C  cleavage

D  fertilization

E  gastrulation

A  chorion

B  trophoblast

C  allantois

D  amnion

E  yolk sac

A  control the segmentation of somatic mesoderm.

B  differentiate into the brain.

C  form the overlying ectoderm.

D  migrate to many different regions of the body.

E  form the notochord.

A  blastopore

B  protostome

C  acrosome

D  chromosome

A  cell division and differentiation.

B  differentiation and morphogenesis.

C    

D  preformation and epigenesis.

E  preformation and morphogenesis.

F  preformation and cell differentiation.

A  frog.

B  reptile.

C  placental mammal.

D  bird.

E  fish.

A  acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm to egg membrane, slow block to polyspermy, and then an increase in egg cytosolic calcium

B  binding of sperm to egg membrane, acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy

C  acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm to egg membrane, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy

D  acrosomal reaction, binding of sperm to egg membrane, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy

E  binding of sperm to egg membrane, acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, slow block to polyspermy, and then an increase in egg cytosolic calcium

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Epidermis

B  Neural tube

C  Archenteron

D  Intestinal tract

E  Notochord

A  Epidermis

B  Archenteron

C  Chorion

D  Notochord

A  The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant.

B  Discovery of a group of embryonic cells in the dorsal lip that ultimately produce specific body structures. The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant. Identification of a morphogenic field in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of an early gastrula. Discovery of Spemann’s organizer.

C  Discovery of Spemann’s organizer.

D  Discovery of a group of embryonic cells in the dorsal lip that ultimately produce specific body structures.

E  Identification of a morphogenic field in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of an early gastrula. The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant.

A  HOX genes

B  cadherins

C  apical ectodermal ridge

D  zone of polarizing activity

E  Sonic hedgehog

A  Organogenesis

B  Neurulation

C  Fertilization

D  Gastrulation

E  Cleavage

A  nucleus.

B  extracellular matrix.

C  cytoskeleton.

D  transport proteins.

A  insect

B  amphibian

C  bird

D  sea urchin

E  fish

A  preformation.

B  histogenesis.

C  cell differentiation.

D  morphogenesis.

E  fertilization.

A  organogenesis.

B  fertilization.

C  gastrulation.

D  polar cap fusion.

E  autonomous specification.

A  preformation.

B  gastrulation

C  histogenesis.

D  hypoblast

A  proceeds by invagination and involution as cells roll over the dorsal lip of the blastopore.

B  occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk.

C  produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere.

D  occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere.

E  is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the egg.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  cell replication.

B  cell growth.

C  cell elasticity.

D  None of the choices are correct.

E  cell differentiation.

A  neurulation.

B  organogenesis.

C  cleavage.

D  gastrulation.

E  fertilization.

A  It determines hereditable disorders in the embryo.

B  It maps the genes of an embryo.

C  It assesses the quality of a developing embryo.

D  It determines the ultimate structure/function of a particular cell type during embryonic development.

E  It maps the proteins within a morphogenic field.

A  Acrosome

B  blastopore

A  blastocoel.

B  trophoblast.

C  blastopore

D  archenteron.

E  endometrium.

A  nuclei in a zygote.

B  nuclei in an early embryo.

C  nuclei in an egg.

D  cytoplasmic determinants in an early embryo.

E  cytoplasmic determinants in a zygote.

A  impedes the formation of a primitive streak.

B  prevents gastrulation.

C  is concentrated at the animal pole.

D  is homogeneously arranged in the egg.

E  can lead to unequal cleavage of cells in the animal pole compared to those in the vegetal pole.

A  cells that will form future pigment cells and certain facial bones.

B  the neural crest.

C  the central nervous system.

D  the archenteron.

E  somites.

A  fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis, neurulation

B  fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, neurulation

C  fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis

D  fertilization, gastrulation, neurulation, cleavage, organogenesis

E  fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, neurulation, organogenesis

A  Both cells will develop normally because amphibians are totipotent at this stage.

B  Both cells will develop abnormally.

C  Only the cell with the gray crescent will develop normally.

D  Both cells will die immediately.

E  The cell with the entire gray crescent will die.