Module 3A_3B Exam

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Question #1

Andrew works for NASA and gets paid once a month, whereas his friend George works at a fast food restaurant and gets paid once a week. Despite the difference in when they are paid, both are paid on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

A variable-interval

B fixed-interval

C variable-ratio

D fixed-ratio

Question #2

Studies found that adolescents who watched a great deal of television programs with a high level of sexual content:

A were twice as likely to become sexually active in the next year than adolescents who watched the least amount of sexually oriented television programming.

B were more likely to drop out of school than adolescents who watched the least amount of sexually oriented television programming.

C were more aggressive than adolescents who did not watch television programs with sexual content.

D were more likely to be arrested as adults for domestic violence.

Question #3

Your car makes an annoying sound until you fasten your seatbelt. In operant conditioning terms, what type of learning has occurred?

A negative reinforcement

B negative punishment

C positive punishment

D positive reinforcement

Question #4

Ever since she ate too many shrimp at the all you can eat buffet and vomited all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseous at the sight of shrimp. In this example the conditioned response is ________.

A the sight of shrimp

B her boyfriend

C nausea

D the sight of the all you can eat buffet

Question #5

Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior’s being repeated, and positive punishment _____ the likelihood of a behavior’s being repeated.

A decreases; increases

B increases; decreases

C decreases; decreases

D increases; increases

Question #6

What schedule of reinforcement is being used: You earn a paycheck every two weeks.

A variable-ratio

B fixed-interval

C variable-interval

D fixed-ratio

Question #7

After going way over your allotted cell phone minutes, your parents take away your cell phone. In operant conditioning terms, what type of learning has occurred?

A positive punishment

B positive reinforcement

C negative reinforcement

D negative punishment

Question #8

To keep from getting mosquito bites when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before he starts mowing. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

A negative reinforcement

B negative punishment

C positive punishment

D positive reinforcement

Question #9

What phenomenon was Pavlov studying when he began his studies on the phenomenon that eventually became known as classical conditioning?

A the use of food rewards in training dogs

B the role of hormones in exploratory behavior

C the role of saliva in digestion

D reflexive responses to sound, such as ringing bells

Question #10

In a room full of toys, a 2-year old boy will most likely to be drawn to:

A neither

B He would be attracted to both toys equally.

C trucks

D barbie dolls

Question #11

Once you condition a rabbit to blink in response to a tone, a tone that is slightly higher or lower in pitch may also make the rabbit blink. This phenomenon is called:

A spontaneous recovery.

B stimulus discrimination.

C stimulus generalization.

D backward conditioning.

Question #12

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

A punishment

B taste aversion

C learned helplessness

D negative reinforcement

Question #13

Susan constantly bites her nails. In her sleep her husband rubs garlic on them. Susan stops biting her nails. In operant conditioning terms, what type of learning has occurred?

A negative punishment

B negative reinforcement

C positive punishment

D positive reinforcement

Question #14

Dr. McCall is conducting another experiment. In group 1, she stops playing an irritating noise if the kids clean up their room. In group 2, there is no irritating noise before or after kids clean their room. Her results show that kids in Group 1 clean their room more often. Which type of reinforcement is being used in group 1 this time?

A punishment

B positive reinforcement

C negative reinforcement

D partial reinforcement

Question #15

What type of learning breaks the 3 rules of classical conditioning (novelty, contiguity and contingency)?

A sweating in response to warm temperature

B salivating at the sound of a bell.

C blinking at a puff of air

D becoming nauseous at the sight of food that has made you sick.

Question #16

Whenever your dog scratches at the back door you immediately get up and open the door to remove the irritating scratching sound. In operant conditioning terms, what type of learning has occurred for your DOG?

A positive punishment

B positive reinforcement

C negative reinforcement

D negative punishment

Question #17

Johnny’s little brother follows him around, copies his way of walking, dressing, talking, etc . This type of learning is called:

A Partial Reinforcement Effect

B observational learning

C operant conditioning

D classical conditioning

Question #18

Steven Spielberg’s classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark’s appearance, spooky music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

A Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

B Conditioned stimulus (CS)

C Conditioned response (CR)

D Unconditioned response (UCR)

Question #19

What schedule of reinforcement is being used: Jimmy always asks his mom if he can stay up late. Sometimes she says “yes” and sometimes she says “no.” (Bad idea by the way–be consistent).

A variable-interval

B fixed-ratio

C variable-ratio

D fixed-interval

Question #20

Caleb had a wonderful time on his first date with Shauna. Because of this, he asked Shauna to go out on a second date. What best explains Caleb’s behavior of asking Shauna for another date?

A latent learning

B spontaneous recovery

C the law of effect

D response generalization

Question #21

According to the American Psychological Association and other public health organizations, more than a thousand research studies suggest that children who see a lot of violence in the media:

A are less likely to finish high school.

B are less aggressive in daily life because watching violent television and movies serves as an “outlet” for aggressive impulses.

C are not affected by it, unless they have a family history of psychological disorders.

D are more likely to view violence as an effective and acceptable way of settling conflicts.

Question #22

A positive punishment

B positive reinforcement

C negative punishment

D negative reinforcement

Question #23

In classical conditioning a person or animal is trained to associate ____________, while in operant conditioning a person or animal is trained to pair _____________.

A a stimuli and a response; two consequences

B two stimuli; a response and a consequence

C two responses; two stimuli

D two stimuli; two responses

Question #24

To keep from getting sunburned when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with sunscreen before he starts mowing. The sunblock works and he avoids getting sunburned. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

A positive punishment

B negative reinforcement

C negative punishment

D positive reinforcement

Question #25

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:

A spontaneous recovery.

B stimulus discrimination.

C stimulus generalization.

D extinction

Question #26

Watson used a little white rat to condition Baby Albert. The use of the white rat follows the rule of:

A novelty

B contingency

C contiguity

D forward conditioning

Question #27

John B. Watson believed that psychology should study:

A consciouness

B physiological responses

C conditioned stimuli

D observable behaviors.

Question #28

Whenever Jan tries to talk on the telephone, her 5-year-old daughter Isabel repeatedly interrupts her. If Jan wanted to use the strategy of reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior, she would:

A tell her friend that she would call her back and immediately attend to whatever it was that Isabel wanted.

B send Isabel to a corner every time she interrupted her while she is on the phone.

C ignore Isabel’s attempts to talk to her while she is on the phone.

D reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call.

Question #29

Albert Bandura’s famous Bobo Doll experiment showed that:

A children are likely to imitate a behavior they see on TV.

B children will only copy the behaviors of an adult.

C children are unlikely to imitate a behavior they see on TV.

D children do not like Bobo dolls.

Question #30

What schedule of reinforcement is being used: Your dog receives a treat every 4 hours.

A fixed-ratio

B variable-interval

C fixed-interval

D variable-ratio

Question #31

Which of the following would be considered a secondary reinforcer?

A cell phone

B sleep

C sex

D food

Question #32

Ivan Pavlov was:

A a Russian physiologist

B an American psychologist

C a German physicist

D a Russian psychologist

Question #33

Sarah is having trouble passing her statistics course. No matter how hard she studies she cannot seem to pass a test. Eventually, Sara gives up and stops studying or even coming to class. Sara’s behavior can be explained as an example of:

A biological preparedness

B classical conditioning

C learned helplessness

D the partial reinforcement effect

Question #34

Prior to conditioning, a dog does not salivate to the sound of a ringing bell. At this point, the ringing bell is:

A an unconditioned stimulus.

B a neutral response

C a neutral stimulus.

D an unconditioned response.

Question #35

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called:

A extinction

B the law of effect

C partial reinforcement

D shaping

Question #36

Punishment is most effective if:

A it occasionally follows the behavior.

B it consistently follows the behavior.

C there is considerable delay between the behavior and the punishment

D it immediately precedes the behavior.

Question #37

Watson conditioned baby Albert to be fearful of a little white rat by repeatedly presenting a white rat followed by a loud noise. Match each component of the experiment with the appropriate terminology. CR

A crying to loud noise

B crysing to white rat

C White Rat

D Loud Noise

Question #38

A Loud Noise

B crysing to white rat

C White Rat

D crying to loud noise

Question #39

A crying to loud noise

B Loud Noise

C White Rat

D crysing to white rat

Question #40

A crysing to white rat

B White Rat

C crying to loud noise

D Loud Noise

Question #41

What schedule of reinforcement is being used:
Your dog receives a treat every time they do a trick.

A fixed-interval

B fixed-ratio

C variable-interval

D variable-ratio

Question #42

What schedule of reinforcement is being used:
A slot machine pays off after a variable number of attempts.

A variable-ratio

B fixed-interval

C fixed-ratio

D variable-interval

Question #43

Ever since she ate too many shrimp at the all you can eat buffet and vomited all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseous at the sight of shrimp. In this example the conditioned stimulus is ________.

A nausea

B the sight of shrimp

C the sight of the all you can eat buffet

D her boyfriend

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