Exam 2

A  multipopulations, multi-populations, multipopulation, or multi-population

B  metapopulations, meta-populations, metapopulation, or meta-population

A  the end of the Cenozoic era

B  the end of the Mesozoic era

C  the end of the Paleozoic era

D  the middle of the “Precambrian” time

E  the beginning of the Paleozoic era

A  throughout the Mesozoic era.

B  throughout the Paleozoic era.

C  at the end of the Mesozoic era

D  during the beginning of Earth’s history, at the start of the Hadeon eon.

E  at the end of the Paleozoic era

A  Emigration exceeds immigration and the birth rate equals the death rate.

B  The birth rate and the death rate are equal.

C  The birth rate exceeds the death rate and immigration exceeds emigration.

D  The death rate equals the birth rate and immigration is equal to emigration.

E  The carrying capacity is exceeded.

A  60north, 60, 60 south, 60 north and south, 60N, sixty, 60N/S, 60 S, 60 north, or 60northandsouth

B  30north, 30, 30 south, 30 north and south, 30N, thirty, 30N/S, 30 S, 30 north, or 30northandsouth

C  20north, 20, 20 south, 20 north and south, 20N, twenty, 20N/S, 20 S, 20 north, or 20northandsouth

A  flood

B  algal blooms

C  decline in limiting nutrient levels

D  coral bleaching

E  zooplankton blooms

A  There is a high degree of overlap in prey preference between the carnivores in this community.

B  One of the carnivore species in this community will eventually competitively exclude the others.

C  The realized and the fundamental niches are the same for all of the carnivore species in this community.

D  The differences in skull morphology are due to character displacement.

E  The carnivores in this community all occupy the same realized niche.

A  Cenozoic era

B  Mesozoic era

C  Paleozoic era

D  Proterozoic eon

A  Proterozoic eon

B  Mesozoic era

C  Cenozoic era

D  Paleozoic era

A  Paleozoic era

B  Proterozoic eon

C  Cenozoic era

D  Mesozoic era

A  10,000J

B  90,000J

C  900J

D  1,000J

E  9,000J

F  100J

A  The origin of life

B  The Cambrian Explosion

C  The evolution of photosynthesis

D  The origin of multicellularity

E  The formation of Earth’s oceans

A  similar

B  dependent

C  relevant

D  independent

A  Ectoparasite

B  Mutualist

C  Endoparasite

D  Commensalist

E  Predator

A  photosynthesis

B  decomposition

C  respiration

D  combustion

A  agricultural practices

B  wood burning

C  land management

D  fossil fuel use

A  high rate of

B  exponential

C  differential

A  Technological advances unforeseen at that time increased the carrying capacity to a greater extent and faster than predicted.

B  Dramatic reductions in fertility rates ended population growth before the crisis point was reached.

C  The prediction was wrong; human populations can grow indefinitely.

D  The two world wars and the AIDS crisis caused such massive mortality that the human population has stabilized.

E  Humans continue to find ways to enhance environmental quality, thus enabling more people to be supported.

A  that they would have high survivorship.

B  that they would require a large amount of parental care.

C  that they would likely be small in size.

D  that they would likely be large in size.

A  The latitudes tilted towards the Sun are able to support the highest amount of biodiversity.

B  The pattern of movement in the Ferrel cells drives the increased levels of biodiversity.

C  The equator receives the highest concentration of light per unit area.

D  The polar regions receive more light than the other latitudes due to the curvature of the globe.

A  parasitism, commensalism

B  commensalism, mutualism

C  commensalism, parasitism

D  predation, commensalism

A  nitrogen fixation

B  eutrophication

C  leaching

D  denitrification

A  autotrophs

B  detritivores

C  herbivores

D  heterotrophs

A  intense heat in the summer months

B  salinity levels of drinking water

C  territory marking behavior with urine and parasitic worms in the digestive tract

D  parasitic worms in the digestive tract and salinity levels of drinking water

E  territory marking behavior with urine

A  competition for resources

B  decreased death rate

C  removal of predators

D  favorable climatic conditions

A  One with uniformly spaced vegetation

B  One where the keystone species has been removed

C  One with relatively high species richness

D  One with very high species diversity

E  One that lacks decomposers

F  One with relatively low species richness

A  dominant

B  pelagic

C  clump, clumped

D  unity

A  Because it is not in the Indian Ocean, its natural environment, C. taxifolia will not be able to grow efficiently.

B  Without natural herbivores or competitors, C. taxifolia will grow rapidly and crowd out native species of producers.

C  C. taxifolia will have a hard time establishing itself because it will have to compete against native species of sea grasses, which are better adapted to the environment.

D  C. taxifolia will grow rapidly, leading to an increase in diversity of producers.

A  aphotic

B  gravity

C  Coriolis, coroilis, coreolis, corialis, corilis, corioles, coriolus, or corolis

A  Pioneer

B  r-selected

C  Dominant

D  K-selected

E  Keystone

A  denitrification

B  eutrophication

C  bioremediation

D  nitrification

A  Aphotic

B  Intertidal

C  Littoral

D  Pelagic

A  Littoral

B  Aphotic

C  Pelagic

D  Intertidal

A  Littoral

B  Intertidal

C  Aphotic

D  Pelagic

A  Littoral

B  Pelagic

C  Aphotic

D  Intertidal

A  Type III

B  Type IV

C  Type I

D  Type II

A  competition between two species always causes extinction of one species

B  two species will stop reproducing until one species leaves the habitat

C  species will work together to exclude invaders

D  only the strong survive

E  two species cannot share the same niche in a habitat

A  energy invested in any offspring

B  energy consumers invest in finding prey

C  energy invested in finding a mate

D  energy stored in new biomass of producers

A  The cool, dry Pacific air heats up and picks up moisture from evaporation of the snowcapped peaks of the mountain range, releasing this moisture as precipitation when the air cools while descending on the leeward side of the range.

B  The cool, moist Pacific air heats up as it rises, releasing its precipitation as it passes the tops of the mountains. This warm, now dry air cools as it descends on the leeward side of the range.

C  These air masses are blocked by the mountain ranges, producing high annual amounts of precipitation on the windward sides of these mountain ranges.

D  The warm, moist Pacific air rises and cools, releasing precipitation as it moves up the windward side of the range. This cool, now dry air mass heats up as it descends on the leeward side of the range.

A  Top carnivores are too few in number to prey effectively.

B  Energy is lost from each trophic level.

C  Trophic levels above this number contain too many individuals.

D  The ecosystem contains too much biomass.

E  Most carnivores function at more than one trophic level.

A  upwelling

B  turnover or seasonal turnover

C  precipitation

A  estuary, estuaries

B  ecosystem ecology

C  marine biome

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  First, its birth rate will decrease, followed by its death rate.

B  Its birth and death rates will decrease simultaneously.

C  Its growth rate will first fall, but later recover.

D  Its age structure will change, but its growth rate will remain unchanged.

E  First, its death rate will decrease, followed by its birth rate.

A  interspecific competition

B  a predator-prey relationship

C  intraspecific competition

D  a hybridization of species

E  a mutualistic symbiotic relationship

A  Mass extinction is the term used when 25% of the species present are wiped out.

B  There have been 5 or 6 documented background extinction events in the current eon.

C  Background extinction can result from particularly strong competition or predation.

D  The largest mass extinction event is considered the end-Cretaceous extinction.

A  community ecology

B  none of these options considers abiotic factors

C  ecosystem ecology

D  organismal ecology

E  population ecology

A  contains the highest amount of biodiversity per unit area

B  cointains permafrost in the soil impacting plant life

C  the largest terrestrial biome

D  warm all year round with extended drought periods

E  the plant life here goes dormant, dropping leaves, during winter

A  warm all year round with extended drought periods

B  the plant life here goes dormant, dropping leaves, during winter

C  cointains permafrost in the soil impacting plant life

D  the largest terrestrial biome

E  contains the highest amount of biodiversity per unit area

A  cointains permafrost in the soil impacting plant life

B  the largest terrestrial biome

C  the plant life here goes dormant, dropping leaves, during winter

D  warm all year round with extended drought periods

E  contains the highest amount of biodiversity per unit area

A  the largest terrestrial biome

B  cointains permafrost in the soil impacting plant life

C  the plant life here goes dormant, dropping leaves, during winter

D  contains the highest amount of biodiversity per unit area

E  warm all year round with extended drought periods

A  Oak trees, which produce many offspring and mature late

B  Dandelions, which disperse small seeds long distances on wind currents

C  Jellyfish, which produce many offspring that do not receive parental care

A  secondary succession

B  resiliency

C  demography

D  primary succession

A  Precipitation

B  Depth

C  Correct. Precipitation is a key abiotic factor influencing the distribution of biomes.

D  Soil pH

E  Volcanic activity

A  cryptic coloration

B  warning coloration

C  mechanical defence

A  warning coloration

B  cryptic coloration

C  mechanical defence

A  mechanical defence

B  cryptic coloration

C  warning coloration

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  36

B  33

C  30

A  0.06

B  .06

C  -0.06

A  phytoplankton

B  eel

C  shark

D  shrimp

E  tuna

A  phytoplankton

B  shrimp

C  eel

D  tuna

E  shark

A  Energy is converted to dissipated heat from cellular respiration reactions.

B  Biomass is not consumed.

C  Energy returns to the lower trophic level.

D  Energy lost in undigested feces and energy returns to the lower trophic level.

E  Energy is converted to dissipated heat from cellular respiration reactions.
Energy lost in undigested feces.
Biomass is not consumed.

A  The fundamental and realized niches of the small bluegills are different.
The fundamental and realized niches of the medium bluegills are different.
The fundamental and realized niches of the large bluegills are the same.
The three sizes of bluegills all have the same fundamental niche as each other.

B  The fundamental and realized niches of the small bluegills are the same.

C  The fundamental niche of the medium bluegills has decreased in the presence of predators.
The fundamental niche of the large bluegills has decreased in the presence of predators.

D  The fundamental niche of the small bluegills has decreased in the presence of predators.

E  The fundamental and realized niches of the small bluegills are different.

F  The fundamental and realized niches of the large bluegills are different.