Quiz 4 – Chapter 7 and 8

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Question #1

Apartheid is a specific example of what system of social stratification?

A caste

B oligarchy

C slavery

D class

Question #2

What could be seen as evidence of individual discrimination if a landlord was found guilty of discriminatory practices for refusing to rent to Latino tenants?

A The landlord was supported by all the other big landlords in the area.

B Latino tenants had a hard time finding someone who would rent to them.

C The landlord was following the instructions of the local business association.

D Other Latino tenants were able to find places to rent in the area.

Question #3

Lilly Ledbetter, a supervisor at a Goodyear tire plant, discovered late in her career that she had been paid considerably less than any of the other people in her position. She argued that being paid less was simple discrimination since she was the only female supervisor. Assuming Ledbetter was right, it shows that her workplace was NOT

A class conscious.

B a meritocracy.

C gender biased.

D aware of the law.

Question #4

Sociologists define a minority group as a group

A that makes up less than 50 percent of the total population.

B that is smaller than the dominant group.

C that makes up less than 20 percent of the total population.

D with members who are denied access to power and resources.

Question #5

Texas has never had a Hispanic governor, and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40% of the state’s population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?

A No, because they are the racial group with the most power and wealth.

B No, because they make up so much of the state’s population.

C Yes, because a minority group refers to any group that is not the largest numerically.

D Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources.

Question #6

Karl Marx spent much of his life attempting to understand and describe how capitalism works. In one particularly vivid passage, he described the turbulence he saw as inherent in capitalism: “All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind.” What sort of relationships did he think his readers had with other people?

A cultural relationships

B economic relationships

C relationships based on social bonds and solidarity

D relationships of community and religion

Question #7

Many people became instant millionaires during the so-called dot-com boom of the late 1990s, although we usually think of social mobility as a result of individual effort. This is an example of

A savvy technological genius.

B structural mobility.

C wise investing.

D horizontal mobility.

Question #8

The deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, or national group is called

A genocide.

B colonialism.

C population transfer.

D internal colonialism.

Question #9

“White collar” workers employed in technical and lower-management positions belong to the

A upper-middle class.

B lower class.

C working class.

D middle class.

Question #10

A social scientist argues that inner-city families cannot escape a cycle of poverty because they see the lack of opportunities around them, decide that the world of the middle class is permanently closed to them, and do not try to maintain steady employment or send their children to college. What concept does this example highlight?

A closed system

B disenfranchisement

C culture of poverty theory

D just-world hypothesis

Question #11

A reporter who covers the police beat at a newspaper changes careers. She becomes an editor of nonfiction books and is paid the same salary as she was at the newspaper. What has she experienced?

A horizontal social mobility

B vertical social mobility

C structural mobility

D intragenerational mobility

Question #12

Sociologists define ethnicity

A the same way they define race.

B as people who share a common physical characteristic.

C as people with the same skin color.

D as a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage.

Question #13

What explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today?

A Prejudice and discrimination are established on an international level.

B Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion.

C Prejudice and discrimination are perpetuated by economic but not racial factors.

D Prejudice and discrimination are the result of a struggle for scarce resources.

Question #14

The fact that immigrants from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America tended to be shorter than native-born Americans was taken as evidence that there were inherent racial differences between these populations. However, the immigrants had children who grew up to be as tall as anyone else. Geneticists now understand that, although there can be considerable variation in height within a group due to genetics, height differences between groups are largely caused by diet. What does this demonstrate?

A Race will always be an important way to understand physical traits.

B There are essential differences between racial populations.

C Some physical features, like blood type, are correlated with race.

D Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic.

Question #15

How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today?

A These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live.

B Race and ethnicity are more important than any other factor in determining social class.

C These other variables matter for members of the upper class but not for members of the middle or lower classes.

D These variables matter for members of the lower class but not for members of the upper or middle class.

Question #16

Pablo lives in the United States, where most people assume that he is Arab until they learn his name and hear his accent. They are surprised when Pablo tells them that he is from Spain and identifies as white, not Latino. Some people even tell Pablo that he isn’t really white. What does this suggest about race?

A Race isn’t always obvious, but Pablo could take a DNA test to determine his race.

B The criteria used to determine a person’s race does not vary across culture or time.

C Race is no longer important in the United States.

D Race is socially defined, and the criteria used to determine a person’s race varies.

Question #17

White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are

A largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.

B actively seeking to maintain such privileges.

C discriminating blatantly against minority group members.

D seeking to change the racial inequalities.

Question #18

“Homogamy” is a term sociologists use to explain the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership. Why is this common?

A We tend to have more access to people like ourselves.

B We are hardwired to actively look for partners similar to ourselves.

C It is too difficult to raise children with people who have different backgrounds from us.

D People are rebelling against the common knowledge that “opposites attract.”

Question #19

Race is defined by sociologists

A as the difference between Mongoloid, Negroid, and Caucasoid people.

B as a social category based on real or perceived biological differences.

C in the same way they define ethnicity.

D as a group with a shared cultural heritage.

Question #20

Understanding that racism in the United States created and maintains inequality is characteristic of

A reverse racism.

B white privilege.

C race consciousness.

D color blindness.

Question #21

According to Karl Marx, the social relations that matter MOST in a capitalist system are

A nationalistic bonds.

B economic relations.

C community bonds.

D family and kin.

Question #22

The goal of affirmative action is to

A achieve reverse discrimination.

B increase diversity.

C provide a justification for reverse racism.

D disadvantage white students.

Question #23

In the 1960s, many sociologists noticed that economic obstacles alone were insufficient in explaining disparities in the educational attainment of children from different social classes. Which concept was introduced to explain these disparities?

A status inconsistency

B class consciousness

C the American Dream

D cultural capital

Question #24

According to Pierre Bourdieu, ________ is the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time.

A ideology

B social reproduction

C the invisibility of poverty

D slavery

Question #25

The belief that all Irish are drunks is an example of

A passing.

B prejudice.

C discrimination.

D miscegenation.

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Quiz 4 – Chapter 7 and 8

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