Chapter 7 Post Test

A  the First Amendment of the Constitution.

B  the Freedom of the Press Act of 1790.

C  Article I of the Constitution.

D  the Declaration of Independence.

A  ended the federal government’s licensing of radio and television stations.

B  allowed for less concentration of media ownership than had been possible since regulation of the industry began in 1934.

C  established the fairness doctrine.

D  allowed for greater concentration of media ownership than had been possible since regulation of the industry began in 1934.

A  the fairness doctrine.

B  net neutrality.

C  the right of rebuttal.

D  the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

A  cable television stations

B  over-the-air television stations

C  satellite radio channels

D  internet websites

A  owns, but does not control, the major sources of media.

B  controls most media content through regulations and tightly controlled press briefings.

C  does not own but regulates the content and ownership of broadcast media.

D  heavily regulates print media but imposes no regulations on radio and television broadcasts.

A  fairness doctrine

B  right of rebuttal

C  equal time rule

D  net neutrality

A  fairness doctrine

B  diversity in media doctrine

C  equal time rule

D  right of rebuttal

A  Federal Bureau of Investigation

B  Department of Commerce

C  Public Broadcast System

D  Federal Communications Commission

A  It did not play any role in the impeachment of President Trump.

B  It exposed possible misconduct through a government whistle-blower.

C  It posted government documents through WikiLeaks on Trump’s possible misconduct.

D  It published the Pentagon Papers in the New York Times and Washington Post.

A  “fake news.”

B  adversarial journalism.

C  niche journalism.

D  yellow journalism.

A  investigations led by Washington Post reporters in 1972.

B  a Freedom of Information Act request by the American Civil Liberties Union.

C  President Nixon’s repudiation of the Johnson administration’s strategy in Vietnam.

D  a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.

A  Relentless adversarial journalism revealed various abuses of power by President Nixon and led to his resignation.

B  The journalistic reporting of the Watergate affair was filled with errors and led to government attempts to regulate the print media’s coverage.

C  Journalists did not investigate the Watergate affair until after President Nixon resigned.

D  Journalists investigated the Watergate affair but uncovered no wrongdoing on the part of President Nixon.

A  sound bites.

B  framing.

C  agenda-setting.

D  adversarial journalism.

A  priming effects.

B  self-selection bias.

C  agenda setting power.

D  gatekeeping.

A  tendency that people have to seek out news sources that confirm their prior beliefs about politics.

B  bias that news organizations show toward covering dramatic and entertaining stories.

C  process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.

D  fact that many important news stories go uncovered by the mainstream media.

A  indexing

B  agenda-setting

C  framing

D  priming

A  The process of preparing the public to bring specific criteria to mind when evaluating a politician or issue.

B  The process by which news and information are filtered to the public by the media.

C  A model of reporting that involved adopting a stance of opposition and a combative style to expose perceived wrongdoing.

D  The requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

A  information literacy.

B  i-capacity.

C  search sophistication.

D  e-ability.

A  led to massive increases in the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.

B  had very little impact on the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.

C  led to massive decreases in the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.

D  made political knowledge tests obsolete.

A  nonprofit journalism.

B  yellow journalism.

C  “fake news.”

D  adversarial journalism.

A  adversarial journalism.

B  citizen journalism.

C  advocacy journalism.

D  “fake news.”

A  social media platforms are always free to use.

B  there are strong norms on social media platforms that discourage discussions of politics and current events.

C  discussions of politics and current events on social media occur within a network of friends and family.

D  social media platforms are often used for many different purposes, including completing homework assignments, paying bills, and researching job opportunities.

A  the digital divide.

B  the education dividend.

C  collegiate privilege.

D  the filter bubble.

A  pro-sumers.

B  news aggregators.

C  digital citizens.

D  online natives.

A  the ad-heavy news broadcasts of the major three television networks in the 1950s

B  cheap, tabloid style newspapers produced in the nineteenth century that expanded access to the news to less affluent readers

C  elite newspapers of early America, which included newspapers run by important Founders, including Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin

D  online citizen journalists of the early 1990s and 2000s who were motivated by personal passion rather than money

A  newspapers

B  television

C  radio

D  the internet

A  state government regulations that made blatant instances of media bias illegal.

B  federal government regulations that made blatant instances of media bias illegal.

C  strikes and boycotts by journalists and newspaper readers during the early 1900s.

D  the newspaper industry’s reluctance to alienate readers with liberal or conservative political views.

A  limits the ability of all news organizations to remain profitable.

B  violates the First Amendment to the Constitution.

C  increases the risk of government censorship.

D  increases the risk that politicians and citizens who express less popular or minority viewpoints will have difficulty finding a public forum.

A  Most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites are owned and operated by the federal government.

B  Most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites are owned and operated by state governments.

C  A large number of small, privately owned corporations control most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites.

D  A small number of giant, privately owned corporations control most of the country’s television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book publishers, magazines, newspapers, and digital media sites.

A  United Press International (UPI).

B  National Public Radio.

C  the Associated Press.

D  USA Today.

A  The profit motive of the news industry. Stories about Trump were much more likely to be consumed and thus attracted more advertising dollars.

B  A decline in ratings. The 2016 election was not seen as terribly contentious and the media simply focused its attention elsewhere.

C  Limitations on public broadcasting. Clinton was an elected official who supported public broadcasting. To avoid a conflict of interest, public broadcasters were forced to limit coverage.

D  Clinton’s celebrity status meant that most voters were already aware of her stances and biography, so there was less need to cover her.

A  government grants.

B  subscriptions.

C  charitable donations.

D  advertising.

A  the National Broadcasting Network (NBC)

B  the American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

C  the New York Times

D  the National Public Radio (NPR)

A  they could not do their job without cooperation from the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

B  they are explicitly discussed in Article IV of the Constitution.

C  they receive a number of subsidies paid for through tax revenue.

D  they provide a check on the power of government and political leaders.

A  quoting only nongovernment sources in their coverage.

B  including the personal views of reporters and editors in their coverage.

C  quoting only official government sources in their coverage.

D  excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage.

A  all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

B  broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

C  all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers.

D  all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials.

A  magazines

B  television

C  newspapers

D  the internet

A  a private corporation, but it is not allowed to report anything without first receiving government approval.

B  a private corporation and is allowed to report whatever it wants.

C  the government and is not allowed to report anything without first receiving government approval.

D  the government, but it is allowed to report whatever it wants.

A  adversarial journalism.

B  public broadcasting journalism.

C  corporate-driven journalism.

D  yellow journalism.

A  the Washington Post

B  Twitter

C  WikiLeaks

D  the New York Times

A  whistle-blowers.

B  bell ringers.

C  adversarial journalists.

D  watchdogs.

A  President Richard Nixon’s defeat in the 1972 election.

B  President Richard Nixon’s resignation.

C  a fundamental change in the nation’s libel laws.

D  President Richard Nixon’s reelection.

A  more support for the candidate from voters

B  less media coverage of the election overall

C  less support for the candidate from voters

D  no change in support for the candidate from voters

A  “patrol mode”; “alarm mode”

B  “watchdog mode”; “horse race mode”

C  “alarm mode”; “patrol mode”

D  “horse race mode”; “watchdog mode”

A  framing.

B  canvassing.

C  agenda-setting.

D  the bandwagon effect.

A  Framing; priming

B  Framing; agenda-setting

C  Agenda-setting; framing

D  Priming; framing

A  search engines learn to cater to individual preferences and start to omit results that might challenge such preferences.

B  journalists choose to cover only those stories that are acceptable to advertisers.

C  news aggregation sites include content from a wide variety of sources and give no preference to American media organizations.

D  people intentionally expose themselves to perspectives that challenge what they already believe to be true about the political world.

A  false news stories circulated to generate ad revenue or to benefit one political candidate or party over another.

B  news stories that reference anonymous sources.

C  news stories that are published on blogs or social media platforms.

D  news stories that criticize only one political party or candidate.

A  influence the opinions of older Americans only because younger Americans are more skeptical of the information found on social media.

B  minimize partisan polarization among members of the mass public because people are exposed to new ideas and sources of information.

C  exaggerate partisan polarization among the mass public because people pick their own friend networks and can avoid disagreeable ideas.

D  have very little impact on politics because most people already have strong political opinions that cannot be shaped by news events.

A  the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets

B  the depth of the information available online

C  the convenience of getting news online

D  the up-to-the-moment currency of the information available online

A  the penny press.

B  nonprofit journalism.

C  news aggregators.

D  niche journalism.

A  television

B  radio

C  newspapers

D  the internet

A  the federal government’s decision to end the Fairness Doctrine in 1968.

B  government regulations enacted in the 1970s that required small media companies to sell their holdings to larger corporations.

C  the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980s and 1990s.

D  the Supreme Court’s decision in Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC.

A  the New York Times

B  Disney

C  NPR

D  ESPN

A  Coverage of Trump increased ratings, and higher ratings led to increased advertising revenue.

B  Other news outlets did not cover Trump due to conflicts of interest. Trump’s TV shows had run on other networks except CNN.

C  Public broadcasters refused to cover Trump, leaving the field open to CNN.

D  CNN took on an explicitly pro-Trump message, encouraging viewers to vote for him, and therefore winning more favor from his campaign.

A  an attack advertisement from a presidential candidate that accuses her opponent of racially insensitive remarks

B  an economics professor providing testimony to a congressional committee on the effect of tariffs

C  a sex scandal involving a high-ranking government official

D  a celebrity wedding

A  accounts for a much smaller share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.

B  accounts for roughly the same share of the media market as in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.

C  is illegal under the First Amendment to the Constitution.

D  accounts for a much larger share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark.

A  receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.

B  sells subscriptions to members of the public.

C  reports extensively on government officials and political issues.

D  makes its content available to the public at no cost.

A  Journalists are trained to be objective in their reporting, so their personal biases rarely matter and their coverage of events almost always succeeds in objectively presenting both sides of a story.

B  The Federal Communications Commission requires that all journalists sign a “pledge of objectivity” before being employed at a media company.

C  Given that completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists do not attempt to be objective and report only one side of a story.

D  Although completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists attempt to be objective by reporting both sides of a story.

A  first estate.

B  judge and jury.

C  watchdog.

D  first branch.