Chapter 1 to 4 Exam

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Question #1

Babies who are held more (refer to the Hewlett article):

A spend more time fussing and crying

B develop voluntary crying behaviors sooners

C spend less time fussing and crying

D suffer higher rates of SIDS

Question #2

An infant’s sleep/wake cycles:

A are not modified by social pressure

B do not change during the first 6 months of life

C are easily modified by adult social pressure

D are modified both by increases in brain maturity and by social pressure

Question #3

Rothbart’s dimensions of temperamental variation include:

A self-regulation, motivation, and optimism

B effortful control, negative affect, and extraversion

C activity level, sociability, and responsiveness

D easy, difficult, slow to warm up

Question #4

Thomas and Chess and their colleagues classified babies’ temperaments as:

A easy, irritable, and depressed

B happy, irritable, and unresponsive

C trusting, wary, and suspicious

D easy, difficult, slow to warm up

Question #5

When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:

A avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences

B repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake

C perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults

D perform reflexes elicited by environmental events

Question #6

Nursing involves coordination of:

A sucking, moro and babinski reflexes by the infant

B infants’ sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers

C the rooting and sucking reflexes alone

D sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant

Question #7

Infants’ ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as:

A cross-model perception

B integration

C coordinated action

D intermodal perception

Question #8

Craig would like to purchase a mobile to hang in his son’s nursery. At which of the following mobiles would his newborn baby MOST enjoy looking to?

A a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes

B a mobile with bright colors and shapes

C a mobile with soft pastel flowers

D a mobile with fuzzy brown teddy bears

Question #9

Studies of newborn infant’s auditory preferences (DeCasper et. al article) demonstrate that:

A infants prefer the sound of their mother’s voice to other women’s voices

B infants prefer low-pitched maternal voices to high-pitched maternal voices

C infants prefer to hear foreign languages more than their own voice

D infants’ hearing is not acute enough for them to demonstrate preferences for particular categories of sound

Question #10

Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?

A hearing

B vision

C smell

D taste

Question #11

__________ reduces the oversupply of neural connections in the brain as part of the experience-expectant process of development.

A Synaptic pruning

B A proper diet

C Hormonal activity

D Experience

Question #12

The soft spots on infants’ skulls are known as:

A myelin

B fontanels

C neurons

D cortexes

Question #13

A newborn is considered to have low birth weight if he or she weighs:

A 10% less than other babies of the same gestational age

B less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces

C 25% less than other babies of the same gestational age

D less than 7 pounds, 3 ounces

Question #14

Women who used heroin while pregnant gave birth to babies who:

A recover quickly from the effects of withdrawal

B are vulnerable to heart defects

C are born blind and deaf

D are addicted to heroin

Question #15

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:

A a lower rate of stillbirths

B birth defects

C lower birth weights

D overweight babies

Question #16

What is the MOST common drug used by pregnant women?

A alcohol

B caffeine

C marijuana

D tobacco

Question #17

Pregnant women are encouraged to increase their intake of which foods?

A folic acid, calcium, and iron

B salty, sweet, and fatty foods

C iron and calcium

D Vitamin C and calcium

Question #18

Infants who heard their mothers read The Cat in the Hat while in the womb and then again when they were newborns (referenced by Decasper article):

A showed no signs of recognizing the story after birth

B preferred the non-maternal voice to the maternal voice in increasing their sucking response

C learned, after birth, to modify their rate of sucking in order to hear the story

D cried when they heard the story after birth

Question #19

What leads the embryo to develop male or female genitalia?

A the establishment of a cyclical pattern of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland

B the presence or absence of the Y chromosome

C the presence or absence of male gonads, which produce male hormones

D the secretion of hormones by the ovaries

Question #20

Development proceeding from the head down is characteristic of which developmental pattern?

A proximodistal

B maturation

C cephalocaudal

D embryonic-fetal

Question #21

The structure that surrounds the developing organism, and holds in the fluid in which it floats, is the:

A umbilical cord

B amnion

C uterine lining

D ectoderm

Question #22

The series of mitotic cell divisions that transforms the zygote into the multicellular mass known as the blastocyst is called:

A implantation

B meiosis

C cleavage

D zona pellucida

Question #23

The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?

A germinal, embryonic, fetal

B germinal, fetal, embryonic

C embryonic, germinal, fetal

D fetal, embryonic, germinal

Question #24

According to the concept of coevolution:

A the human brain is not very much larger than that of our primitive ancestors

B biological changes occured that allowed humans to use language and generate culture

C culture has influenced the evolution of human biology

D human biological capabilities evolved and then ended with the appearance of human culture

Question #25

When individuals select and modify their environments in ways that impact the development of future generations, a process of _________ is said to occur.

A ecological inheritance

B niche construction

C co-construction

D coevolution

Question #26

The purpose of an adoption study is to find out if adopted children are more similar to their biological parents and siblings, who share ___________, or to their adoptive parents and siblings, with whom they share __________.

A their genes; a common family environment

B a common family environment; their genes

C a sense of identity; a common family environment

D their genes; a sense of identity

Question #27

The term __________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals.

A genotype

B variability

C heritability

D phenotype

Question #28

Which genetic disorder affects only males?

A Down syndrome

B Turner syndrome

C Klinefelter syndrome

D phenylketonuria

Question #29

Which of the following is linked with having an extra 21st chromosome?

A Klinefelter’s syndrome

B Turner syndrome

C phenylketonuria

D Down syndrome

Question #30

An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA is called:

A meiosis

B a mutation

C mitosis

D canalization

Question #31

If a person has inherited the same allelic form from both parents, she is __________ for a trait.

A monozygotic

B ontogenetic

C heterozygous

D homozygous

Question #32

Germ cells reproduce by __________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by _______.

A mitosis; meiosis

B meiosis; mitosis

C mitosis; mitosis

D meiosis; meiosis

Question #33

When an ovum is fertilized, both the mother’s and the father’s genetic material are contained in the:

A ova

B genes

C sperm cells

D zygote

Question #34

A person’s phenotype is __________ while his/her genotype is __________.

A developed through interactions with one’s biology; changes over his/her life

B observable; inherited

C constant over his/her life; developed through interactions with the environment

D recessive; domiannt

Question #35

The basic units of heredity are:

A somatic cells

B zygotes

C genes

D chromosomes

Question #36

When psychologists compare separate groups of 5-year-olds, 18-year-olds, and 30-year-olds on a vocabulary test, they are conducting a:

A cross-sectional study

B naturalistic observation

C clinical study

D longitudinal study

Question #37

When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, this is an example of:

A reliability

B validity

C an experiment

D replicability

Question #38

The systems theory approach focuses on:

A how genetic factors contribute to development

B how cultural context shapes development

C the “hardware” and “software” of intellectual functioning

D how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors

Question #39

According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following are signs of “babyness” EXCEPT:

A a high, protruding forehead

B a small head relative to the size of the body

C large eyes relative to the size of the face

D round, protruding cheeks

Question #40

An example of Piaget’s concept of assimilation is an infant who:

A bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them

B shares a toy with her father

C knows how to grasp her mother’s hair and uses the same grasping movements to grab a toy

D learns that her pacifier does not provide her with milk

Question #41

A researcher who states that the environment “shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay” would support which theoretical framework?

A constructivist

B behaviorist

C psychodynamic

D sociocultural

Question #42

Theories are important for understanding child development because they:

A make it appear that child development experts know everything

B allow immediate applications to help children

C guarantee agreement among researchers about what they see

D provide systematic organization of many different observations

Question #43

Critical periods in development:

A have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development

B occur in some animals but not in humans

C are thought to regulate bonding in human infants

D are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally

Question #44

The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:

A rebellious in nature

B miniature adults

C inherently good

D born in original sin

Question #45

Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:

A social, physical, emotional, and language

B cognitive, physical, moral, and social

C cognitive, social, physical, and emotional

D moral, social, emotional, and physical

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