Lecture Exam 2

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

B    

C  a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

D  atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

E  a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

F  atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

A  The subject will remain euthyroid.

B  The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

C  The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

D  The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

E  There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

B  Testing plasma levels of dopamine

C  Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

D  Testing plasma levels of cortisol

E  Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

A  In the blood stream

B  Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

C  On the cell surface

D  In the cytoplasm

A  Thyroid hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Progesterone

D  Oxytocin

E  Estrogen

A  Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

B  Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

C  Blood, dissolved within the plasma

D  Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

E  Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

B  Inhibiting the release of prolactin

C  Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

D  Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

E  Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

A  ACTH

B  Cortisol

C  Prolactin

D  Follicle-stimulating hormone

E  Insulin-like growth factor 1

A  consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

B  bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

C  are descending motor pathways.

D  are composed of alpha motor neurons.

E  begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

A  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

B  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

D  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

E  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

B  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

C  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

D  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

E  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  It receives input from sensory pathways.

B  It helps to coordinate body movements.

C  It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

D  It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

E  It is important in maintaining posture.

A  A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

B  An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

C  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

D  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

E  A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

A  tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

B  tetanus occurs.

C  sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

D  the whole muscle shortens.

E  H zones shorten.

A  troponin.

B  myosin.

C  actin.

D  tropomyosin.

E  the thick filament.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

B  They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

C  They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

D  They manufacture and store ATP.

E  They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Just the first few seconds of exercise

B  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

C  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

D  No effects on her running

E  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

A  have abundant T-tubules.

B  generally have individual innervation of each cell.

C  have many gap junctions between cells.

D  can only be excited, and not inhibited.

E  respond to stretch by relaxing.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  She is talking.

B  She is moving.

C  She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

D  She is thinking about food.

E  She fell asleep.

A  slow-wave sleep.

B  neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

C  both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

D  paradoxical sleep.

A  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces” are true.

B  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

C  A person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

D  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

E  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia” are true.

A  is due to denaturation of the receptor.

B  is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

C  is due to receptor fatigue.

D  can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

E  is permanent.

A  brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

B  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

C  the person is easily aroused.

D  brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

E  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  lateral geniculate cells.

B  cone cells.

C  rod cells.

D  ganglion cells.

E  bipolar cells.

A  Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

B  Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

C  Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the “ON pathway,” rods are not.

D  Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

E  Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

A  cone cells.

B  ganglion cells.

C  lateral geniculate cells.

D  bipolar cells.

E  rod cells.

A  Chemoreceptors

B  Photoreceptors

C  Mechanoreceptors

D  Nociceptors

A  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  limbic system

E  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  Pacinian corpuscles.

B  somatic receptors.

C  baroreceptors.

D  hair cells.

E  nociceptors.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

B  The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

C  The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

D  ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

E  The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

A  smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

B  dyenin proteins.

C  lysosomal proteins.

D  proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

E  kinesin proteins.

A  is a neuropeptide.

B  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

C  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

D  acts asa neuromodulator.

E  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

A  Muscle relaxation

B  Drowsiness

C  Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

D  Muscle paralysis

E  None of the answer choices are correct

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

B  Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

C  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

D  Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

E  Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.