Lecture Exam 2

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

B  atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

C  a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

D  atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

E    

F  atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

A  There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

B  The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

C  The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

D  The subject will remain euthyroid.

E  The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

B  Testing plasma levels of dopamine

C  Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

D  Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

E  Testing plasma levels of cortisol

A  In the cytoplasm

B  Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

C  On the cell surface

D  In the blood stream

A  Growth hormone

B  Progesterone

C  Thyroid hormone

D  Estrogen

E  Oxytocin

A  Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

B  Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

C  Blood, dissolved within the plasma

D  Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

E  Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

B  Inhibiting the release of prolactin

C  Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

D  Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

E  Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

A  Prolactin

B  Insulin-like growth factor 1

C  Cortisol

D  Follicle-stimulating hormone

E  ACTH

A  consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

B  begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

C  bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

D  are composed of alpha motor neurons.

E  are descending motor pathways.

A  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

B  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

C  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

E  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

B  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

C  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

D  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

E  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  It is important in maintaining posture.

B  It receives input from sensory pathways.

C  It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

D  It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

E  It helps to coordinate body movements.

A  An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

B  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

C  A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

D  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

E  A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

A  the whole muscle shortens.

B  tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

C  H zones shorten.

D  tetanus occurs.

E  sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

A  troponin.

B  actin.

C  tropomyosin.

D  myosin.

E  the thick filament.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They manufacture and store ATP.

B  They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

C  They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

D  They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

E  They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

B  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

C  Just the first few seconds of exercise

D  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

E  No effects on her running

A  generally have individual innervation of each cell.

B  respond to stretch by relaxing.

C  have abundant T-tubules.

D  have many gap junctions between cells.

E  can only be excited, and not inhibited.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  She is talking.

B  She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

C  She is thinking about food.

D  She fell asleep.

E  She is moving.

A  paradoxical sleep.

B  neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

C  slow-wave sleep.

D  both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

A  A person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

B  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

C  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia” are true.

D  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

E  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces” are true.

A  is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

B  is due to denaturation of the receptor.

C  is due to receptor fatigue.

D  is permanent.

E  can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

A  the person is easily aroused.

B  brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

C  brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

D  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

E  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  ganglion cells.

B  rod cells.

C  cone cells.

D  bipolar cells.

E  lateral geniculate cells.

A  Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

B  Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

C  Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the “ON pathway,” rods are not.

D  Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

E  Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

A  ganglion cells.

B  cone cells.

C  lateral geniculate cells.

D  bipolar cells.

E  rod cells.

A  Nociceptors

B  Mechanoreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Photoreceptors

A  somatosensory cortex

B  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  limbic system

E  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  somatic receptors.

B  baroreceptors.

C  Pacinian corpuscles.

D  hair cells.

E  nociceptors.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

B  ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

C  The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

D  Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

E  The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

A  kinesin proteins.

B  lysosomal proteins.

C  dyenin proteins.

D  smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

E  proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

A  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

B  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

C  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

D  acts asa neuromodulator.

E  is a neuropeptide.

A  Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

B  Drowsiness

C  Muscle paralysis

D  None of the answer choices are correct

E  Muscle relaxation

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

B  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

C  Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

D  Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

E  Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.