Lecture Exam 2

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A    

B  atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

C  a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

D  a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

E  atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

F  atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A  The subject will remain euthyroid.

B  The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

C  There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

D  The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

E  The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Testing plasma levels of dopamine

B  Testing plasma levels of cortisol

C  Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

D  Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

E  Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

A  Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

B  In the cytoplasm

C  On the cell surface

D  In the blood stream

A  Estrogen

B  Oxytocin

C  Progesterone

D  Growth hormone

E  Thyroid hormone

A  Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

B  Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

C  Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

D  Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

E  Blood, dissolved within the plasma

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

B  Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

C  Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

D  Inhibiting the release of prolactin

E  Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A  Prolactin

B  ACTH

C  Follicle-stimulating hormone

D  Cortisol

E  Insulin-like growth factor 1

A  consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

B  are descending motor pathways.

C  bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

D  are composed of alpha motor neurons.

E  begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

A  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

B  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

C  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

D  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

E  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

B  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

C  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

D  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

E  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

B  It receives input from sensory pathways.

C  It is important in maintaining posture.

D  It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

E  It helps to coordinate body movements.

A  An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

B  A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

C  A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

D  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

E  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

A  tetanus occurs.

B  H zones shorten.

C  sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

D  tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

E  the whole muscle shortens.

A  tropomyosin.

B  actin.

C  the thick filament.

D  myosin.

E  troponin.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

B  They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

C  They manufacture and store ATP.

D  They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

E  They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

B  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

C  Just the first few seconds of exercise

D  No effects on her running

E  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

A  can only be excited, and not inhibited.

B  respond to stretch by relaxing.

C  have abundant T-tubules.

D  have many gap junctions between cells.

E  generally have individual innervation of each cell.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  She is thinking about food.

B  She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

C  She is talking.

D  She is moving.

E  She fell asleep.

A  paradoxical sleep.

B  both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

C  neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

D  slow-wave sleep.

A  A person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

B  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

C  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces” are true.

D  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

E  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia” are true.

A  is permanent.

B  is due to receptor fatigue.

C  is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

D  is due to denaturation of the receptor.

E  can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

A  the person is easily aroused.

B  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

C  brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

D  brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

E  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  lateral geniculate cells.

B  cone cells.

C  ganglion cells.

D  bipolar cells.

E  rod cells.

A  Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

B  Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

C  Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the “ON pathway,” rods are not.

D  Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

E  Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

A  bipolar cells.

B  rod cells.

C  lateral geniculate cells.

D  ganglion cells.

E  cone cells.

A  Chemoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Photoreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  limbic system

E  somatosensory cortex

A  somatic receptors.

B  hair cells.

C  baroreceptors.

D  nociceptors.

E  Pacinian corpuscles.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

B  Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

C  The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

D  The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

E  The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

A  lysosomal proteins.

B  dyenin proteins.

C  smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

D  kinesin proteins.

E  proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

A  acts asa neuromodulator.

B  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

C  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

D  is a neuropeptide.

E  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

A  Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

B  Drowsiness

C  None of the answer choices are correct

D  Muscle paralysis

E  Muscle relaxation

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

B  Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

C  Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

D  Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

E  Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.