Lecture Exam 2

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

B  a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

C  atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

D  a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

E  atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

F    

A  The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

B  The subject will remain euthyroid.

C  The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

D  The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

E  There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Testing plasma levels of cortisol

B  Testing plasma levels of dopamine

C  Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

D  Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

E  Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

A  Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

B  On the cell surface

C  In the blood stream

D  In the cytoplasm

A  Oxytocin

B  Progesterone

C  Growth hormone

D  Thyroid hormone

E  Estrogen

A  Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

B  Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

C  Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

D  Blood, dissolved within the plasma

E  Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

B  Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

C  Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

D  Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

E  Inhibiting the release of prolactin

A  Insulin-like growth factor 1

B  ACTH

C  Prolactin

D  Cortisol

E  Follicle-stimulating hormone

A  are descending motor pathways.

B  bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

C  are composed of alpha motor neurons.

D  consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

E  begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

A  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

B  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

C  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

D  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

E  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

B  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

C  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

D  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

E  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  It is important in maintaining posture.

B  It receives input from sensory pathways.

C  It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

D  It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

E  It helps to coordinate body movements.

A  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

B  A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

C  A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

D  An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

E  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

A  tetanus occurs.

B  H zones shorten.

C  sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

D  the whole muscle shortens.

E  tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

A  actin.

B  the thick filament.

C  tropomyosin.

D  myosin.

E  troponin.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They manufacture and store ATP.

B  They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

C  They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

D  They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

E  They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  No effects on her running

B  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

C  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

D  Just the first few seconds of exercise

E  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

A  have many gap junctions between cells.

B  respond to stretch by relaxing.

C  have abundant T-tubules.

D  can only be excited, and not inhibited.

E  generally have individual innervation of each cell.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  She fell asleep.

B  She is moving.

C  She is talking.

D  She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

E  She is thinking about food.

A  paradoxical sleep.

B  both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

C  neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

D  slow-wave sleep.

A  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia” are true.

B  A person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

C  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

D  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

E  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces” are true.

A  is due to receptor fatigue.

B  is permanent.

C  is due to denaturation of the receptor.

D  is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

E  can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

A  brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

B  brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

C  the person is easily aroused.

D  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

E  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  bipolar cells.

B  rod cells.

C  ganglion cells.

D  lateral geniculate cells.

E  cone cells.

A  Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

B  Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

C  Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the “ON pathway,” rods are not.

D  Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

E  Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

A  rod cells.

B  lateral geniculate cells.

C  ganglion cells.

D  bipolar cells.

E  cone cells.

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Photoreceptors

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  limbic system

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  baroreceptors.

B  nociceptors.

C  somatic receptors.

D  hair cells.

E  Pacinian corpuscles.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

B  The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

C  The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

D  Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

E  The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

A  proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

B  kinesin proteins.

C  lysosomal proteins.

D  dyenin proteins.

E  smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A  is a neuropeptide.

B  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

C  acts asa neuromodulator.

D  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

E  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

A  Drowsiness

B  Muscle paralysis

C  Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

D  None of the answer choices are correct

E  Muscle relaxation

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

B  Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

C  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

D  Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

E  Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.