Lecture Exam 1 (A)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity

B  Decreasing the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

C  Increasing the expression of cAMP

D  Increasing the availability of phosphodiesterase molecules

E  Acting as an agonist on the receptor for epinephrine, a hormone that increases heart contractility

A  Upregulation of insulin receptors

B  Decreased expression of the second messenger in the insulin pathway

C  Increased affinity of insulin for its receptor

D  Saturation of the insulin receptor

E  Downregulation of insulin receptors

A  cAMP

B  Tyrosine residues

C  Enzymes

D  G-protein coupled receptor

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  decreases enkephalin in the brain

B  increases enkephalin’s affinity for its receptor.

C  increases enkephalin in the brain.

D  is an agonist to the enkephalin receptor.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Cyclic AMP directly activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen and fat.

B  Epinephrine is binding to two types of receptors in the plasma membrane.

C  Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activates two kinds of enzymes.

D  The activated receptor complex stimulates production of two different second messengers.

A  results in the production of more of the first messenger.

B  allows a cell to respond to more different hormones.

C  allows small amounts of hormones to produce large responses in target cells.

D  takes small molecules and makes polymers out of them.

A  Diacylglycerol

B  ATP

C  Adenylyl cyclase

D  Phospholipase C

E  Epinephrine

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The pathway taken by substances that flow between epithelial cells is called the paracellular pathway.

B  When substances cross epithelial barriers by going through the cell membranes and cytosol, it is called the transcellular pathway.

C  Epithelial cell membranes express different transport proteins on different cell surfaces.

D  The plasma membrane of epithelial cells that face the inside of a hollow or fluid-filled chamber in the body is called the basolateral membrane.

E  Epithelial cells lining the small intestine have Na +-K +-ATPase pumps only in their basolateral membranes.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  false, because the rate of diffusion of nonpolar and polar molecules through the bilayer is essentially the same as long as the molecules are the same size.

B  false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is nonpolar throughout its width.

C  false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is polar throughout its width.

D  true.

E  false, because nonpolar molecules diffuse through more rapidly because much of the bilayer is nonpolar.

A  Ion concentration gradients would reach equilibrium across the cell membrane.

B  Primary active transport of molecules would cease.

C  Facilitated diffusion of molecules would cease.

D  Secondary active transport of molecules would cease

E  All transport processes would cease immediately when the ATP was depleted.

A  apoptosis.

B  endocytosis.

C  osmosis.

D  facilitated diffusion.

E  diffusion.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  At equilibrium, X will cease movingacross the cell membrane.

B  Solute X will be unable to reach equilibrium because it is nonpolar.

C  At equilibrium, movement of X across the membrane will be much faster in one direction than in the other.

D  Solute X will reach equilibrium, but the concentration will be much higher on the inside of the cell because of the smaller volume.

E  At equilibrium, the netflux of X across the cell membrane is zero.

A  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normalcell

B  Its penetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normalcell

C  Its penetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normalcell.

D  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normalcell.

E  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is equal to that of a normalcell.

A  The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant.

B  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products.

C  The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products.

D  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products are equal to that of the reactant.

E  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  The reverse direction (toward more water and carbon dioxide accumulation)

B  The net rate will be unaffected by an increase in carbonic acid concentration.

C  The forward direction (toward more carbonic acid accumulation)

A  Over time, the substrate molecules are denaturing.

B  The enzyme molecules are being used up and broken down by the reaction.

C  The temperature of the room needs to increase to increase the rate of reaction.

D  The substrate solution has become contaminated with an allosteric inhibitor.

E  The enzyme has become saturated.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  mitochondria

B  lysosomes

C  peroxisomes

D  ribosomes

E  endosomes

A  The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O

B  Glycolysis

C  Krebs cycle

D  Oxidative phosphorylation

E  None of the choices are correct.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Generation of ATP

B  Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles

C  Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions

D  Transcription of DNA into RNA

E  Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Free radicals

B  Electrolytes

C  Isotopes

D  Gasses

E  Vitamins

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Oxygen and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds

B  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by non-polar covalent bonds

C  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by ionic bonds

D  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds

E  Carbon and oxygen, connected by polar covalent bonds.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Vitamins

B  Ionic forms of mineral elements

C  Sugars that were broken down for energy

D  Oxygen and gases used by metabolism

E  Lipids that form the membranes of cells

A  They have different numbers of electrons.

B  They have different numbers of neutrons.

C  They have different numbers of protons.

D  They have different number of energy shells

E  They can form different numbers of chemical bonds.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They are polymers of subunits containing glucose, a phosphate group, and an amino acid.

B  They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and a purine or pyrimidine base.

C  They are polymers of subunits containing glucose andamino acids.

D  They are long polymers of amino acids, folded into an alpha helix.

E  They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and an amino acid.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood

B  Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium

C  Increase the amount of sodium in the blood

D  Change the set point for sodium

E  Leave the amount of sodium unchanged

A  Photoreceptors of the eye

B  Endocrine gland in the gonads

C  The adrenal glands

D  Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain

E  Ventricles of the heart

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor

B  Integrating center, receptor, afferent pathway, efferent pathway, effector

C  Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor

D  Receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector

E  Receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  the structure of the body.

B  the spread of diseases.

C  how two organisms interact.

D  how organisms function.

E  two of the choices are correct.