Chapter 1

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Question #1

In quantitative approach, the focus is on measuring observable facts while in qualitative approach the focus is on the construction of social reality

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #2

In quantitative approach, the researcher is more detached while in a qualitative appraoch the researcher is involved

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #3

The Scientific Method transforms ideas, hunches, and questions (sometimes called hypotheses) into scientific knowledge

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #4

A process of judging the merits of a research paper in which the peer researchers do not know the identity of the research and the researcher does not know the identity of the reviewers (referees).

A Communalism

B Scientific Literacy

C Peer Review

D Peer Media Messages

Question #5

An article in a specialized publication that has members of the scientific community as its primary audience; it is a means to disseminate new ideas and findings within the scientific community.

A Popular Media Messages

B Scholarly Journal Article

C Newspaper Article

D Scientific Literacy

Question #6

It is impatient with pursuing great accuracy or rigor, wants to definitive, immediate answers to current issues, is apprehensive about freely sharing knowledge.

A Communalism

B Non-Scientific Thinking

C Universalism

D Disinterestedness

Question #7

refers to the ideas, rules, techniques, and approaches used by the scientific community

A Research Methodology

B Scientific Community

C Social Theory

D Scientific Method

Question #8

When scientific knowledge us shared with others

A Organized Skepticism

B Disinterestedness

C Communalism

D Universalism

E Disinterestedness

Question #9

It is not a good idea for Social scientists to look for evidence that goes against their positions to prevent bias.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #10

When scientists are neutral, impartial, receptive and open to unexpected observations and new ideas.

A Communalism

B Honesty

C Disinterestedness

D Organized Skepticism

E Universalism

Question #11

The purpose of the criticisms from scientists is to attack the character of the individual and his background

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #12

Scientists should not accept new ideas or evidence in a carefree, uncritical manner. They should challenge and question all evidence and subject each study to intense scrutiny

A Universalism

B Disinterestedness

C Communalism

D Organized Skepticism

E Honesly

Question #13

When the research is judged only on the basis of scientific method regardless of who conducts research (old/young, male/female, U.S./Abroad, Harvard University/Unknown University)

A Universalism

B Organized Skepticism

C Honesty

D Disinterestedness

E Communalism

Question #14

All of these are the norms of the scientific community except one

A Honesty

B Universalism

C Patriortism

D Disinterestedness

E Communalism

Question #15

Membership in the scientific community involves getting an advanced degree M.S. or Ph.D. in a given discipline

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #16

A collection of people who share a system of attitudes, beliefs, and rules that sustains the production and advancement of scientific knowledge.

A Scientific Method

B Scientific Literacy

C Scientific Community

D Pseudoscience

Question #17

The lack of quantitative literacy; not having an ability to reason with numbers and other mathematical concepts

A Scholarly Journal Article

B Innumeracy

C Ideological beliefs and values

D Scientific Literacy

Question #18

The capacity to understand scientific knowledge; apply scientific concepts, principles, and theories; use scientific processes to solve problems and make decisions.

A Scientific Literacy

B Scientific Method

C Innumeracy

D Junk Science

Question #19

A term used by public relations firms hired by advocacy groups to criticize real scientific research. The public relations firms do this in an attempt to discredit scientific findings that contradict a position taken by the group.

A Junk Science

B social sciences

C Natural Sciences

D Scientific Method

Question #20

Followers of pseudoscience may use jargon to to convince others and can be hostile to criticism

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #21

A body of ideas and information with the outward appearance of science, however it is “fake science” and does not use the systematic rigor or standards of the scientific method.

A Research Methodology

B Premature Closure

C social theory

D Pseudoscience

Question #22

Scientists are limited to using their senses in observing and measuring the natural and social world.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #23

Description of what we can observe and experience directly through human senses (touch, sight, hearing, smell, taste), or indirectly using techniques that extend the senses.

A A priori

B Personal Experience

C social theory

D Empirical

Question #24

Numerical (quantitative) and non-numerical (qualitative) information and evidence that have been carefully gathered through established rules and procedures

A Social Sciences

B Research Methodology

C Natural Sciences

D Data

Question #25

A system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge about the social world and explains how it works.

A Social Theory

B Selective Observation

C Research Methodology

Question #26

It is called the soft sciences because the subject matter is highly fluid, difficult to observe and measure

A social theory

B social sciences

C natural sciences

D research methodology

Question #27

It is called the hard sciences because they deal with the physical and material world

A social sciences

B social theory

C natural sciences

D research methodology

Question #28

It refers to both a system for producing knowledge and the knowledge that results from that system

A Science

B Empirical

C The Halo Effect

D False Consensus

Question #29

When the mass media gives excessive attention to the occurrence of crime in a particular community

A Popular Media Messages

B experts and authorities

C Ideological beliefs and values

D Personal experience and common sense

Question #30

When actors and athletes endorse products on televisions like car insurance, detergents, or cars

A Ideological beliefs and values

B Experts and Authorities

C Popular Media Messages

D Personal experience and common sense

Question #31

It suggests that we tend to see the views of most other people as being similar to our own views. Most of us feel that our own views are “normal” or “ordinary.

A Premative Closure

B Overgeneralization

C Selective Observation

D False Consensus

Question #32

This is when we overgeneralize from what we believe to be highly positive or prestigious

A Overgeneralization

B Premative Closure

C The Halo Effect

D Selective Observation

Question #33

It reinforces the first two errors of overgeneralization and selective observation. It happens when we come to a decision prematurely when we think that we have all of the information that we need

A Premature Closure

B Overgeneralization

C Selective Observation

D The Halo Effect

Question #34

My grandmother smoked six packs of cigarettes a day and lived to be 85 years old; she didn’t get cancer so why should I worry about cancer?

A Selective Observation

B Premature Closure

C Overgeneralization

D The Halo Effect

Question #35

We often seek out evidence that confirms what we already know and ignore evidence that is to the contrary

A Selective Observation

B False Consensus

C Overgeneralization

D Premature Closure

Question #36

I have met 5 people in Califoria, and they are all smart. Therefore, all people in California are smart. This is an example of

A Selective Observation

B Premature Closure

C Overgeneralization

D The Halo Effect

Question #37

This occurs when you find something in a few situations and assume that it applies almost all situations

A Overgeneralization

B Premature Closure

C Selective Observation

D False Consensus

Question #38

I’m gambling in a Los Vegas casino and have lost the last 5 hands of blackjack. It is just common sense that I’ve got to win the next hand.

A Personal Experience and common sense

B experts and authorities

C Popular Media Messages

D None of the Above

Question #39

One of its limitations is that everyday reasoning and perceptions are imperfect and subject to error.

A Research Methodology

B Experts and authorities

C Popular Media Messages

D Personal Experience and common sense

Question #40

It is also known as “seeing is believing.” It is considered as a powerful type of knowledge

A Popular Media Messages

B Personal Experience

C Experts and authorities

D Ideological beliefs and values

E None of the above

Question #41

What are the alternatives to social science research

A Personal experience and common sense

B Ideological beliefs and values

C experts and authorities

D Popular media messages

E All of the above

Question #42

Research Methods is a set of techniques used by social scientists to:

A select cases

B report results

C measure and observe social life

D gather, refine and analyze data

E All of the above

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