Module 4 Exam

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Question #1

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

A fixed-ratio schedules

B cognitive maps

C mirror neurons

D operant chambers

Question #2

Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving

A a Skinner box.

B Little Albert.

C wooden coins.

D a Bobo doll.

Question #3

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents’ cars. This best illustrates the importance of

A spontaneous recovery

B observational learning.

C operant conditioning.

D classical conditioning.

Question #4

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy’s behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer’s behavior reflects ________.

A operant conditioning; classical conditioning

B spontaneous recovery; acquisition

C a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule

D intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Question #5

When children misbehave, some parents use a time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates

A latent learning.

B negative punishment.

C negative reinforcement.

D extinction.

Question #6

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called

A latent learning.

B secondary reinforcement.

C discrimination.

D respondent behavior.

Question #7

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is

A positive reinforcement.

B negative reinforcement.

C positive punishment.

D negative punishment.

Question #8

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

A spontaneous recovery.

B observational learning.

C punishment.

D negative reinforcement.

Question #9

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

A variable-interval

B fixed-interval

C fixed-ratio

D variable-ratio

Question #10

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

A paying a cashier for a candy bar

B studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes

C checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived

D inserting coins into a slot machine

Question #11

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

A fixed-interval

B fixed-ratio

C variable-ratio

D variable-interval

Question #12

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

A respondent behavior.

B mirror neuron.

C primary reinforcer.

D cognitive map.

Question #13

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

A applause for an excellent trumpet solo

B a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day

C $5.00 for washing the car

D a grade of “A” for an excellent essay

Question #14

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

A negative

B partial

C secondary

D positive

Question #15

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

A eliminates

B has an unpredictable effect on

C suppresses but does not eliminate

D strengthens

Question #16

Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.

A conditioned stimulus

B negative reinforcer

C positive reinforcer

D unconditioned stimulus

Question #17

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

A modeling.

B delayed reinforcement.

C shaping.

D discrimination.

Question #18

Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.

A Pavlovian maze

B variable-ratio schedule

C cognitive map

D operant chamber

Question #19

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

A B. F. Skinner.

B John B. Watson.

C Albert Bandura.

D Ivan Pavlov.

Question #20

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem’s behavior change best illustrates the value of

A conditioned reinforcers.

B negative reinforcement.

C classical conditioning.

D operant conditioning.

Question #21

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the

A delayed reinforcer.

B unconditioned stimulus.

C conditioned reinforcer.

D conditioned stimulus.

Question #22

Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of

A classical conditioning.

B latent learning.

C operant conditioning.

D modeling.

Question #23

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina’s pattern of fear best illustrates

A conditioned reinforcement.

B shaping.

C negative reinforcement.

D discrimination.

Question #24

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav’s reaction best illustrates

A shaping.

B latent learning.

C spontaneous recovery.

D generalization.

Question #25

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

A latent learning.

B spontaneous recovery.

C delayed reinforcement.

D shaping.

Question #26

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

A extinction

B generalization

C latent learning

D negative reinforcement

Question #27

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

A at precisely the same time as the food.

B half a second before the food.

C five seconds before the food.

D a half-second after the food.

Question #28

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

A shortly before the US.

B shortly after the CR.

C shortly after the US.

D at the same time as the US.

Question #29

The smell of an odor that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of

A generalization.

B acquisition.

C spontaneous recovery.

D shaping.

Question #30

A dog’s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

A unconditioned stimulus.

B conditioned response.

C conditioned stimulus.

D unconditioned response.

Question #31

In Pavlov’s experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog’s mouth was the

A UR

B US

C CS

D CR

Question #32

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

A salivation to the food in the mouth.

B ringing bell.

C salivation to the ringing bell.

D food in the mouth.

Question #33

An event that one of Pavlov’s dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

A secondary reinforcer.

B neutral stimulus.

C negative reinforcer.

D unconditioned stimulus.

Question #34

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

A Albert Bandura

B John B. Watson

C Ivan Pavlov

D B. F. Skinner

Question #35

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

A Albert Bandura.

B Ivan Pavlov.

C B. F. Skinner.

D Edward L. Thorndike.

Question #36

After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying thank you, Betty began doing the same in hopes of receiving praise from adults. This best illustrates

A observational learning.

B intrinsic motivation.

C spontaneous recovery.

D respondent behavior.

Question #37

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates

A operant conditioning.

B observational learning.

C spontaneous recovery.

D respondent behavior.

Question #38

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates

A operant conditioning

B observational learning.

C the law of effect.

D classical conditioning.

Question #39

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a

A positive reinforcer.

B model.

C stimulus.

D cognitive map.

Question #40

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

A shaping.

B reinforcement.

C modeling.

D learning.

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