Module 4 Exam

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Question #1

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

A cognitive maps

B operant chambers

C fixed-ratio schedules

D mirror neurons

Question #2

Observational learning was illustrated by a famous experiment involving

A Little Albert.

B a Bobo doll.

C wooden coins.

D a Skinner box.

Question #3

Without any explicit training from adults, many 8-year-old children know how to turn the ignition key to start their parents’ cars. This best illustrates the importance of

A spontaneous recovery

B observational learning.

C classical conditioning.

D operant conditioning.

Question #4

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy’s behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer’s behavior reflects ________.

A operant conditioning; classical conditioning

B spontaneous recovery; acquisition

C intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

D a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule

Question #5

When children misbehave, some parents use a time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates

A negative reinforcement.

B latent learning.

C negative punishment.

D extinction.

Question #6

Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced is called

A latent learning.

B respondent behavior.

C discrimination.

D secondary reinforcement.

Question #7

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is

A positive reinforcement.

B negative reinforcement.

C positive punishment.

D negative punishment.

Question #8

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

A negative reinforcement.

B observational learning.

C spontaneous recovery.

D punishment.

Question #9

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

A variable-ratio

B variable-interval

C fixed-ratio

D fixed-interval

Question #10

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?

A inserting coins into a slot machine

B checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived

C studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes

D paying a cashier for a candy bar

Question #11

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

A variable-ratio

B fixed-interval

C fixed-ratio

D variable-interval

Question #12

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

A respondent behavior.

B primary reinforcer.

C cognitive map.

D mirror neuron.

Question #13

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

A a grade of “A” for an excellent essay

B $5.00 for washing the car

C a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day

D applause for an excellent trumpet solo

Question #14

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

A positive

B secondary

C partial

D negative

Question #15

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

A suppresses but does not eliminate

B has an unpredictable effect on

C strengthens

D eliminates

Question #16

Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.

A positive reinforcer

B conditioned stimulus

C unconditioned stimulus

D negative reinforcer

Question #17

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

A delayed reinforcement.

B shaping.

C modeling.

D discrimination.

Question #18

Dr. Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr. Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.

A Pavlovian maze

B operant chamber

C cognitive map

D variable-ratio schedule

Question #19

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

A John B. Watson.

B B. F. Skinner.

C Ivan Pavlov.

D Albert Bandura.

Question #20

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem’s behavior change best illustrates the value of

A classical conditioning.

B negative reinforcement.

C operant conditioning.

D conditioned reinforcers.

Question #21

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the

A conditioned stimulus.

B unconditioned stimulus.

C delayed reinforcer.

D conditioned reinforcer.

Question #22

Former crack cocaine users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs. Their reactions are best explained in terms of

A operant conditioning.

B modeling.

C classical conditioning.

D latent learning.

Question #23

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina’s pattern of fear best illustrates

A conditioned reinforcement.

B shaping.

C discrimination.

D negative reinforcement.

Question #24

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav’s reaction best illustrates

A latent learning.

B generalization.

C spontaneous recovery.

D shaping.

Question #25

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

A latent learning.

B shaping.

C delayed reinforcement.

D spontaneous recovery.

Question #26

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

A latent learning

B extinction

C generalization

D negative reinforcement

Question #27

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

A at precisely the same time as the food.

B five seconds before the food.

C a half-second after the food.

D half a second before the food.

Question #28

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

A at the same time as the US.

B shortly after the US.

C shortly after the CR.

D shortly before the US.

Question #29

The smell of an odor that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of

A generalization.

B acquisition.

C spontaneous recovery.

D shaping.

Question #30

A dog’s salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

A conditioned response.

B unconditioned response.

C conditioned stimulus.

D unconditioned stimulus.

Question #31

In Pavlov’s experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog’s mouth was the

A CR

B US

C UR

D CS

Question #32

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

A food in the mouth.

B salivation to the food in the mouth.

C salivation to the ringing bell.

D ringing bell.

Question #33

An event that one of Pavlov’s dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

A unconditioned stimulus.

B negative reinforcer.

C secondary reinforcer.

D neutral stimulus.

Question #34

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

A B. F. Skinner

B Ivan Pavlov

C John B. Watson

D Albert Bandura

Question #35

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

A B. F. Skinner.

B Albert Bandura.

C Ivan Pavlov.

D Edward L. Thorndike.

Question #36

After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying thank you, Betty began doing the same in hopes of receiving praise from adults. This best illustrates

A observational learning.

B respondent behavior.

C spontaneous recovery.

D intrinsic motivation.

Question #37

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates

A operant conditioning.

B spontaneous recovery.

C respondent behavior.

D observational learning.

Question #38

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates

A the law of effect.

B operant conditioning

C observational learning.

D classical conditioning.

Question #39

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a

A positive reinforcer.

B cognitive map.

C model.

D stimulus.

Question #40

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

A learning.

B reinforcement.

C modeling.

D shaping.

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