Lecture Exam 2(C)

A  myopia.

B  glaucoma.

C  hyperopia.

D  presbyopia.

E  cataract.

A  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

B  flatteningof the lens.

C  increased rounding of the cornea.

D  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

E  dilation of the pupil.

A  Pressure

B  Cold and warmth

C  pain

D  Proprioception

E  Sound

F  Vision

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

D  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  contains voltage-gated channels.

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  is where action potentials are first generated.

A  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

B  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

C  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

D  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

E  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  Parietal lobe association area

B  Primary Visual cortex

C  Primary Auditory cortex

D  Somatosensory cortex

E  Occipital lobe association area

A  functions as the body’s thermostat

B  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

C  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

D  secretes hormones

E  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

F  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

B  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

C  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

D  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

E  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

A  They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways.

B  They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

C  Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

D  They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

E  They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus.

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  serotonin

D  norepinephrine

A  dopamine

B  acetylcholine

C  histamine

D  serotonin

A  serotonin

B  histamine

C  norepinephrine

D  acetylcholine

A  histamine

B  norepinephrine

C  dopamine

D  acetylcholine

A  norepinephrine

B  acetylcholine

C  dopamine

D  serotonin

A  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

B  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

C  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

D  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

E  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

A  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

B  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

C  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

D  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

E  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

A  They always trigger action potentials.

B  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

C  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

D  They propagate without decrement.

E  They are action potentials.

A  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

B  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

C  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

D  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

E  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

A  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

B  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

C  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

E  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

A  trigger an action potential.

B  cause a change in membrane potential.

C  be conducted to the axon hillock.

D  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

E  depolarize a dendrite.

A  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

B  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

C  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

D  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

E  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

A  decreased depolarization of the photoreceptor’s plasma membrane

B  increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal of the photoreceptor.

C  closure of Na+ channels and decreased Na+ flow into the photoreceptor

D  bleaching of opsin.

E  excitation of bipolar cells

A  Deflection

B  Refraction

C  Retraction

D  Reflection

A  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

B  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

C  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

D  It has the same value in all cells.

E  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

F  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

A  somatic, catalyst

B  horizontal, inner

C  bipolar, ganglion

A  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

B  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

C  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

A  Pineal gland

B  Pituitary gland

C  Mitochondria

D  Hypothalamus

A  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

B  The graded potential

C  The repolarization phase of the action potential

D  The depolarization phase of the action potential

E  All of these will not occur

A  All of the answer choices are correct.

B  Chemoreceptors can activate heat sensing parts of the brain.

C  The breakdown of chemicals within the pepper causes exothermic reactions in the mouth.

D  A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.

E  Friction while chewing activates thermoreceptors.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

B  Na+/K+ pumps.

C  Na+ leak channels

D  K+ leak channels.

A  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  limbic system

E  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

B  both pens are activating the same receptor.

C  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

D  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area.

B  The patient would perceive a general sensation all over the body.

C  The patient would perceive a general sensation over one side of the body.

D  The patient would perceive nothing.

A  Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot

B  Loss of pain in the right foot

C  Loss of pain in the left foot

A  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

A  adrenergic

B  nicotinic

C  muscarinic

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

B  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

C  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

D  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

E  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

F  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

A  final sensory perception

B  language ability

C  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

D  voluntary initiation of movement.

E  personality traits.

F    

A  are found primarily in the heart.

B  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A  mammilary body

B  putamen

C  caudate nucleus

D  globus pallidus

E  cingulate gyrus

F  substantia nigra

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

C  the dorsal root conducts motor information

D  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

A  cingulate gyrus.

B  amygdala.

C  mammillary body.

D  primary visual cortex

E  hippocampus.

F  olfactory bulb

A  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

B  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

C  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

D  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

E  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

A  There are normally four different photopigments in the retina.

B  There are four different opsins in the retina.

C  There are four different chromophore moleculesin the retina.

D  Photoreceptors are neurons.

E  There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones.

A  parasympathetic

B  parassympathetic

C  assympathetic

D  sympathetic

A  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

B  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

E  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

A  lateral corticospinal tract

B  anterior spinothalmic tract

C  spinocerebellar tract

D  medial leminscus tract

E  the posterior column

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

B  always results in muscle contraction

C  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

D  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

A  gamma motor neurons

B  lower motor neurons

C  nictonic motor neurons

D  upper motor neurons

E  delta motor neurons

A  1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7

B  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 9, 6, 5, 8

C  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 5

D  1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 2, 9, 8, 5

A  Gray, White

B  White, Gray

C  Brown, Gray

D  Black, White

A  ciliary muscle

B  iris

C  retina

D  cornea

E  lens

A  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

B  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

C  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

D  Both near and distance vision are compromised

E  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result