Lecture Exam 2(C)

A  glaucoma.

B  presbyopia.

C  hyperopia.

D  myopia.

E  cataract.

A  increased rounding of the cornea.

B  dilation of the pupil.

C  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

D  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

E  flatteningof the lens.

A  Cold and warmth

B  Vision

C  pain

D  Sound

E  Proprioception

F  Pressure

A  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  is where action potentials are first generated.

B  contains ligand-gated channels

C  contains voltage-gated channels.

D  is found in the soma of the neuron

E  is located in the axon hillock.

A  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

B  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

C  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

D  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

E  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

A  chemoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

D  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

A  Primary Auditory cortex

B  Somatosensory cortex

C  Primary Visual cortex

D  Parietal lobe association area

E  Occipital lobe association area

A  secretes hormones

B  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

C  functions as the body’s thermostat

D  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

E  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

F  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

B  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

C  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

D  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

A  They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus.

B  They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways.

C  They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

D  They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

E  Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

A  serotonin

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  dopamine

D  serotonin

A  serotonin

B  acetylcholine

C  histamine

D  norepinephrine

A  norepinephrine

B  histamine

C  dopamine

D  acetylcholine

A  acetylcholine

B  norepinephrine

C  dopamine

D  serotonin

A  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

B  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

C  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

D  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

E  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

A  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

B  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

C  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

B  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

C  They are action potentials.

D  They always trigger action potentials.

E  They propagate without decrement.

A  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

B  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

C  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

D  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

E  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

A  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

C  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

E  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

A  be conducted to the axon hillock.

B  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

C  trigger an action potential.

D  cause a change in membrane potential.

E  depolarize a dendrite.

A  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

D  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

E  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

A  bleaching of opsin.

B  excitation of bipolar cells

C  decreased depolarization of the photoreceptor’s plasma membrane

D  closure of Na+ channels and decreased Na+ flow into the photoreceptor

E  increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal of the photoreceptor.

A  Deflection

B  Retraction

C  Refraction

D  Reflection

A  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

B  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

C  It has the same value in all cells.

D  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

E  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

F  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

A  bipolar, ganglion

B  horizontal, inner

C  somatic, catalyst

A  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

B  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

C  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

D  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

E  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

A  Hypothalamus

B  Pituitary gland

C  Pineal gland

D  Mitochondria

A  All of these will not occur

B  The graded potential

C  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

D  The repolarization phase of the action potential

E  The depolarization phase of the action potential

A  The breakdown of chemicals within the pepper causes exothermic reactions in the mouth.

B  Friction while chewing activates thermoreceptors.

C  A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.

D  Chemoreceptors can activate heat sensing parts of the brain.

E  All of the answer choices are correct.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  K+ leak channels.

B  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

C  Na+/K+ pumps.

D  Na+ leak channels

A  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  limbic system

C  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  somatosensory cortex

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

B  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

C  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

D  both pens are activating the same receptor.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area.

B  The patient would perceive a general sensation over one side of the body.

C  The patient would perceive nothing.

D  The patient would perceive a general sensation all over the body.

A  Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot

B  Loss of pain in the left foot

C  Loss of pain in the right foot

A  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

A  adrenergic

B  muscarinic

C  nicotinic

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

B  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

C  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

D  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

E  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

F  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

A    

B  final sensory perception

C  voluntary initiation of movement.

D  language ability

E  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

F  personality traits.

A  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

B  are found primarily in the heart.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

E  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A  globus pallidus

B  caudate nucleus

C  putamen

D  substantia nigra

E  cingulate gyrus

F  mammilary body

A  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

B  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

C  the dorsal root conducts motor information

D  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

A  amygdala.

B  hippocampus.

C  mammillary body.

D  olfactory bulb

E  primary visual cortex

F  cingulate gyrus.

A  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

B  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

C  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

D  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

E  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

A  There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones.

B  There are four different chromophore moleculesin the retina.

C  There are four different opsins in the retina.

D  Photoreceptors are neurons.

E  There are normally four different photopigments in the retina.

A  sympathetic

B  parassympathetic

C  assympathetic

D  parasympathetic

A  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

B  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

E  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

A  medial leminscus tract

B  lateral corticospinal tract

C  spinocerebellar tract

D  the posterior column

E  anterior spinothalmic tract

A  always results in muscle contraction

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

D  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

A  gamma motor neurons

B  nictonic motor neurons

C  upper motor neurons

D  delta motor neurons

E  lower motor neurons

A  1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7

B  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 5

C  1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 2, 9, 8, 5

D  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 9, 6, 5, 8

A  White, Gray

B  Black, White

C  Brown, Gray

D  Gray, White

A  lens

B  ciliary muscle

C  cornea

D  iris

E  retina

A  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

B  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

C  Both near and distance vision are compromised

D  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

E  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result