Lecture Exam 2 (B)

A  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 5

B  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 9, 6, 5, 8

C  1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 2, 9, 8, 5

D  1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7

A  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

B  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

C  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

A  The repolarization phase of the action potential

B  All of these will not occur

C  The graded potential

D  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

E  The depolarization phase of the action potential

A  bipolar, ganglion

B  somatic, catalyst

C  horizontal, inner

A  White, Gray

B  Black, White

C  Brown, Gray

D  Gray, White

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Somatosensory cortex

B  Parietal lobe association area

C  Occipital lobe association area

D  Primary Visual cortex

E  Primary Auditory cortex

A  dilation of the pupil.

B  flatteningof the lens.

C  increased rounding of the cornea.

D  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

E  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

A  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

A  Vision

B  Sound

C  pain

D  Pressure

E  Cold and warmth

F  Proprioception

A  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

B  cause a change in membrane potential.

C  be conducted to the axon hillock.

D  depolarize a dendrite.

E  trigger an action potential.

A  Retraction

B  Deflection

C  Reflection

D  Refraction

A  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

B  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

C  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

D  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

E  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

A  globus pallidus

B  substantia nigra

C  putamen

D  cingulate gyrus

E  mammilary body

F  caudate nucleus

A  both pens are activating the same receptor.

B  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

C  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

D  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

A  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

B  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

C  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

D  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

E  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

A  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

B  functions as the body’s thermostat

C  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

D  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

E  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

F  secretes hormones

A  cornea

B  ciliary muscle

C  lens

D  iris

E  retina

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

B  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

C  always results in muscle contraction

D  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

A  acetylcholine

B  histamine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  dopamine

B  acetylcholine

C  serotonin

D  histamine

A  histamine

B  norepinephrine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  acetylcholine

B  dopamine

C  histamine

D  norepinephrine

A  serotonin

B  acetylcholine

C  dopamine

D  norepinephrine

A  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

D  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

E  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  Chemoreceptors can activate heat sensing parts of the brain.

B  The breakdown of chemicals within the pepper causes exothermic reactions in the mouth.

C  Friction while chewing activates thermoreceptors.

D  A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.

E  All of the answer choices are correct.

A  There are four different opsins in the retina.

B  There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones.

C  Photoreceptors are neurons.

D  There are normally four different photopigments in the retina.

E  There are four different chromophore moleculesin the retina.

A  spinocerebellar tract

B  medial leminscus tract

C  the posterior column

D  anterior spinothalmic tract

E  lateral corticospinal tract

A  somatosensory cortex

B  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  limbic system

E  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  Na+/K+ pumps.

B  Na+ leak channels

C  K+ leak channels.

D  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

A  sympathetic

B  parassympathetic

C  assympathetic

D  parasympathetic

A  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

B  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

C  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

D  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

E  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

A  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

B  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

C  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

D  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

A  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

B  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

C  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

D  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

E  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

A  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

B  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

C  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

D  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

E  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

F  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

A  The patient would perceive a general sensation over one side of the body.

B  The patient would perceive nothing.

C  The patient would perceive a general sensation all over the body.

D  The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area.

A  Pineal gland

B  Hypothalamus

C  Pituitary gland

D  Mitochondria

A  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

B  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

C  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

D  Both near and distance vision are compromised

E  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

A  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

B  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

C  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

D  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

E  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

A  It has the same value in all cells.

B  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

C  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

D  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

E  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

F  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

A  gamma motor neurons

B  nictonic motor neurons

C  lower motor neurons

D  delta motor neurons

E  upper motor neurons

A  cingulate gyrus.

B  amygdala.

C  mammillary body.

D  primary visual cortex

E  olfactory bulb

F  hippocampus.

A  They always trigger action potentials.

B  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

C  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

D  They are action potentials.

E  They propagate without decrement.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  is where action potentials are first generated.

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  contains voltage-gated channels.

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  contains ligand-gated channels

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  muscarinic

B  nicotinic

C  adrenergic

A  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

B  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

D  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

E  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

A  glaucoma.

B  hyperopia.

C  cataract.

D  myopia.

E  presbyopia.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

D  bind chemicals called odorants

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  is important for the maintenance of balance.

B  can be consciously controlled.

C  plays a role in controlling eye movement together with the inner ear.

D  contains numerous nuclei connected by a network of white matter tracts.

E  compares the intentions of the higher motor centers with the performance of the muscles and corrects this information resulting in coordinated muscle movements

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  they are part of the final common pathway

B  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

C  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

D  they secrete dopamine

E  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

F  they exit from the anterior gray horn

A  bleaching of opsin.

B  closure of Na+ channels and decreased Na+ flow into the photoreceptor

C  increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal of the photoreceptor.

D  decreased depolarization of the photoreceptor’s plasma membrane

E  excitation of bipolar cells

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

C  the dorsal root conducts motor information

D  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

A  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  are found primarily in the heart.

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Proprioceptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

B  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

E  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

A  Loss of pain in the left foot

B  Loss of pain in the right foot

C  Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot

A  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

B  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

C  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

D  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

E  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent