Lecture Exam 2 (B)

A  1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7

B  1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 2, 9, 8, 5

C  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 5

D  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 9, 6, 5, 8

A  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

B  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

C  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

D  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  The graded potential

B  The repolarization phase of the action potential

C  The depolarization phase of the action potential

D  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

E  All of these will not occur

A  somatic, catalyst

B  bipolar, ganglion

C  horizontal, inner

A  Black, White

B  White, Gray

C  Gray, White

D  Brown, Gray

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Somatosensory cortex

B  Primary Visual cortex

C  Parietal lobe association area

D  Occipital lobe association area

E  Primary Auditory cortex

A  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

B  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

C  dilation of the pupil.

D  flatteningof the lens.

E  increased rounding of the cornea.

A  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

A  pain

B  Cold and warmth

C  Vision

D  Pressure

E  Proprioception

F  Sound

A  cause a change in membrane potential.

B  depolarize a dendrite.

C  be conducted to the axon hillock.

D  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

E  trigger an action potential.

A  Reflection

B  Deflection

C  Refraction

D  Retraction

A  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

B  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

C  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

D  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

E  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

A  caudate nucleus

B  mammilary body

C  globus pallidus

D  substantia nigra

E  putamen

F  cingulate gyrus

A  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

B  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

C  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

D  both pens are activating the same receptor.

A  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

B  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

C  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

D  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

E  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

A  functions as the body’s thermostat

B  secretes hormones

C  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

D  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

E  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

F  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

A  ciliary muscle

B  cornea

C  retina

D  iris

E  lens

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

A  serotonin

B  norepinephrine

C  histamine

D  acetylcholine

A  histamine

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  acetylcholine

B  histamine

C  serotonin

D  norepinephrine

A  dopamine

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  acetylcholine

B  serotonin

C  dopamine

D  norepinephrine

A  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

B  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

E  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  nociceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.

B  All of the answer choices are correct.

C  The breakdown of chemicals within the pepper causes exothermic reactions in the mouth.

D  Chemoreceptors can activate heat sensing parts of the brain.

E  Friction while chewing activates thermoreceptors.

A  There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones.

B  There are normally four different photopigments in the retina.

C  There are four different chromophore moleculesin the retina.

D  There are four different opsins in the retina.

E  Photoreceptors are neurons.

A  anterior spinothalmic tract

B  medial leminscus tract

C  the posterior column

D  lateral corticospinal tract

E  spinocerebellar tract

A  limbic system

B  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  somatosensory cortex

E  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  Na+/K+ pumps.

B  K+ leak channels.

C  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

D  Na+ leak channels

A  sympathetic

B  parassympathetic

C  parasympathetic

D  assympathetic

A  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

B  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

C  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

D  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

E  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

A  chemoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

D  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

A  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

B  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

C  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

D  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

E  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

A  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

B  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

C  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

D  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

E  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

F  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

A  The patient would perceive a general sensation all over the body.

B  The patient would perceive a general sensation over one side of the body.

C  The patient would perceive nothing.

D  The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area.

A  Mitochondria

B  Pineal gland

C  Pituitary gland

D  Hypothalamus

A  Both near and distance vision are compromised

B  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

C  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

D  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

E  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

A  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

B  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

C  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

D  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

E  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

A  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

B  It has the same value in all cells.

C  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

D  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

E  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

F  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

A  upper motor neurons

B  delta motor neurons

C  gamma motor neurons

D  lower motor neurons

E  nictonic motor neurons

A  cingulate gyrus.

B  hippocampus.

C  amygdala.

D  olfactory bulb

E  primary visual cortex

F  mammillary body.

A  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

B  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

C  They are action potentials.

D  They propagate without decrement.

E  They always trigger action potentials.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  is located in the axon hillock.

B  contains ligand-gated channels

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  contains voltage-gated channels.

E  is found in the soma of the neuron

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  nicotinic

B  muscarinic

C  adrenergic

A  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

C  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

E  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

A  glaucoma.

B  myopia.

C  hyperopia.

D  cataract.

E  presbyopia.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  compares the intentions of the higher motor centers with the performance of the muscles and corrects this information resulting in coordinated muscle movements

B  contains numerous nuclei connected by a network of white matter tracts.

C  plays a role in controlling eye movement together with the inner ear.

D  can be consciously controlled.

E  is important for the maintenance of balance.

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

A  they secrete dopamine

B  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

C  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

D  they are part of the final common pathway

E  they exit from the anterior gray horn

F  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

A  excitation of bipolar cells

B  increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal of the photoreceptor.

C  closure of Na+ channels and decreased Na+ flow into the photoreceptor

D  decreased depolarization of the photoreceptor’s plasma membrane

E  bleaching of opsin.

A  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

B  the dorsal root conducts motor information

C  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

D  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

A  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

C  are found primarily in the heart.

D  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A  Nociceptors

B  Chemoreceptors

C  Proprioceptors

D  Photoreceptors

E  Mechanoreceptors

A  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

B  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

C  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

D  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

E  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

A  Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot

B  Loss of pain in the left foot

C  Loss of pain in the right foot

A  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

B  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

C  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

D  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

E  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.