Final Exam

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Question #1

According to Kübler-Ross, in what stage would a person who is facing imminent death find a feeling of peace as resistance to death is abandoned, or no feeling at all, but only a sense of disengagement and a desire to be with only a few people most valued?

A depression

B anger

C acceptance

D bargaining

Question #2

According to Kübler-Ross, in what stage do people who are facing imminent death refuse to believe that they are terminally ill?

A bargaining

B anger

C denial

D depression

Question #3

According to Erikson, ego ___ involves looking back on one’s life and accepting the outcome of it; whereas, ego ____ entails regrets and bitterness about the course of one’s life, and a conclusion that it has not gone well and now cannot be changed.

A integrity; despair

B despair; integrity

C mistrust; inferiority

D inferiority; mistrust

Question #4

Your grandfather explains to you how to use his new multifunctional phone. You ask him where he learned to use his new phone but he cannot recall. Trying his best, he can only tell you how it works. It is clear that your grandfather has limited ____.

A working memory

B procedural memory

C episodic memory

D source memory

Question #5

Your grandmother describes countless recollections of her life such as her 16th birthday, the first time she drove a car, and the birth of her children. Your grandmother is providing you with ____.

A procedural memories

B autobiographical memories

C unconscious memories

D working memories

Question #6

____ is memory for how to perform tasks or activities involving motor skills, such as playing a musical instrument, typing on a keyboard, or sewing a button.

A Episodic memory

B Procedural memory

C Long-term memory

D Sensory memory

Question #7

From an Eriksonian perspective, the desire to “live on” after we have died and to help those younger than ourselves so that the effects of our time on earth will be evident when we are gone best describes the psychosocial crisis of ____.

A generativity vs. stagnation.

B trust vs. mistrust

C integrity vs. despair

D identity vs. confusion.

Question #8

What type of intelligence represents the accumulation of a person’s culturally based knowledge, language, and understanding of social convention?

A verbal intelligence

B performance intelligence

C crystallized intelligence

D fluid intelligence

Question #9

What type of intelligence involves information processing abilities such as short-term memory, ability to discern relations between visual stimuli, and speed of synthesizing new information?

A performance intelligence

B verbal intelligence

C crystallized intelligence

D fluid intelligence

Question #10

Your grandparents have been married for 50 years. They go everywhere together. You have caught them kissing when they thought they were alone and they hold hands quite a bit in public. They rarely make a move without asking the other his or her opinion. You hope to have that type of relationship some day. According to Sternberg, what type of love do you think they are experiencing?

A companionate love

B fatuous love

C consummate love

D romantic love

Question #11

From the triangular theory of love, ____ involves physical attraction and sexual desire, whereas ____ is a feeling of closeness and emotional attachment.

A passion; commitment

B intimacy; passion

C passion; intimacy

D commitment; intimacy

Question #12

In Erik Erikson’s theory of the lifespan, what is the central emotional and psychosocial issue of young adulthood?

A ego-integrity vs. despair

B generativity vs. stagnation

C intimacy vs. isolation

D identity vs. role confusion

Question #13

Jacob has been pressured by his father to take over the family farm. Reluctantly, Jacob has agreed to this identity status because that is what is best for his parents. He has not explored his options but has passively accepted the identity his father imposed on him. From James Marcia’s model, which of the following identity statuses can Jacob’s be categorized as?

A diffusion

B foreclosure

C moratorium

D achievement

Question #14

In Erikson’s theory each stage of life has a central crisis. What is the central crisis for adolescents?

A identity versus identity confusion

B Generativity versus stagnation

C industry versus inferiority

D intimacy versus isolation

Question #15

Kohlberg’s claims of a universal theory of moral development have been challenged, most notably by Richard Shweder, who believes that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand the individual’s ____.

A social context

B intellectual abilities

C personality factors

D cultural worldview

Question #16

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s postconventional level of moral reasoning?

A Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority.

B Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.

C Moral reasoning is based on the individual’s own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.

D What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.

Question #17

Your younger brother’s best friend is a huge risk-taker. Even though he is 15 years old, he has already exhibited some very dangerous behaviors. One of his favorite activities is to run across a highway in the early evening when there is quite a bit of traffic. What concept helps to explain this risky behavior?

A the imaginary audience

B the personal fable

C the adolescent growth spurt

D egocentrism

Question #18

Your 14-year-old nephew just walked in the door from school and told you that he is not going to go back to school. You ask why and he tells you that everyone laughed at him because he dropped his tray full of food as he sitting down during lunch. Although you tried to help, he was inconsolable. Why? Your nephew was experiencing what David Elkind regarded as ____.

A the personal fable

B egocentrism

C the adolescent growth spurt

D the imaginary audience

Question #19

Which of the following best describes divided attention?

A organizing information into coherent patterns

B the ability to filter out or ignore all environmental stimuli and to focus on one’s own thoughts

C the ability to focus on relevant information from two or more independent sources

D the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant

Question #20

Which of the following best describes selective attention?

A the ability to focus on relevant information from two or more independent sources

B organizing information into coherent patterns

C the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant

D the ability to filter out or ignore all environmental stimuli and to focus on one’s own thoughts

Question #21

What is the capacity of long-term memory?

A essentially unlimited

B dependent upon the ability of the person to process relevant information

C seven plus or minus two items

D limited neurologically to 4 billion engrams

Question #22

According to the text, what component of the memory system is limited such that the more information that is contained in the system, the less effectively new information can be added?

A episodic memory

B iconic memory

C long-term memory

D short-term memory

Question #23

You are studying the summary for chapter 8 of your developmental textbook while you are listening to music. What skill are you utilizing?

A ignoring

B selective attention

C focused attention

D divided attention

Question #24

Children who use hypothetical-deductive reasoning to solve Piaget’s pendulum problem and can provide a rationale for their solution are closer to ____ stage of cognitive development.

A sensorimotor

B concrete operations

C formal operations

D preoperational

Question #25

____ is the ability to think scientifically and apply the rigor of the scientific method to cognitive tasks.

A Formal reasoning

B Creative reasoning

C Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

D Concrete-formal reasoning

Question #26

Which of the following makeup Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

A intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic

B sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operations

C linguistic, musical, and bodily–kinesthetic

D analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

Question #27

Great inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Graham Bell all possess which of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

A logical–mathematical intelligence

B practical intelligence

C creative intelligence

D analytical intelligence

Question #28

In Gardner’s view, only two types of intelligence are measured by traditional intelligence tests: ____.

A spatial and naturalistic

B interpersonal and intrapersonal

C linguistic and logical–mathematical

D musical and bodily–kinesthetic

Question #29

Your sister-in-law is amazed at her 9-year-old son. She can remember when her son was not able to sit and listen to a story for very long and now he is able to listen intently and remember the story in very good detail. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities that assist with his newly developed abilities?

A visual scanning and search routines

B attention and memory

C decentering and critical processing

D motivation and diligence

Question #30

According to Piaget, the advances of concrete operations are evident in new abilities for performing tasks of ____.

A conservation, classification, and seriation

B egocentrism, animism, and language development

C hypothetical, deductive reasoning, and hypothesis testing

D the development of motor skills and hand-eye coordination

Question #31

During this stage, Piaget proposes, children become capable of using mental operations, which allow them to organize and manipulate information mentally instead of relying on physical and sensory associations.

A formal operations

B concrete operations

C preoperations

D sensorimotor

Question #32

What type of parent requires little of their children, rarely bothers to correct their behavior, and shows very little love or concern for them?

A permissive

B authoritative

C disengaged

D authoritarian

Question #33

A drill sergeant who expects his or her subordinates to follow commands without questioning their authority is more similar to which of the following parenting styles?

A disengaged

B authoritative

C authoritarian

D permissive

Question #34

Coach Paige has clear guidelines and rules for his players. He wants them to try their hardest to give 100% all the time. But, Coach Paige also cares for his players and tends to understand each player’s individual needs. Which of the following best describes Coach Paige’s coaching style?

A authoritative

B disengaged

C authoritarian

D permissive

Question #35

You are visiting your sister and she has a 4-year old daughter. You have not been around young children very much except for your niece and you are fascinated with her. You notice that while she plays, she acts like her dolls are real. What type of thinking is your niece demonstrating?

A egocentrism

B humanitarianism

C socialism

D animism

Question #36

_____ is the inability to distinguish between your own perspective and another person’s perspective.

A Conservation

B Reversibility

C Egocentrism

D Intuitive thought

Question #37

According to attachment theory, what type of attachment leads to children who are able to love and trust others?

A disorganized–disoriented attachment

B insecure–avoidant attachment

C insecure–resistant attachment

D secure attachment

Question #38

In this type of attachment, toddlers show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response to the mother’s departure or return.

A secure attachment

B disorganized–disoriented attachment

C insecure–resistant attachment

D insecure–avoidant attachment

Question #39

According to Bowlby, what loss would be catastrophic for children’s development?

A the father

B the siblings

C the mother

D the primary attachment figure

Question #40

____ is an emotional bond that promotes the protection and survival of children during the years they are most vulnerable.

A Home base

B Attachment

C Imprinting

D A secure base

Question #41

What concept would accurately describe teaching your daughter how to dress herself? You first dressed her, indicating what you were doing and why, then you had her help as you dressed her, and lastly allowed her to dress herself as you watched and helped if needed?

A framing

B zone of proximal development

C guided instruction

D scaffolding

Question #42

____ is the difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.

A Animism

B Self efficacy

C Deferred imitation

D Zone of proximal development

Question #43

Piaget’s stages views cognitive growth as ____, whereas the information-processing approach views cognitive changes as ____.

A continuous; discontinuous

B external; internal

C discontinuous; continuous

D internal; external

Question #44

Many theories of development do not address culture. Why does Bronfenbrenner’s theory think that culture is so important? He recognizes that ______.

A culture should be factored out to determine what really influences development

B nearly everyone lives in a very similar culture

C cultural beliefs are the basis for many other conditions of children’s development

D culture is damaging and can be devastating to a young child’s development

Question #45

What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the broad system of cultural beliefs and values and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values?

A mesosystem

B chronosystem

C exosystem

D macrosystem

Question #46

Which of the following are components of the microsystem from Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

A time and historical change

B parents, siblings, peers and friends, and teachers

C cultural beliefs and values, and economic and governmental systems

D schools, religious institutions, and the media

Question #47

Your niece loves to play peek-a-boo. The way that you like to play is to put your blanket over your face and after a few seconds abruptly remove the blanket. Each time that you remove the blanket, your niece acts like she is very surprised to see you. According to Piaget, what concept does your niece lack?

A object permanence

B object memory

C object discovery

D object continuance

Question #48

Cognitive development in this stage involves changing from reflex behavior to intentional action and the attainment of object permanence.

A formal operations

B pre-operations

C concrete operations

D sensorimotor

Question #49

____ is when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, whereas ____ is when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information.

A Accommodation; assimilation

B Encoding; retrieval

C Retrieval; encoding

D Assimilation; accommodation

Question #50

What did Piaget call the cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information?

A schemes

B active processing

C accommodation

D assimilation

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