Lecture Exam 2 (A)

A  muscarinic

B  nicotinic

C  adrenergic

A  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

E  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

A  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

B  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

C  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

D  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

A  Cold and warmth

B  Vision

C  Pressure

D  pain

E  Proprioception

F  Sound

A  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

C  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

E  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

A  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

B  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

C  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

D  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

E  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

A  contains voltage-gated channels.

B  contains ligand-gated channels

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  is found in the soma of the neuron

A  acetylcholine

B  histamine

C  serotonin

D  norepinephrine

A  dopamine

B  histamine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  norepinephrine

B  serotonin

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  histamine

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  dopamine

A  serotonin

B  acetylcholine

C  dopamine

D  norepinephrine

A  somatosensory cortex

B  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  limbic system

A  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

B  It has the same value in all cells.

C  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

D  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

E  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

F  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

A  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

B  Both near and distance vision are compromised

C  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

D  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

E  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

A  parasympathetic

B  parasympatic

C  photoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  personality traits.

B  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

C    

D  language ability

E  final sensory perception

F  voluntary initiation of movement.

A  Hypothalamus

B  Pineal gland

C  Mitochondria

D  Pituitary gland

A  Deflection

B  Retraction

C  Refraction

D  Reflection

A  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

B  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

C  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

D  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

E  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

F  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

A  are found primarily in the heart.

B  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  hyperopia.

B  myopia.

C  presbyopia.

D  cataract.

E  glaucoma.

A  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

B  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

C  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

D  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

E  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

A  Occipital lobe association area

B  Somatosensory cortex

C  Primary Auditory cortex

D  Primary Visual cortex

E  Parietal lobe association area

A  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

B  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

C  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

D  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

E  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  thermoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  contains ligand-gated channels

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  contains voltage-gated channels.

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  is where action potentials are first generated.

A  increased rounding of the cornea.

B  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

C  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

D  flatteningof the lens.

E  dilation of the pupil.

A  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

B  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

C  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

D  secretes hormones

E  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

F  functions as the body’s thermostat

A  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

B  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

C  both pens are activating the same receptor.

D  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

A  Chemoreceptors

B  Proprioceptors

C  Nociceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

B  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

C  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

D  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

E  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

A  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

B  physically support neurons.

C  can take up excess neurotransmitters

D  produce the CSF

E  produce myelin

F  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

A  They propagate without decrement.

B  They always trigger action potentials.

C  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

D  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

E  They are action potentials.

A  depolarize a dendrite.

B  cause a change in membrane potential.

C  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

D  trigger an action potential.

E  be conducted to the axon hillock.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

B  They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus.

C  They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways.

D  They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

E  Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

B  always results in muscle contraction

C  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

D  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

A  Na+/K+ pumps.

B  Na+ leak channels

C  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

D  K+ leak channels.

A  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

B  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

C  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

D  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

E  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

A  cingulate gyrus

B  mammilary body

C  putamen

D  globus pallidus

E  caudate nucleus

F  substantia nigra

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

C  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  anterior spinothalmic tract

B  lateral corticospinal tract

C  medial leminscus tract

D  the posterior column

E  spinocerebellar tract

A  retina

B  cornea

C  lens

D  iris

E  ciliary muscle

A  All of these will not occur

B  The depolarization phase of the action potential

C  The repolarization phase of the action potential

D  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

E  The graded potential

A  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

B  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

C  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

D  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

E  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  the dorsal root conducts motor information

C  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

D  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

A  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

B  they exit from the anterior gray horn

C  they secrete dopamine

D  they are part of the final common pathway

E  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

F  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

A  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

B  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

C  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

D  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

E  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

A  Gray, White

B  White, Gray

C  Black, White

D  Brown, Gray