Lecture Exam 2 (A)

A  muscarinic

B  nicotinic

C  adrenergic

A  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

B  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

C  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

D  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

E  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

A  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

A  Pressure

B  Sound

C  Vision

D  Proprioception

E  pain

F  Cold and warmth

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

C  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

E  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

A  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

B  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

C  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

D  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

E  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

A  is found in the soma of the neuron

B  contains ligand-gated channels

C  is located in the axon hillock.

D  is where action potentials are first generated.

E  contains voltage-gated channels.

A  serotonin

B  norepinephrine

C  histamine

D  acetylcholine

A  dopamine

B  serotonin

C  histamine

D  acetylcholine

A  acetylcholine

B  histamine

C  norepinephrine

D  serotonin

A  histamine

B  norepinephrine

C  dopamine

D  acetylcholine

A  dopamine

B  serotonin

C  acetylcholine

D  norepinephrine

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  limbic system

C  somatosensory cortex

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

B  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

C  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

D  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

E  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

F  It has the same value in all cells.

A  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

B  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

C  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

D  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

E  Both near and distance vision are compromised

A  nociceptor

B  parasympathetic

C  photoreceptor

D  parasympatic

A  voluntary initiation of movement.

B  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

C  language ability

D  personality traits.

E  final sensory perception

F    

A  Pituitary gland

B  Pineal gland

C  Mitochondria

D  Hypothalamus

A  Retraction

B  Reflection

C  Refraction

D  Deflection

A  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

B  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

C  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

D  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

E  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

F  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

A  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

E  are found primarily in the heart.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  hyperopia.

B  myopia.

C  presbyopia.

D  glaucoma.

E  cataract.

A  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

B  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

C  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

D  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

E  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

A  Somatosensory cortex

B  Primary Visual cortex

C  Parietal lobe association area

D  Primary Auditory cortex

E  Occipital lobe association area

A  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

B  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

C  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

D  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

E  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  contains voltage-gated channels.

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  is located in the axon hillock.

D  is where action potentials are first generated.

E  contains ligand-gated channels

A  dilation of the pupil.

B  increased rounding of the cornea.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

E  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

A  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

B  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

C  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

D  functions as the body’s thermostat

E  secretes hormones

F  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

A  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

B  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

C  both pens are activating the same receptor.

D  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

A  Chemoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Mechanoreceptors

D  Proprioceptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

D  bind chemicals called odorants

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

B  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

C  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

A  can take up excess neurotransmitters

B  produce myelin

C  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

D  produce the CSF

E  physically support neurons.

F  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

A  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

B  They always trigger action potentials.

C  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

D  They are action potentials.

E  They propagate without decrement.

A  cause a change in membrane potential.

B  depolarize a dendrite.

C  be conducted to the axon hillock.

D  trigger an action potential.

E  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

B  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

B  They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus.

C  They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

D  They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

E  They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways.

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

A  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

B  Na+ leak channels

C  Na+/K+ pumps.

D  K+ leak channels.

A  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

B  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

C  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

D  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

E  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

B  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

C  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

A  mammilary body

B  globus pallidus

C  cingulate gyrus

D  substantia nigra

E  caudate nucleus

F  putamen

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  medial leminscus tract

B  lateral corticospinal tract

C  anterior spinothalmic tract

D  spinocerebellar tract

E  the posterior column

A  iris

B  retina

C  cornea

D  ciliary muscle

E  lens

A  The graded potential

B  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

C  The repolarization phase of the action potential

D  All of these will not occur

E  The depolarization phase of the action potential

A  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

B  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

C  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

D  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

E  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

A  the dorsal root conducts motor information

B  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

C  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

D  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

A  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

B  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

C  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

D  they are part of the final common pathway

E  they secrete dopamine

F  they exit from the anterior gray horn

A  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

B  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

C  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

D  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

E  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

A  Brown, Gray

B  White, Gray

C  Gray, White

D  Black, White