Lecture Exam 2 (A)

A  adrenergic

B  nicotinic

C  muscarinic

A  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

B  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

E  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

A  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

B  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

C  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

D  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

A  Cold and warmth

B  Proprioception

C  Vision

D  Pressure

E  Sound

F  pain

A  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

D  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

E  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

A  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

B  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

C  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

D  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

E  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

A  contains voltage-gated channels.

B  is found in the soma of the neuron

C  contains ligand-gated channels

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  is where action potentials are first generated.

A  histamine

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  acetylcholine

B  serotonin

C  dopamine

D  histamine

A  serotonin

B  histamine

C  norepinephrine

D  acetylcholine

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  dopamine

D  norepinephrine

A  dopamine

B  norepinephrine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  limbic system

E  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

B  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

C  It has the same value in all cells.

D  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

E  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

F  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

A  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

B  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

C  Both near and distance vision are compromised

D  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

E  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

A  photoreceptor

B  parasympatic

C  parasympathetic

D  nociceptor

A    

B  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

C  personality traits.

D  final sensory perception

E  voluntary initiation of movement.

F  language ability

A  Pineal gland

B  Hypothalamus

C  Pituitary gland

D  Mitochondria

A  Refraction

B  Retraction

C  Reflection

D  Deflection

A  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

B  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

C  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

D  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

E  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

F  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

A  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  are found primarily in the heart.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  myopia.

B  cataract.

C  glaucoma.

D  presbyopia.

E  hyperopia.

A  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

B  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

C  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

D  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

E  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

A  Somatosensory cortex

B  Occipital lobe association area

C  Primary Visual cortex

D  Primary Auditory cortex

E  Parietal lobe association area

A  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

B  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

C  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

D  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

E  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  mechanoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  contains voltage-gated channels.

B  is located in the axon hillock.

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  contains ligand-gated channels

E  is found in the soma of the neuron

A  flatteningof the lens.

B  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

C  increased rounding of the cornea.

D  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

E  dilation of the pupil.

A  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

B  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

C  secretes hormones

D  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

E  functions as the body’s thermostat

F  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

A  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

B  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

C  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

D  both pens are activating the same receptor.

A  Proprioceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Mechanoreceptors

D  Chemoreceptors

E  Photoreceptors

A  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

B  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  bind chemicals called odorants

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

B  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

C  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

D  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

E  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

A  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

B  produce the CSF

C  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

D  produce myelin

E  can take up excess neurotransmitters

F  physically support neurons.

A  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

B  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

C  They always trigger action potentials.

D  They are action potentials.

E  They propagate without decrement.

A  depolarize a dendrite.

B  trigger an action potential.

C  cause a change in membrane potential.

D  be conducted to the axon hillock.

E  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus.

B  Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus.

C  They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways.

D  They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information.

E  They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

C  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

A  Na+/K+ pumps.

B  K+ leak channels.

C  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

D  Na+ leak channels

A  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

B  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

E  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

A  substantia nigra

B  putamen

C  cingulate gyrus

D  globus pallidus

E  caudate nucleus

F  mammilary body

A  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

A  spinocerebellar tract

B  lateral corticospinal tract

C  medial leminscus tract

D  anterior spinothalmic tract

E  the posterior column

A  cornea

B  ciliary muscle

C  iris

D  lens

E  retina

A  The depolarization phase of the action potential

B  The graded potential

C  All of these will not occur

D  The repolarization phase of the action potential

E  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

A  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

B  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

C  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

D  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

E  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

C  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

D  the dorsal root conducts motor information

A  they exit from the anterior gray horn

B  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

C  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

D  they secrete dopamine

E  they are part of the final common pathway

F  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

A  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

B  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

C  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

D  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

E  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

A  Gray, White

B  Brown, Gray

C  Black, White

D  White, Gray