Lecture Exam 2

A  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

B  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

C  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

D  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

E  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  horizontal, inner

B  bipolar, ganglion

C  somatic, catalyst

A  retina

B  iris

C  lens

D  ciliary muscle

E  cornea

A  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

B  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

C  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

D  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

E  secretes hormones

F  functions as the body’s thermostat

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  contains voltage-gated channels.

B  is where action potentials are first generated.

C  is found in the soma of the neuron

D  is located in the axon hillock.

E  contains ligand-gated channels

A  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

B  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

C  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

D  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

E  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

A  spinocerebellar tract

B  lateral corticospinal tract

C  the posterior column

D  medial leminscus tract

E  anterior spinothalmic tract

A  olfactory bulb

B  hippocampus.

C  amygdala.

D  mammillary body.

E  cingulate gyrus.

F  primary visual cortex

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

B  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

C  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

D  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

E  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

A  Primary Auditory cortex

B  Occipital lobe association area

C  Somatosensory cortex

D  Primary Visual cortex

E  Parietal lobe association area

A  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

B  both pens are activating the same receptor.

C  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

D  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

A  trigger an action potential.

B  be conducted to the axon hillock.

C  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

D  cause a change in membrane potential.

E  depolarize a dendrite.

A  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

B  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

C  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

D  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

E  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

A  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

B  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

C  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

D  the dorsal root conducts motor information

A  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

B  The graded potential

C  The repolarization phase of the action potential

D  All of these will not occur

E  The depolarization phase of the action potential

A  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

B  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

C  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

D  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

E  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

A  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

C  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

D  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

E  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

A  Deflection

B  Retraction

C  Refraction

D  Reflection

A  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

B  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  thermoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  mechanoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  photoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  Hypothalamus

B  Pituitary gland

C  Pineal gland

D  Mitochondria

A  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

B  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

C  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

D  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

E  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

A  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

B  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

C  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

D  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

E  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

A  can take up excess neurotransmitters

B  produce the CSF

C  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

D  physically support neurons.

E  produce myelin

F  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

A  It has the same value in all cells.

B  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

C  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

D  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

E  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

F  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

A  serotonin

B  norepinephrine

C  histamine

D  acetylcholine

A  acetylcholine

B  serotonin

C  dopamine

D  histamine

A  norepinephrine

B  serotonin

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  dopamine

B  histamine

C  norepinephrine

D  acetylcholine

A  acetylcholine

B  norepinephrine

C  dopamine

D  serotonin

A  Proprioception

B  Vision

C  Cold and warmth

D  Sound

E  pain

F  Pressure

A  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

B  they are part of the final common pathway

C  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

D  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

E  they exit from the anterior gray horn

F  they secrete dopamine

A  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

B  K+ leak channels.

C  Na+ leak channels

D  Na+/K+ pumps.

A  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

B  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

C  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

D  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

E  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

A  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

B  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

C  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

D  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

E  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

A  mammilary body

B  substantia nigra

C  caudate nucleus

D  cingulate gyrus

E  putamen

F  globus pallidus

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

B  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

D  always results in muscle contraction

E  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

A  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

B    

C  language ability

D  final sensory perception

E  voluntary initiation of movement.

F  personality traits.

A  gamma motor neurons

B  upper motor neurons

C  lower motor neurons

D  nictonic motor neurons

E  delta motor neurons

A  Gray, White

B  White, Gray

C  Brown, Gray

D  Black, White

A  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

B  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

C  bind chemicals called odorants

D  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

A  myopia.

B  presbyopia.

C  hyperopia.

D  glaucoma.

E  cataract.

A  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

B  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

D  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

E  are found primarily in the heart.

A  They always trigger action potentials.

B  They are action potentials.

C  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

D  They propagate without decrement.

E  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Chemoreceptors

B  Mechanoreceptors

C  Proprioceptors

D  Photoreceptors

E  Nociceptors

A  muscarinic

B  nicotinic

C  adrenergic

A  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

B  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  increased rounding of the cornea.

E  dilation of the pupil.

A  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

B  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

C  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

D  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

E  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  limbic system

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  somatosensory cortex

A  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

E  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

B  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

C  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

D  Both near and distance vision are compromised

E  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

A  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

B  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

C  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

D  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

A  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

B  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

C  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

D  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

E  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

F  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

A  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

B  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

C  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

D  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E  1, 2, 3, 5, 4