Lecture Exam 2

A  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

B  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

C  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

D  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

E  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  horizontal, inner

B  bipolar, ganglion

C  somatic, catalyst

A  cornea

B  ciliary muscle

C  iris

D  retina

E  lens

A  secretes hormones

B  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

C  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

D  functions as the body’s thermostat

E  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

F  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  is where action potentials are first generated.

B  is located in the axon hillock.

C  contains ligand-gated channels

D  is found in the soma of the neuron

E  contains voltage-gated channels.

A  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

B  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

C  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

D  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

E  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

A  spinocerebellar tract

B  lateral corticospinal tract

C  the posterior column

D  medial leminscus tract

E  anterior spinothalmic tract

A  hippocampus.

B  cingulate gyrus.

C  olfactory bulb

D  primary visual cortex

E  amygdala.

F  mammillary body.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

B  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.

C  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

A  Primary Visual cortex

B  Somatosensory cortex

C  Parietal lobe association area

D  Primary Auditory cortex

E  Occipital lobe association area

A  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

B  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

C  both pens are activating the same receptor.

D  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

A  be conducted to the axon hillock.

B  depolarize a dendrite.

C  trigger an action potential.

D  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

E  cause a change in membrane potential.

A  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

B  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

C  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

D  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

E  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

A  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

B  the dorsal root conducts motor information

C  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

D  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

A  The repolarization phase of the action potential

B  All of these will not occur

C  The graded potential

D  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

E  The depolarization phase of the action potential

A  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

B  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

C  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

D  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

E  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

A  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

B  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

C  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

D  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

E  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

A  Deflection

B  Refraction

C  Reflection

D  Retraction

A  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

D  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  chemoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  mechanoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

A  mechanoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  nociceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  Pineal gland

B  Hypothalamus

C  Mitochondria

D  Pituitary gland

A  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

B  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions in the pre-synaptic cell

C  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

D  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

E  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to Na + ions in the post-synaptic cell

A  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

B  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

C  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

D  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

E  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

A  are important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation.

B  produce the CSF

C  physically support neurons.

D  can take up excess neurotransmitters

E  produce myelin

F  are part of the blood-brain barrier.

A  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

B  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

C  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

D  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

E  It has the same value in all cells.

F  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

A  histamine

B  norepinephrine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  dopamine

B  histamine

C  serotonin

D  acetylcholine

A  serotonin

B  acetylcholine

C  histamine

D  norepinephrine

A  norepinephrine

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  histamine

A  norepinephrine

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  Pressure

B  Sound

C  Cold and warmth

D  Proprioception

E  pain

F  Vision

A  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

B  they are part of the final common pathway

C  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

D  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

E  they exit from the anterior gray horn

F  they secrete dopamine

A  Na+/K+ pumps.

B  K+ leak channels.

C  Na+ leak channels

D  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

A  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

B  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

C  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

D  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

E  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

A  An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus.

B  An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential.

C  An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane.

D  Action potentials travel in both directions along the axon.

E  Action potentials are usually initiated at the axon hillock of a neuron.

A  mammilary body

B  substantia nigra

C  cingulate gyrus

D  putamen

E  caudate nucleus

F  globus pallidus

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

C  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

D  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

E  always results in muscle contraction

A  voluntary initiation of movement.

B  personality traits.

C  language ability

D    

E  final sensory perception

F  control of breathing, circulation, and digestion.

A  delta motor neurons

B  lower motor neurons

C  gamma motor neurons

D  nictonic motor neurons

E  upper motor neurons

A  White, Gray

B  Gray, White

C  Black, White

D  Brown, Gray

A  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

B  bind chemicals called odorants

C  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

D  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

A  cataract.

B  hyperopia.

C  presbyopia.

D  myopia.

E  glaucoma.

A  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

B  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

D  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

E  are found primarily in the heart.

A  They are action potentials.

B  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

C  They always trigger action potentials.

D  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

E  They propagate without decrement.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Proprioceptors

D  Photoreceptors

E  Chemoreceptors

A  nicotinic

B  muscarinic

C  adrenergic

A  dilation of the pupil.

B  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

C  flatteningof the lens.

D  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

E  increased rounding of the cornea.

A  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

B  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

C  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

D  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

E  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  somatosensory cortex

C  limbic system

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

C  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

D  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

E  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

B  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

C  Both near and distance vision are compromised

D  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

E  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

A  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

B  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

C  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

D  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

A  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

B  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

C  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

D  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

E  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

F  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

A  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

B  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

C  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

D  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

E  3, 1, 4, 5, 2