Module 3 Exam

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Question #1

____ is a developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development, and repetitive behavior.

A Down syndrome

B Turner syndrome

C Fragile X syndrome

D Autism

Question #2

Nadia and Sasha are friends who are playing a skit and pretend to be superheroes. Nadia pretends to transform into a lion and Sasha pretends to transform into an icicle. These toddlers are engaging in what type of play?

A solitary play

B parallel play

C cooperative pretend play

D simple social play

Question #3

In recent decades, researchers on attachment have emphasized that the parent-child relationship is ____.

A only significant during toddlerhood

B unilateral or one way

C reciprocal or bidirectional

D filled with storm and stress

Question #4

Which of the following is a major criticism of attachment theory?

A It overstates cultural influence and does not recognize how different attachments are across cultures.

B It places too much emphasis on temperament and too much emphasis on the parent–child relationship.

C It places too much emphasis on unconscious awareness and too little emphasis on the conscious state.

D It overstates the mother’s influence and understates the child’s influence on the quality of attachment.

Question #5

Ainsworth concluded that the quality of attachment was based mainly on how ____ the mother was.

A demanding and responsive

B emotionally mature and intelligent

C sensitive and responsive

D caring and tempered

Question #6

In this type of attachment, toddlers show extremely unusual behavior. They seemed dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room, but with outbursts of anger. When the mother returns they may seem fearful.

A insecure–avoidant attachment

B secure attachment

C insecure–resistant attachment

D disorganized–disoriented attachment

Question #7

In this type of attachment, toddlers show little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response to the mother’s departure or return.

A disorganized–disoriented attachment

B insecure–avoidant attachment

C secure attachment

D insecure–resistant attachment

Question #8

In this type of attachment, toddlers use the mother as a secure base from which to explore when the mother and toddler are together. When separated from his or her mother, the toddler cries and then is very happy when she returns.

A disorganized–disoriented attachment

B insecure–avoidant attachment

C secure attachment

D insecure–resistant attachment

Question #9

According to Bowlby, what loss would be catastrophic for children’s development?

A the mother

B the father

C the sibling

D the primary attachment figure

Question #10

Who are primarily the individuals who deliverer the cultural gender messages to infants?

A the parents

B the preschool teachers

C the media

D the infant’s siblings

Question #11

Sidorowicz and Lunney (1980) asked adults to play with a 10-month-old infant they did not know. Some were told that the infant was female while others were told the infant was male. All were given a rubber football, a doll, and a teething ring to play with. What did the researchers find with regards to how the adults played with the infant?

A Adult males did not like to play with the infant

B Adults played with the child using the toys they thought were appropriate for their sex.

C Adults played with the child using all of the toys regardless of the sex of the infant.

D Adult females only played with the doll regardless of the sex of the infant.

Question #12

The term sex implies that the characteristics of males and females have ____; whereas, the term gender implies that characteristics of males and females may be due to ____.

A a biological basis; cultural and social beliefs

B an individual’s genetics; a chromosomal basis

C social and cultural beliefs; a biological basis

D a chromosomal basis; an individual’s genetics

Question #13

What is the term that indicates that toddlers apply grammatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule, such as “mouses” for mice and “foots” for feet?

A hypogeneralization

B hypergeneralization

C underregularization

D overregularization

Question #14

Your neighbor’s daughter Kelley, who just turned 2, used to yell “doggie” whenever you walked by with your golden retriever. Now when she sees you, she yells “doggie walk!” According to linguists, what type of speech production has Kelley begun to use?

A telegraphic speech

B short sentences

C holophrases

D declarative speech

Question #15

You notice that your daughter, who is 22 months old, uses the word “no!” fairly emphatically quite a lot. You were first concerned that your daughter might have oppositional-defiant disorder until you remembered that in your developmental class you learned that toddlers this age ____.

A are actually trying to say “go”

B say “no” a lot because it reflects their budding sense of self

C like to see how irritated they can get their parents

D have no idea what the word “no” means

Question #16

____ is the process where toddlers learn and remember a word for an object after being told what the object is called just one time.

A overregulation

B super quick learnin

C fast mapping

D exponential encoding

Question #17

During toddlerhood, as at all ages, ____ in language development.

A production lags behind comprehension

B comprehension and production are similar

C comprehension lags behind production

D comprehension and production improve similarly

Question #18

Your nephew loves cats. You have a large black cat that you named “Midnight.” Your nephew readily learned your cat’s name, but now calls all cats “Midnight.” Surely your nephew does not think that every cat’s name is “Midnight.” Why is this happening? Your nephew’s behavior is an example of ____.

A overextension

B holophrases

C underextension

D telegraphic speech

Question #19

Your neighbor’s 14-month-old toddler says things like “cup!” when he means that he would like a cup of milk. Your neighbor thinks that his toddler is very lazy. What is happening? The toddler is ____.

A cognitively impaired and might have a genetic disorder

B trying to manipulate his father and needs to be disciplined

C language delayed and needs professional assistance

D using holophrases, which is developmentally appropriate

Question #20

____ is specialized for language production, whereas ____ is specialized for language comprehension.

A Broca’s area; Wernicke’s area

B Wernicke’s area; Broca’s area

C Vygotsky’s area; Piaget’s area

D Piaget’s area; Vygotsky’s area

Question #21

____ is the ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways.

A Unlimited possibility

B Unobstructed creativity

C Endless combinations

D Infinite generativity

Question #22

What concept would accurately describe teaching your daughter how to dress herself? You first dressed her, indicating what you were doing and why, then you had her help as you dressed her, and lastly allowed her to dress herself as you watched and helped if needed?

A framing

B guided instruction

C zone of proximal development

D scaffolding

Question #23

____ is the difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.

A Zone of proximal development

B Deferred imitation

C Animism

D Self efficacy

Question #24

Lev Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development is very different from Piaget’s view of cognitive development in that Vygotsky’s emphasizes ____.

A genetic inheritance from one’s parents

B cognitive development as both a social and cultural process

C the child’s interactions with the physical environment

D neural plasticity

Question #25

At a recent birthday party that your daughter attended she received a bag of colorful plastic toys. There were several animals, a few cars, and people. After you opened the bag, your daughter started playing with them. After a few minutes you noticed that she was putting them into groups (e.g., animals, cars, people, etc.). What was she doing?

A practicing fine motor skills

B memorizing

C categorizing

D sorting

Question #26

You have been a life-long smoker, but you quit at the end of last week because you know how damaging it is to your health and you do not want to be a bad influence on your son, who is a toddler. You walk into your son’s room and find him acting like he is smoking with a crayon. According to Piaget, what is your son doing?

A action memory

B secondary circular reactions

C object permanence

D deferred imitation

Question #27

Object permanence is a mechanism that fosters attachment because ____.

A it allows for a greater psychosocial bond

B it mellows the temperament of both child and caregiver

C attachment makes up Piaget’s final stage of sensorimotor development.

D it includes the realization that the person you see on one occasion is the same person you saw on a previous occasion

Question #28

After work you drive home to find that your toddler is pushing the garage door opener so that the garage door opens and then shuts. At first you were a little unhappy that she was doing this, but you remembered your training in development and realized that your daughter was engaged in what Piaget referred to as ____.

A tertiary circular reactions

B reflexes

C primary circular reactions

D secondary circular reactions

Question #29

Which of the following are signs that a toddler might be ready to begin toilet training?

A staying dry for a few hours during the day, having regular bowel movements, and increased anticipation of urine or bowel movement

B staying awake during nap time, increased motions to remove a diaper, and increased temper tantrums at bedtime

C increased regular sleep-wake cycles, staying dry during naps, and increased motions to remove a diaper

D increased motions to remove a diaper, increased crying when a diaper put on, and increased regular feeding patterns

Question #30

Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours. What effect does this have on the development of their motor skills? Toddlers in traditional cultures ____.

A are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries

B are only slightly delayed compared to toddlers in developed countries

C are actually more advanced than toddlers in developed countries because they experience fewer injuries associated with walking earlier

D are equal to toddlers in developed countries

Question #31

You come from a family that is very athletic. You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball. You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball. Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball, he has not been able to kick it. After taking a developmental course, you find that ____.

A he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball

B if you work with him and make it fun, he will be able to kick the ball

C your son is very far behind in motor development

D your son is just not very bright

Question #32

An infant who climbs up a set of stairs is an example of ____.

A gross motor movement

B outward motor movement

C ambidextrous motor movement

D fine motor movement

Question #33

What is one of the reasons that toddlers who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again between when they are between 18 and 24 months old?

A They begin having difficulties with insomnia.

B They have a resurgence of teething.

C They have more difficulties with digestion.

D They have a huge growth spurt that tends to be painful.

Question #34

During toddlerhood, where is the peak production of new synapses?

A temporal lobes

B frontal lobes

C parietal lobes

D occipital lobes

Question #35

For young children who lack iodine, what difficulties can be seen in their cognitive development?

A There are no differences in IQ

B They actually outperform developed countries due to their work ethic.

C They show IQ gains of 5 to 10 points.

D They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.

Question #36

Which of the following is a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, and thinning of hair?

A eczema

B tuberculosis

C micronutrients

D kwashiorkor

Question #37

Your sister is very concerned about your nephew, who is a toddler. When they were at the pediatrician’s office, the doctor measured your nephew’s head circumference and his head is not growing as quickly as his body. What should you tell your sister?

A You should remind her that she also has a very small head.

B This is to be expected, as the body grows faster than the head during toddlerhood.

C She should find a good surgeon. The fontanels must have closed too soon.

D You suggest that your nephew must have microcephaly

Question #38

Baby Jaden is at the circus with her family when suddenly a clown appears. Not knowing what to make of it she looks at her mother’s face. After noticing that her mother is smiling and laughing she also begins to smile and laugh herself. Which of the following best describes Jaden’s situation?

A social paradigm

B social referencing

C facial feedback hypothesis

D facial feedback modeling

Question #39

According to Lewis, what type of emotion requires social learning such as embarrassment, shame, and guilt?

A primary

B elementary

C primitive

D secondary

Question #40

According to Lewis, what type of emotions are the most basic, such as anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness?

A secondary

B elementary

C primary

D primitive

Question #41

According to the goodness-of-fit model, babies with a negative temperamental quality find which of the following parental approaches most desirable?

A low tolerance and high understanding

B high demandingness and low tolerance

C low demandingness and high tolerance

D high understanding and high tolerance

Question #42

Miriam has a regular sleep-and-eat pattern, is generally in a positive mood, and adapts well to new situations. According to Thomas and Chess what is her temperament style?

A slow-to-warm-up

B difficult

C easy

D undifferentiated

Question #43

____ is comprised of personal attributes such as irritability, soothability, emotional reactivity, and sociability.

A Developmental quotient

B Intelligence quotient

C Temperament

D Attachment

Question #44

What type of development includes more-skilled movements of the hands such as grasping and manipulating objects?

A whole-body motor

B gross motor

C fine motor

D cephalocaudal motor

Question #45

Although rumors have circulated on the Internet that some immunizations may actually cause harm to children, for example by triggering autism, scientific studies have found __ __.

A a link to ADHD

B a link to girls

C no basis for these claims

D a link to boys

Question #46

What disease occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy, and they become lethargic?

A failure to thrive

B progeria

C marasmus

D human growth hormone deficiency

Question #47

Infants need more ____ in their diets than at any later point in life, for the growth of their bodies and especially their brains.

A iron

B folic acid

C fluoride

D fat

Question #48

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where ____.

A infants sleep in their own cribs in their own rooms

B there are low rates of obesity

C corporal punishment is discouraged

D cosleeping is the norm

Question #49

When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn, you notice that the baby is lying face-down in her crib. What do you tell your friends?

A That they need to have her on her back because lying face-down puts her at risk for SIDS.

B That their daughter looks peacefully asleep.

C That is the best position for an infant to be in

D Their daughter might grow up with a flat nose from being laid on her stomach.

Question #50

What is the leading cause of death for infants between birth and one year of age in developed countries?

A accidents

B SIDS

C genetic disorders

D AIDS

Question #51

While providing solace to a family who have just been told that their infant sustained brain damage in a car accident, Dr. Doofenschmirtz tells them that the good news is that the infant is young and his brain is not fully mature. As compared to an adult, the infant’s brain has not been shaped or formed but is still highly responsive to the environment and the prognosis is good. Which of the following describes the topic of Dr. Doofenschmirtz’s discussion?

A brain plasticity

B neural psychology

C biological physiology

D cognitive neurology

Question #52

What is the name of the sheath that encases axons to protect them and increase the speed of communication between neurons?

A synaptic sheath

B dendritic sheath

C myelin sheath

D neuronal sheath

Question #53

At birth, the neurons have only a few connections. By age 2 years, neurons are connected to ____.

A about as many as they were at birth

B millions of other neurons

C hundreds or thousands of other neurons

D billions of other neurons

Question #54

What part of a neuron receives the neurotransmitters?

A axons

B dendrites

C myelin

D soma

Question #55

Chemicals that are used to communicate between neurons are ____.

A neurocommunicators

B neurotransmitters

C neurotoxins

D neurochems

Question #56

Neurons communicate between each other chemically across small gaps. What are these gaps?

A synapses

B neuronal gaps

C transmitter nodes

D myelin

Question #57

Lorenzo first develops the ability to control his chest, then his arms, then his hands, and finally his fingers. This progression of motor development is called the ____.

A proximodistal principle

B cephalocaudal principle

C phalange-metatarsal principle

D thoracictorso principle

Question #58

Growth and development in infancy proceeds from the head downward, which is known as the ____.

A cephalocaudal principle

B proximodistal principle

C head first, body second principle

D top-down principle

Question #59

Early in life, infants accumulate fat. This helps the infant ____.

A maintain high energy level

B build muscle

C create brain cells

D maintain a constant body temperature

Question #60

In what type of speech do adults talk to infants by raising the pitch of their voices, exaggerating their intonation, and repeating words?

A baby talk

B infant-directed speech

C neuro-stimulating speech

D slow-down speech

Question #61

What is the term that developmentalists use to describe repetitive consonant-vowel combinations such as “ba-ba-ba” or “do-do-do?”

A telegraphic speech

B babbling

C cooing

D gesturing

Question #62

What is the term that developmentalists use to describe the oo-ing, ah-ing, and gurgling sounds that infants produce when they are 2 months old?

A cooing

B babbling

C gesturing

D telegraphic speech

Question #63

Which of the following describes the normal sequence of language development?

A words, gesturing, cooing, babbling

B babbling, cooing, words, gesturing

C gesturing, words, babbling, cooing

D cooing, babbling, gesturing, words

Question #64

Longitudinal studies examining attention have found that compared to “long-lookers,” ” short-lookers” in infancy tend to have ____.

A higher attention scores later in development

B lower attention scores later in development

C higher IQ scores later in development

D lower IQ scores later in development

Question #65

An infant who scores extremely low on the Bayley scales ____.

A may have serious development problems and needs immediate attention

B is doing extremely well and above normal development milestones

C is predicted to do extremely well on an IQ test

D may need the intervention of a social psychologist and pediatric dietitian

Question #66

Which of the following areas make up Arnold Gesell’s developmental quotient (DQ)?

A reflexive index, score on a 16PF rating, Apgar score, and adaptive functioning

B muscular strength, lung capacity, language use, and social-emotional rating

C motor skills, language use, adaptive behaviors, and personal-social behavior

D intelligence quotient, functional behavioral assessment rating, and Apgar score

Question #67

What term refers to the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus?

A dishabituation

B sensitivity

C boredom

D habituation

Question #68

What was the original model for the information-processing approach?

A the Internet

B the human brain

C the computer

D the cell phone

Question #69

Piaget’s stages views cognitive growth as ____, whereas the information-processing approach views cognitive changes as ____.

A external; internal

B internal; external

C discontinuous; continuous

D continuous; discontinuous

Question #70

Which of the following is a major criticism of Piaget’s theories of cognitive development?

A he underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants

B he overestimated the cognitive abilities of children

C his sample size was too large and over representative

D his theories are not supported by modern research

Question #71

Your niece loves to play peek-a-boo. The way that you like to play is to put your blanket over your face and after a few seconds abruptly remove the blanket. Each time that you remove the blanket, your niece acts like she is very surprised to see you. According to Piaget, what concept does your niece lack?

A object discovery

B object continuance

C object memory

D object permanence

Question #72

When an infant’s actions first become intentional and goal-directed, rather than reactive, he or she is in sensorimotor substage ____.

A substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes

B substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions

C substage 3: secondary circular reactions

D substage 1: simple reflexes

Question #73

Infants in this sensorimotor substage learn to repeat bodily movement that occurred initially by chance; they then repeat this chance behavior intentionally.

A substage 3: secondary circular reactions

B substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes

C substage 1: simple reflexes

D substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions

Question #74

Cognitive development in this stage involves changing from reflex behavior to intentional action and the attainment of object permanence.

A concrete operations

B formal operations

C pre-operations

D sensorimotor

Question #75

____ is when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, whereas ____ is when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information.

A Accommodation; assimilation

B Encoding; retrieval

C Retrieval; encoding

D Assimilation; accommodation

Question #76

What did Piaget call the cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information?

A assimilation

B accommodation

C active processing

D schemes

Question #77

According to Piaget, an individual’s cognitive development is driven by ____.

A the need to satisfy a deficient cognitive state

B the need for superiority due to innate deficiencies

C an effort to satisfy the id while working with the superego

D an effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment

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