Final Exam

A  then it would be difficult to compare poverty rates over time.

B  then a substantial share of the U.S. population will subsist in dire poverty.

C  it will be useful to have a poverty line whose basic definition changes a lot.

D  then it will set two poverty lines that it applies to welfare and the near-poor.

A  A death tax

B  An inheritance tax

C  An estate tax

D  A redistribution tax

A  equality and inequality

B  inequality and poverty

C  wealth distribution and poverty

D  equality and wealth distribution

A  AFDC

B  TNAF

C  ADFC

D  TANF

A  illiterate poor

B  near-poor

C  poverty trapped

D  working poor

A  a tax break; having earned income

B  an increased standard of living; EIC

C  a tax refund; having earned income

D  a reduced standard of living; TANF

A  only those orphans who were living below the poverty line.

B  married women with families who were below the poverty line.

C  married men with families who were below the poverty line.

D  all mothers with children who were below the poverty line.

A  a tax imposed on the value of inheritances

B  trying to assure that a ladder of opportunity is widely available

C  redistribution from those with high incomes to those with low incomes

D  the three mains sets of tools it can use include all of the above

A  “rules of origin”

B  dumping

C  import quota

D  export quota

A  protectionism provides a barrier to entry to the job markets that the low-wage earners want entry to.

B  protectionism forces them to pay higher prices for basic necessities like clothing and food.

C  protectionism will prevent them from applying for those jobs in other industries.

D  protectionism will encourage foreign workers to apply for American jobs.

A  General Association for Trade and Tariffs.

B  General Accounting for Tariff and Trade.

C  General Association on Technology and Trade.

D  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

A  $8.25/hour

B  $6.25/hour

C  $7.25/hour

D  $9.25/hour

A  Companies seek the lowest market prices on products in order to gain market share, resulting in inferior goods and increased waste and pollution.

B  Companies seek to reduce their costs of operations on plant and equipment design and this results in higher levels of pollution.

C  Companies seek to influence environmental legislation standards are set to the lowest possible standards in the USA in order to maximize profits.

D  Profit-seeking multinational companies shift their production from countries with strong environmental standards to countries with weak standards, thus reducing their costs and increasing their profits.

A  Anti-Dumping Argument

B  Import Limitation Argument

C  Buy-American Argument

D  National Interest Argument

A  imported products

B  hazardous goods

C  surplus goods

D  exported products

A  an import quota

B  a non-tariff barrier

C  a quota

D  a government bureaucracy

A  firms will be protected from subsidized foreign competition.

B  it will not be subjected to a takeover from a foreign competitor.

C  there will be adequate supplies of crucial resources in case they are needed for national defence.

D  domestic producers can attain the economies of scale to allow them to compete in world markets.

A  protect domestic producers of exported goods.

B  limit voluntary exchanges.

C  protect domestic consumers of goods.

D  protect foreign producers of goods.

A  75%; 90%

B  25%; 50%

C  50%; 75%

D  10%; 25%

A  increase; increase

B  decrease; decrease

C  decrease; increase

D  increase; decrease

A  Alland has an absolute advantage in producing food but will not trade with Georgeland.

B  Alland has a comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing food.

C  Georgeland has a comparative advantage, but not an absolute advantage, in producing clothing.

D  Georgeland has both a comparative and absolute advantage in producing clothing.

A  absolute advantage

B  opportunity cost

C  comparative advantage

D  relative cost

A  90%; 90%

B  60%; 60%

C  10%; 10%

D  30%; 30%

A  economies of scale

B  specialization

C  lower opportunity costs

D  worker productivity

A  it is in the interest of Beta to grow oranges and trade for apples.

B  it is in the interest of both countries to specialize and trade with one another.

C  there are no incentives for Beta to engage in international specialization and trade of apples and oranges.

D  there are no incentives for Alpha to specialize and trade with Beta.

A  it cannot gain from international trade unless it has an absolute advantage in every other commodity.

B  it cannot gain from international trade in the commodity.

C  it can still gain from international trade in that commodity, by getting it at a lower opportunity cost than if it produced it domestically.

D  it can gain from international trade in that commodity only if it has an absolute advantage in that commodity.

A  China has a comparative advantage in the production of rice.

B  China has both an absolute and comparative advantage in the production of rice.

C  India has an absolute advantage in the production of rice.

D  India has a comparative advantage in the production of rice.

A  opportunity cost

B  relative cost

C  absolute cost

D  comparative cost

A  Germany has an absolute advantage in the production of maple syrup.

B  Canada has an absolute advantage in the production of maple syrup.

C  Canada has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.

D  Germany has a comparative advantage in the production of hockey sticks.

A  may be able to produce everything relatively more efficiently than another party.

B  with an absolute advantage in producing two different may export goods both of those goods to the other party.

C  may be able to produce something at a lower dollar cost than another party.

D  may be able to produce something at a lower opportunity cost than another party.

A  profit; entry; a price that lies at the very bottom of the AC curve

B  profit or loss; entry and exit; a zero-profit outcome

C  loss; exit; losses on their earnings

D  profit or loss; exit; economic profits

A  at the very top of the AC curve.

B  on the upward-sloping portion of the average cost curve.

C  on the downward-sloping portion of the average cost curve.

D  at the very bottom of the AC curve.

A  be perceived more favorably.

B  differentiate their product.

C  be environmentally responsible.

D  be socially responsible.

A  match price increases, but not price cuts.

B  stand at opposite ends of the competition spectrum.

C  stand at the high point of the competition spectrum.

D  match price cuts, but not price increases.

A  zero profits result for all.

B  they end up acting very much like monopolistic competitors.

C  they end up acting very much like imperfect competitors.

D  costs for all are driven up.

A  a higher quantity of a good and charge a lower price

B  the price people are willing to pay is not more

C  the price that people are willing to pay is lower

D  a lower quantity of a good and charge a higher price

A  average variable cost curve.

B  average cost curve.

C  total marginal cost curve

D  total cost curve.

A  they will be unable to earn higher-than-normal profits in the long run.

B  they will be unable to earn higher-than-normal profits in the short run.

C  they will wish to cooperate to make decisions about what price to charge.

D  they will wish to cooperate to make decisions about what quantity to produce.

A  $2.00 or less

B  $1.00 or less

C  $1.75 or less

D  $0.75 or less

A  to increase supply to benefit consumers.

B  to discourage short run competition.

C  to maximize profits in the long run.

D  to hire more staff to lower unemployment.

A  the entry of new firms will eventually cause price to decline.

B  entry will be blocked even if firms are earning high profits.

C  surviving firms earn only a normal level of profit in the long run.

D  abnormally high profits will attract the entry of new firms.

A  abnormally high sustained profits.

B  elimination of barriers to entry

C  government deregulation.

D  irregularly high unsustainable profits.

A  I, III and IV

B  I, II, III, IV, and VI

C  I, II, and III

D  all of the above

A  postal services sector

B  telecommunications sector

C  nuclear power sector

D  banking sector

A  local electricity distributor

B  local television broadcaster

C  local bathroom fixtures shop

D  local fast-food restaurant

A  producing maximum output where price is equal to its marginal cost.

B  setting output at MR = MC and setting price at the demand curve’s highest point.

C  setting the price at the level that will maximize its per-unit profit.

D  producing output where MR = MC and charging a price along the demand curve.

A  Intellectual property

B  Trademark

C  Copyright

D  Patent

A  have legal protection to prevent copying its methods of production for commercial use.

B  raise prices, cut production, and realize positive economic profits.

C  acquire rights for its investors to produce and sell their product.

D  have a patent giving it exclusive legal rights to make, use, and sell for a limited time.

A  whether consumers will purchase its product

B  barriers to entry and competitors’ patent protection

C  whether consumers will spend on different products

D  the competitive actions of other business firms

A  minimized at the output that maximizes the industry’s profitability.

B  lower for the smaller firms than for larger firms.

C  lowest when there are a large number of producers in the industry.

D  lowest when a single firm generates the entire output of the industry.

A  high degree of similarity to competitor’s products

B  price takers find market analysis is too costly

C  they can increase output without affecting quality

D  they are very small players in the overall market

A  marginal product is rising.

B  average product is rising.

C  marginal product is falling.

D  average product is falling.

A  market demand.

B  average demand.

C  derived demand.

D  marginal demand.

A  higher retained earnings from past profits

B  imposition of hurdle rates of interest

C  cost of financial capital paid by a firm

D  tax credits for physical capital investments

A  it can increase or decrease its output without affecting overall quantity supplied in the market.

B  it must be a relatively small player compared to its competitors in the overall market.

C  quality differences will be very perceptible and will play a major role in purchasers’ decisions.

D  pressure from competing firms will force acceptance of the prevailing market price.

A  hypothetical extreme.

B  realistic extreme.

C  realistic assumption.

D  hypothetical assumption.

A  can be set by management to maximize profits.

B  can be tailored to meet the price of its inputs.

C  can be tailored to exceed the price of its inputs.

D  is dictated by the forces of demand and supply.

A  short run; the quantity of output where profits are highest

B  long run; the quantity of output where profits are highest

C  long run; methods to reduce production and shut down

D  short run; profits by ignoring the concept of total cost analysis