Exam 2

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Question #1

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

A operant conditioning

B occasion setting

C observational learning

D classical conditioning

Question #2

What phenomenon describes the possibility of an extinguished response being activated again in a new context?

A renewal effect

B context cues

C recovery

D extinction

Question #3

The “law of effect” states:

A Any behavior that leads to a negative state is likely to be repeated.

B Behaviors that lead to positive states will not occur in an artificial cage environment.

C Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated.

D The effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself.

Question #4

Emily naturally blinks whenever her sister pretends she’s going to poke her in the eye. Her sister, a psychology major, then decides to have a little fun. She pairs the word “psychology” (conditioned stimulus) with pretending to poke Emily in the eye (unconditioned stimulus). Soon, Emily blinks as soon as she hears the word “psychology.” According to the concept of blocking, what would happen in this scenario if Emily’s sister also started snapping her fingers when she said the word psychology?

A Snapping her fingers will become a second conditioned stimulus causing Emily to blink

B Emily will blink twice, one for each conditioned stimulus that causes the conditioned response

C Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus

D Emily will stop blinking because she is getting too many conditioned stimuli than classical conditioning can account for

Question #5

In Bandura’s famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:

A children who observed the aggressive models were more aggressive than the other children.

B children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

C that observation had no impact on behavior

D the aggressive models instructed the children how to hit and kick

Question #6

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:

A the response triggered by the conditioning

B the response given by the subject outside of the stimulus

C the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus

D the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

Question #7

In a “Skinner box” experiments with rats the rats can learn:

A rat’s behavior varied over several days.

B to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

C rats were unable to learn new behaviors.

D to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Question #8

Psychologists best define drive states as:

A affective experiences that motivate organisms to fulfill survival or reproductive goals

B the cause of all human thoughts, feelings, and actions

C the desire to be accomplished in one’s field of study

D inflexibly defined patterns of behavior common to all organisms

Question #9

There are many ways that men and women can differ when it comes to sexual arousal and motivation. For example, in males, sexual arousal is strongly linked to the _______.

A preoptic area

B lordosis

C septal nucleus

D hypothalamus

Question #10

Half-way through your 15 mile hike, you realize that you forgot your water bottle. By the time you get back to your car, all you can think about it getting something to drink. You stop at the store, but they are charging $10 for a bottle of water. Even though that price is outrageous, you willingly pay it because you are so thirsty. This is an example of ________.

A reinforcement value

B illustrative motivational state

C set point

D narrowing of attention

Question #11

Imagine that you get to sleep in tomorrow (yay!) and you want to sleep in until 10:00am. At 8:00am, you wake and have to use the bathroom. You ignore it for a little bit and go back to bed. Finally, at 9:30am you can’t hold it anymore and hop out of bed, even though you still want to sleep. This BEST represents which key property of motivation?

A reward value

B lordosis behavior

C homeostasis

D psychological satiation

Question #12

Which of the following is consistent with the concept behind drive-states?

A drinking a glass of water after a long hike

B working hard to earn a promotion

C buying the newest generation of iPhone

D eating a doughnut that someone brought to work after a large breakfast

Question #13

Psychologists best define motivation as:

A inflexibly defined patterns of behavior common to all people

B the desire to be accomplished in one’s field of study

C the cause of all our thoughts, feelings, and actions

D a need or desire that directs and energizes human behavior

Question #14

The peripheral nervous system affects __________
while the central nervous system is associated with _______________.

A breathing; memory

B conscious thought; unconscious desires

C dreams; daydreams

D they are simply two names for the same system

Question #15

Dr. Gregory wants to study how the hippocampus affects memory in rats. In order to do this, she takes a group of rats and ablates the hippocampus in some of them to study what impact this will have. What kind of study is Dr. Gregory performing?

A a longitudinal study

B a psychoneuroimmunology study

C an analogue study

D a lesion study

Question #16

Adolescents often act impulsively. This may be because the prefrontal cortex typically develops slower than the:

A cerebellum

B limbic system

C hypothalamus

D spinal cord

Question #17

Which brain structure plays a key role in regulating endocrine hormones in conjunction with the pituitary gland?

A the amygdala

B the hypothalamus

C the hippocampus

D the globus pallidus

Question #18

When using imaging techniques to study the brain researchers often have to weigh a trade-off between :

A electrical and temporal resolution

B the likelihood of harm and the likelihood of a significant result

C temporal and spatial resolution

D magnetic resonance and temporal resonance

Question #19

The peripheral nervous system is made up of two branches, which include:

A the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

B the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

C the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

D the brain and spinal cord

Question #20

Which part of the brain was referred to by Aristotle as the “little brain?”

A the cerebellum

B the corpus callosum

C the reticular activating system

D the hypothalmus

Question #21

Identify one of the subcortical structures of the cerebral hemispheres.

A putamen

B substantial nigra

C basal ganglia

D pyramidal tracts

Question #22

In a classic case study Phineas Gage became emotionally labile and unable to restrain his impulsive behaviors after a severe head injury. Much of his brain damage occurred in his:

A frontal lobes

B thalamus

C temporal lobes

D parietal lobes

Question #23

Although Janay’s brain makes up only about ____ percent of her total body weight, it uses about _____ percent of the total oxygen and calories she consumes. Janay’s brain size and resource usage is similar to that of most human beings.

A 2; 20

B 0.5; 25

C 1; 20

D 5; 45

Question #24

Lisette is writing a paper for her psychology class and the topic is supposed to be the brain stem. Which of the following would be the best title for this paper?

A “The Choice and Decisions Center of the Brain”

B “The Life Support Center of the Brain”

C “The Vision Center of the Brain”

D “The Emotion and Memory Center of the Brain”

Question #25

You may have heard different types of tissue in the brain being referred to as either “gray matter” or “white matter.” What is it that makes white matter white?

A These cells are covered with myelin, which is a fatty sheath that has a whitish color.

B When a person undergoes neuroimaging, these parts of the brain show up as white in an fMRI or CT scan.

C The high level of oxygenation in these cells causes them to have a whitish hue.

D Blood does not flow to these parts of the brain and so they remain white.

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