Midterm Exam

A  Walter Reed

B  Upton Sinclair

C  John Snow

D  Henry David Thoreau

A  Plasmodium malariae

B  Plasmodium ovale

C  Plasmodium vivax

D  Plasmodium falciparum

A  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

B  determining the risk of disease

C  assessing variations in disease occurrence

D  describing the scope of health problems

E  the development of hypothesses

A  K.J. Rothman

B  John Snow

C  Hippocrates

D  Socrates

E  Sir Percival Pott

A  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

B  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

C  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

D  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

E  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

A  None of these is correct.

B  (Z/Y) x 100,000

C  (X/Z) x 100,000

D  (X/Y) x 100,000

E  (Z/X) x 100,000

A  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

B  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

C  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

D  None of these is correct.

E  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

A  None of these is correct.

B  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

C  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

D  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

E  a description of disease according to person variables

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Cross-sectional study

B  Case-conrol study

C  Cohort study

D  Case series study

A  Case series study

B  Cross-sectional studies

C  Case-conrol studies

D  Ecologic studies

A  Randomizing

B  Clustering

C  Grouping

D  Sampling

A  Incidence

B  Mortality

C  Morbidity

D  Prevalence

A  Plausibility

B  Coherence

C  Specificity

D  Temporality

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Salmonella typhi

B  Clostridium botulinum

C  Escherichia coli

D  Staphylococcus aureus

A  Salmonellosis

B  Listeriosis

C  Trichinellosis

D  Botulism

A  Foodborne infection

B  Foodborne outbreak

C  Foodborne intoxication

D  Foodborne disease

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

B  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

C  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

A  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

B  use of mosquito-eating fish

C  removing standing water around the home

D  All of these are correct

E  wearing long clothing

A  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

B  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

C  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

D  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

E  None of these is correct.

A  recovered without receiving intensive care

B  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

C  required an abortion in oder to survive

D  was caused by Francisella tularensis

E  None of these is correct.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Iron

B  Copper

C  Nickel

D  Zinc

A  Arsenic

B  Beryllium

C  Cadmium

D  Mercury

A  Beryllium

B  Cadmium

C  Arsenic

D  Mercury

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

B  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

C  National Environmental Policy Act

D  Toxic Substances Control Act

A  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

B  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

C  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

D  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Ecologic assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Hazard assessment

A  Risk assessment

B  Exposure assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Dose-response assessment

A  Absorbed dose

B  Effective dose

C  Internal dose

D  Exposure dose

A  Teratogen

B  Poison

C  Toxicant

D  Toxin

A  Synergistic

B  Coalitive

C  Antagonism

D  Potentiation

A  Coalitve

B  Antagonistic

C  Synergistic

D  Additive

A  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

B  it was a potent teratogen

C  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

D  it was associated with heart problems among adults

A  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

B  Dose-response assessments in human populations

C  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

D  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

E  Experiments with normal volunteers

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

B  argued for the creation of state health departments

C  were extremely innovative for their time

D  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

E  All of the above

A  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

B  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

C  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

D  identified an environmental cause of cancer

E  None of the above

A  damage to internal organs

B  some forms of cancer

C  brain damage

D  impairment of physical and mental development

E  All of these are correct

A  Sudden onset of headaches

B  Vomiting and stomach pain

C  Chronic illness effects

D  convulsions

E  All of the above

A  Copper

B  Mercury

C  Manganese

D  Iron

E  None of the above

A  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

B  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

C  None of them is necessary to sustain life

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Skin contact with dusts

B  Ingestion

C  Inhalatin of dusts

D  Inhalation of metal fumes

E  All of the above

A  Mercury

B  Silver

C  Berylium

D  Arsenic

E  Chromium

A  Arsenic

B  Mercury

C  Lead

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  Lead

B  Arsenic

C  Cadmium

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  prion

B  protozoa

C  virus

D  rickettsial agent

E  bacterium

A  bacterium

B  protozoa

C  rickettsial agent

D  prion

E  virus

A  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

B  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

C  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

D  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying

A  P. ovale

B  P. malariae

C  P.falciparum

D  P. vivax

E  None of the above

A  The “black death”

B  Trichinellosis

C  Q-fever

D  Measles

E  None of the above

A  rats and mice

B  ticks

C  sand flies

D  mosquitoes

E  All of the above

A  bite or scratch of an animal

B  contact with the skin

C  direct inhalation

D  ingestion of contaminated foods

E  All of the above

A  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

B  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

C  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

D  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

B  By colocating businesses and residences

C  By encouraging people to walk more

D  By causing greater use of private automobiles

E  By encouraging the use of public transportation

A  Lack of government support

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Poorly defined problems

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of government support

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Lack of government support

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

C  Lack of government support

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Lack of governmental support

B  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

B  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

C  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

D  They spend more time indoors

E  Their immune system are still developing

A  TLV

B  TFR

C  AQI

D  LD50

E  VOCs

A  reduction in genetic diversity

B  increased nutritional value of foods

C  increased crop yields

D  increased resistance of food animals to disease

E  development of herbicide resistance

A  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Demonstrated person to person transmission

C  Intensive animal husbandry practices

D  Restriction of international travel

E  All of the above

A  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

B  confined to a single time episode

C  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

D  at lower levels for shorter time periods

E  None of the above

A  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

B  protect the nutritional quality of foods

C  keep food free from rodent filth

D  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

E  make the food more attractive

A  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

B  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

C  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

B  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

C  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

D  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

E  None of the above

A  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

B  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

C  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

D  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

E  None of the above

A  anthropogenic form of poison

B  Toxin

C  toxicant

D  poison caused by bacterial activity

E  None of the above

A  Acute conditions

B  Chronic disease

C  Disability

D  Allergic responses

E  All of the above

A  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

B  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

C  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

D  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

E  None of the above

A  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

B  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

C  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

D  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

E  All of the above

A  heavy metals

B  Mushroom toxins

C  marine toxins

D  monosodium glutamate

E  All of the above

A  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

B  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

C  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

D  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

E  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

A  Vitamins to improve nutrition

B  Residue from spraying crops

C  Chemicals from food wrappers

D  Insect parts

E  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

A  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

B  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

C  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

D  quantity of a substance that is administered

E  quantity of a substance that is administered

F  None of the above

A  Hepatitis A virus

B  Shigella

C  Novovirus

D  Salmonella

E  None of the above