Midterm Exam

A  Walter Reed

B  John Snow

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Upton Sinclair

A  Plasmodium malariae

B  Plasmodium falciparum

C  Plasmodium ovale

D  Plasmodium vivax

A  assessing variations in disease occurrence

B  the development of hypothesses

C  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

D  determining the risk of disease

E  describing the scope of health problems

A  K.J. Rothman

B  Sir Percival Pott

C  Hippocrates

D  Socrates

E  John Snow

A  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

B  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

C  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

D  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

E  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

A  (X/Z) x 100,000

B  (Z/X) x 100,000

C  None of these is correct.

D  (Z/Y) x 100,000

E  (X/Y) x 100,000

A  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

B  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

C  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

D  None of these is correct.

E  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

A  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

B  None of these is correct.

C  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

D  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

E  a description of disease according to person variables

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Case-conrol study

B  Cohort study

C  Cross-sectional study

D  Case series study

A  Case series study

B  Cross-sectional studies

C  Case-conrol studies

D  Ecologic studies

A  Clustering

B  Sampling

C  Randomizing

D  Grouping

A  Mortality

B  Prevalence

C  Incidence

D  Morbidity

A  Plausibility

B  Specificity

C  Temporality

D  Coherence

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Staphylococcus aureus

B  Escherichia coli

C  Clostridium botulinum

D  Salmonella typhi

A  Salmonellosis

B  Listeriosis

C  Botulism

D  Trichinellosis

A  Foodborne intoxication

B  Foodborne disease

C  Foodborne infection

D  Foodborne outbreak

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

B  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

C  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

A  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

B  wearing long clothing

C  All of these are correct

D  removing standing water around the home

E  use of mosquito-eating fish

A  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

B  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

C  None of these is correct.

D  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

E  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

A  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

B  None of these is correct.

C  required an abortion in oder to survive

D  was caused by Francisella tularensis

E  recovered without receiving intensive care

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Zinc

B  Copper

C  Nickel

D  Iron

A  Arsenic

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Beryllium

A  Mercury

B  Beryllium

C  Arsenic

D  Cadmium

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

B  National Environmental Policy Act

C  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

D  Toxic Substances Control Act

A  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

B  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

C  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

D  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Ecologic assessment

B  Exposure assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Dose-response assessment

A  Risk assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Hazard assessment

A  Absorbed dose

B  Exposure dose

C  Internal dose

D  Effective dose

A  Toxin

B  Toxicant

C  Poison

D  Teratogen

A  Antagonism

B  Synergistic

C  Coalitive

D  Potentiation

A  Antagonistic

B  Coalitve

C  Synergistic

D  Additive

A  it was associated with heart problems among adults

B  it was a potent teratogen

C  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

D  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

A  Dose-response assessments in human populations

B  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

C  Experiments with normal volunteers

D  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

E  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  argued for the creation of state health departments

B  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

C  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

D  were extremely innovative for their time

E  All of the above

A  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

B  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

C  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

D  identified an environmental cause of cancer

E  None of the above

A  impairment of physical and mental development

B  brain damage

C  damage to internal organs

D  All of these are correct

E  some forms of cancer

A  Chronic illness effects

B  Sudden onset of headaches

C  Vomiting and stomach pain

D  convulsions

E  All of the above

A  Iron

B  Manganese

C  Mercury

D  Copper

E  None of the above

A  None of them is necessary to sustain life

B  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

C  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Ingestion

B  Skin contact with dusts

C  Inhalation of metal fumes

D  Inhalatin of dusts

E  All of the above

A  Mercury

B  Silver

C  Berylium

D  Arsenic

E  Chromium

A  Lead

B  Mercury

C  Arsenic

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  Arsenic

B  Lead

C  Mercury

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  rickettsial agent

B  bacterium

C  virus

D  prion

E  protozoa

A  rickettsial agent

B  prion

C  bacterium

D  virus

E  protozoa

A  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

B  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

C  discontinuance of DDT spraying

D  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

E  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

A  P. vivax

B  P. ovale

C  P. malariae

D  P.falciparum

E  None of the above

A  Trichinellosis

B  The “black death”

C  Measles

D  Q-fever

E  None of the above

A  rats and mice

B  sand flies

C  mosquitoes

D  ticks

E  All of the above

A  direct inhalation

B  bite or scratch of an animal

C  contact with the skin

D  ingestion of contaminated foods

E  All of the above

A  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

B  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

C  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

D  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

E  None of the above

A  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

E  None of the above

A  By encouraging the use of public transportation

B  By encouraging people to walk more

C  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

D  By causing greater use of private automobiles

E  By colocating businesses and residences

A  Lack of government support

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of government support

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Poorly defined problems

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Lack of sound scientific data

E  Lack of government support

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Lack of government support

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Lack of governmental support

A  They spend more time indoors

B  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

C  Their immune system are still developing

D  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

E  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

A  VOCs

B  TFR

C  AQI

D  LD50

E  TLV

A  increased crop yields

B  increased nutritional value of foods

C  increased resistance of food animals to disease

D  reduction in genetic diversity

E  development of herbicide resistance

A  Intensive animal husbandry practices

B  Restriction of international travel

C  Demonstrated person to person transmission

D  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

E  All of the above

A  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

B  confined to a single time episode

C  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

D  at lower levels for shorter time periods

E  None of the above

A  protect the nutritional quality of foods

B  keep food free from rodent filth

C  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

D  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

E  make the food more attractive

A  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

B  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

C  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

B  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

C  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

D  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

E  None of the above

A  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

B  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

C  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

D  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

E  None of the above

A  anthropogenic form of poison

B  poison caused by bacterial activity

C  toxicant

D  Toxin

E  None of the above

A  Chronic disease

B  Acute conditions

C  Allergic responses

D  Disability

E  All of the above

A  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

B  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

C  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

D  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

E  None of the above

A  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

B  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

C  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

D  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

E  All of the above

A  heavy metals

B  monosodium glutamate

C  Mushroom toxins

D  marine toxins

E  All of the above

A  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

B  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

C  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

D  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

E  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

A  Vitamins to improve nutrition

B  Insect parts

C  Chemicals from food wrappers

D  Residue from spraying crops

E  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

A  quantity of a substance that is administered

B  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

C  quantity of a substance that is administered

D  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

E  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

F  None of the above

A  Salmonella

B  Shigella

C  Hepatitis A virus

D  Novovirus

E  None of the above