Midterm Exam

A  Walter Reed

B  Upton Sinclair

C  John Snow

D  Henry David Thoreau

A  Plasmodium falciparum

B  Plasmodium malariae

C  Plasmodium vivax

D  Plasmodium ovale

A  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

B  assessing variations in disease occurrence

C  describing the scope of health problems

D  the development of hypothesses

E  determining the risk of disease

A  Hippocrates

B  Sir Percival Pott

C  Socrates

D  K.J. Rothman

E  John Snow

A  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

B  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

C  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

D  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

E  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

A  (X/Y) x 100,000

B  (Z/Y) x 100,000

C  (Z/X) x 100,000

D  (X/Z) x 100,000

E  None of these is correct.

A  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

B  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

C  None of these is correct.

D  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

E  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

A  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

B  a description of disease according to person variables

C  None of these is correct.

D  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

E  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Cohort study

B  Case series study

C  Cross-sectional study

D  Case-conrol study

A  Case series study

B  Ecologic studies

C  Case-conrol studies

D  Cross-sectional studies

A  Clustering

B  Sampling

C  Grouping

D  Randomizing

A  Mortality

B  Morbidity

C  Incidence

D  Prevalence

A  Plausibility

B  Coherence

C  Temporality

D  Specificity

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Clostridium botulinum

B  Staphylococcus aureus

C  Escherichia coli

D  Salmonella typhi

A  Botulism

B  Salmonellosis

C  Trichinellosis

D  Listeriosis

A  Foodborne outbreak

B  Foodborne intoxication

C  Foodborne disease

D  Foodborne infection

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

B  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

C  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

A  removing standing water around the home

B  wearing long clothing

C  All of these are correct

D  use of mosquito-eating fish

E  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

A  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

B  None of these is correct.

C  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

D  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

E  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

A  recovered without receiving intensive care

B  None of these is correct.

C  required an abortion in oder to survive

D  was caused by Francisella tularensis

E  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Copper

B  Zinc

C  Nickel

D  Iron

A  Mercury

B  Beryllium

C  Arsenic

D  Cadmium

A  Arsenic

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Beryllium

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Toxic Substances Control Act

B  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

C  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

D  National Environmental Policy Act

A  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

B  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

C  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

D  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Dose-response assessment

B  Ecologic assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Hazard assessment

A  Risk assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Hazard assessment

A  Effective dose

B  Internal dose

C  Exposure dose

D  Absorbed dose

A  Toxicant

B  Poison

C  Teratogen

D  Toxin

A  Antagonism

B  Synergistic

C  Coalitive

D  Potentiation

A  Coalitve

B  Synergistic

C  Additive

D  Antagonistic

A  it was a potent teratogen

B  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

C  it was associated with heart problems among adults

D  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

A  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

B  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

C  Experiments with normal volunteers

D  Dose-response assessments in human populations

E  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

B  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

C  argued for the creation of state health departments

D  were extremely innovative for their time

E  All of the above

A  identified an environmental cause of cancer

B  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

C  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

D  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

E  None of the above

A  All of these are correct

B  impairment of physical and mental development

C  damage to internal organs

D  brain damage

E  some forms of cancer

A  Vomiting and stomach pain

B  Sudden onset of headaches

C  Chronic illness effects

D  convulsions

E  All of the above

A  Manganese

B  Copper

C  Mercury

D  Iron

E  None of the above

A  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

B  None of them is necessary to sustain life

C  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Inhalation of metal fumes

B  Skin contact with dusts

C  Ingestion

D  Inhalatin of dusts

E  All of the above

A  Chromium

B  Berylium

C  Silver

D  Mercury

E  Arsenic

A  Lead

B  Arsenic

C  Cadmium

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  Arsenic

B  Cadmium

C  Lead

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  rickettsial agent

B  virus

C  bacterium

D  prion

E  protozoa

A  prion

B  virus

C  bacterium

D  rickettsial agent

E  protozoa

A  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

B  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

C  discontinuance of DDT spraying

D  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

A  P. malariae

B  P. ovale

C  P.falciparum

D  P. vivax

E  None of the above

A  Trichinellosis

B  Q-fever

C  The “black death”

D  Measles

E  None of the above

A  sand flies

B  ticks

C  rats and mice

D  mosquitoes

E  All of the above

A  contact with the skin

B  ingestion of contaminated foods

C  bite or scratch of an animal

D  direct inhalation

E  All of the above

A  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

B  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

C  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

D  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  By encouraging the use of public transportation

B  By encouraging people to walk more

C  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

D  By causing greater use of private automobiles

E  By colocating businesses and residences

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Lack of government support

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Poorly defined problems

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of government support

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of sound scientific data

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Lack of government support

B  inability to coordinate and assess research information

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of government support

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Lack of sound scientific data

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Lack of governmental support

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

B  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

C  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

D  Their immune system are still developing

E  They spend more time indoors

A  VOCs

B  TFR

C  TLV

D  LD50

E  AQI

A  development of herbicide resistance

B  reduction in genetic diversity

C  increased nutritional value of foods

D  increased crop yields

E  increased resistance of food animals to disease

A  Demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

C  Restriction of international travel

D  Intensive animal husbandry practices

E  All of the above

A  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

B  at lower levels for shorter time periods

C  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

D  confined to a single time episode

E  None of the above

A  protect the nutritional quality of foods

B  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

C  keep food free from rodent filth

D  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

E  make the food more attractive

A  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

B  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

C  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

B  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

C  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

D  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

E  None of the above

A  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

B  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

C  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

D  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

E  None of the above

A  Toxin

B  poison caused by bacterial activity

C  toxicant

D  anthropogenic form of poison

E  None of the above

A  Chronic disease

B  Allergic responses

C  Acute conditions

D  Disability

E  All of the above

A  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

B  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

C  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

D  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

E  None of the above

A  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

B  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

C  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

D  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

E  All of the above

A  Mushroom toxins

B  heavy metals

C  monosodium glutamate

D  marine toxins

E  All of the above

A  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

B  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

C  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

D  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

E  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

A  Insect parts

B  Chemicals from food wrappers

C  Residue from spraying crops

D  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

E  Vitamins to improve nutrition

A  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

B  quantity of a substance that is administered

C  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

D  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

E  quantity of a substance that is administered

F  None of the above

A  Salmonella

B  Shigella

C  Hepatitis A virus

D  Novovirus

E  None of the above