Midterm Exam

A  John Snow

B  Walter Reed

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Upton Sinclair

A  Plasmodium ovale

B  Plasmodium vivax

C  Plasmodium malariae

D  Plasmodium falciparum

A  assessing variations in disease occurrence

B  determining the risk of disease

C  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

D  the development of hypothesses

E  describing the scope of health problems

A  Hippocrates

B  K.J. Rothman

C  John Snow

D  Socrates

E  Sir Percival Pott

A  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

B  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

C  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

D  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

E  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

A  None of these is correct.

B  (X/Z) x 100,000

C  (Z/X) x 100,000

D  (X/Y) x 100,000

E  (Z/Y) x 100,000

A  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

B  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

C  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

D  None of these is correct.

E  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

A  a description of disease according to person variables

B  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

C  None of these is correct.

D  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

E  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Case-conrol study

B  Cross-sectional study

C  Case series study

D  Cohort study

A  Case-conrol studies

B  Case series study

C  Cross-sectional studies

D  Ecologic studies

A  Grouping

B  Clustering

C  Sampling

D  Randomizing

A  Mortality

B  Incidence

C  Prevalence

D  Morbidity

A  Temporality

B  Specificity

C  Coherence

D  Plausibility

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Salmonella typhi

B  Escherichia coli

C  Staphylococcus aureus

D  Clostridium botulinum

A  Botulism

B  Trichinellosis

C  Salmonellosis

D  Listeriosis

A  Foodborne outbreak

B  Foodborne infection

C  Foodborne disease

D  Foodborne intoxication

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

B  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

C  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

A  wearing long clothing

B  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

C  removing standing water around the home

D  All of these are correct

E  use of mosquito-eating fish

A  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

B  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

C  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

D  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

E  None of these is correct.

A  required an abortion in oder to survive

B  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

C  None of these is correct.

D  recovered without receiving intensive care

E  was caused by Francisella tularensis

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Iron

B  Copper

C  Zinc

D  Nickel

A  Beryllium

B  Cadmium

C  Arsenic

D  Mercury

A  Mercury

B  Beryllium

C  Arsenic

D  Cadmium

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

B  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

C  Toxic Substances Control Act

D  National Environmental Policy Act

A  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

B  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

C  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

D  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Hazard assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Ecologic assessment

D  Exposure assessment

A  Risk assessment

B  Hazard assessment

C  Dose-response assessment

D  Exposure assessment

A  Effective dose

B  Exposure dose

C  Internal dose

D  Absorbed dose

A  Toxin

B  Teratogen

C  Toxicant

D  Poison

A  Antagonism

B  Coalitive

C  Potentiation

D  Synergistic

A  Coalitve

B  Synergistic

C  Antagonistic

D  Additive

A  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

B  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

C  it was a potent teratogen

D  it was associated with heart problems among adults

A  Experiments with normal volunteers

B  Dose-response assessments in human populations

C  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

D  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

E  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  argued for the creation of state health departments

B  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

C  were extremely innovative for their time

D  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

E  All of the above

A  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

B  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

C  identified an environmental cause of cancer

D  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

E  None of the above

A  All of these are correct

B  impairment of physical and mental development

C  damage to internal organs

D  brain damage

E  some forms of cancer

A  Vomiting and stomach pain

B  Chronic illness effects

C  Sudden onset of headaches

D  convulsions

E  All of the above

A  Manganese

B  Mercury

C  Iron

D  Copper

E  None of the above

A  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

B  None of them is necessary to sustain life

C  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Ingestion

B  Skin contact with dusts

C  Inhalation of metal fumes

D  Inhalatin of dusts

E  All of the above

A  Chromium

B  Arsenic

C  Silver

D  Berylium

E  Mercury

A  Mercury

B  Arsenic

C  Cadmium

D  Lead

E  None of the above

A  Cadmium

B  Arsenic

C  Mercury

D  Lead

E  None of the above

A  bacterium

B  protozoa

C  virus

D  rickettsial agent

E  prion

A  bacterium

B  protozoa

C  rickettsial agent

D  prion

E  virus

A  discontinuance of DDT spraying

B  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

C  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

D  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

A  P. malariae

B  P. ovale

C  P. vivax

D  P.falciparum

E  None of the above

A  Q-fever

B  Trichinellosis

C  The “black death”

D  Measles

E  None of the above

A  ticks

B  mosquitoes

C  rats and mice

D  sand flies

E  All of the above

A  direct inhalation

B  ingestion of contaminated foods

C  contact with the skin

D  bite or scratch of an animal

E  All of the above

A  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

B  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

C  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

D  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

E  None of the above

A  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

E  None of the above

A  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  By encouraging the use of public transportation

B  By encouraging people to walk more

C  By causing greater use of private automobiles

D  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

E  By colocating businesses and residences

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Lack of government support

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Lack of government support

C  inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Poorly defined problems

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Lack of government support

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  Lack of government support

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of sound scientific data

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Lack of governmental support

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Their immune system are still developing

B  They spend more time indoors

C  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

D  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

E  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

A  TLV

B  TFR

C  AQI

D  LD50

E  VOCs

A  increased crop yields

B  increased nutritional value of foods

C  development of herbicide resistance

D  reduction in genetic diversity

E  increased resistance of food animals to disease

A  Restriction of international travel

B  Demonstrated person to person transmission

C  Intensive animal husbandry practices

D  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

E  All of the above

A  confined to a single time episode

B  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

C  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

D  at lower levels for shorter time periods

E  None of the above

A  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

B  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

C  make the food more attractive

D  keep food free from rodent filth

E  protect the nutritional quality of foods

A  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

B  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

C  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

B  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

C  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

D  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

E  None of the above

A  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

B  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

C  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

D  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

E  None of the above

A  anthropogenic form of poison

B  Toxin

C  toxicant

D  poison caused by bacterial activity

E  None of the above

A  Allergic responses

B  Disability

C  Chronic disease

D  Acute conditions

E  All of the above

A  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

B  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

C  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

D  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

E  None of the above

A  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

B  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

C  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

D  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

E  All of the above

A  heavy metals

B  monosodium glutamate

C  Mushroom toxins

D  marine toxins

E  All of the above

A  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

B  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

C  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

D  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

E  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

A  Residue from spraying crops

B  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

C  Vitamins to improve nutrition

D  Chemicals from food wrappers

E  Insect parts

A  quantity of a substance that is administered

B  quantity of a substance that is administered

C  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

D  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

E  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

F  None of the above

A  Shigella

B  Salmonella

C  Hepatitis A virus

D  Novovirus

E  None of the above