Midterm Exam

A  John Snow

B  Walter Reed

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Upton Sinclair

A  Plasmodium ovale

B  Plasmodium vivax

C  Plasmodium falciparum

D  Plasmodium malariae

A  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

B  determining the risk of disease

C  describing the scope of health problems

D  the development of hypothesses

E  assessing variations in disease occurrence

A  Socrates

B  Hippocrates

C  K.J. Rothman

D  Sir Percival Pott

E  John Snow

A  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

B  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

C  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

D  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

E  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

A  (Z/X) x 100,000

B  (X/Y) x 100,000

C  None of these is correct.

D  (Z/Y) x 100,000

E  (X/Z) x 100,000

A  None of these is correct.

B  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

C  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

D  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

E  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

A  None of these is correct.

B  a description of disease according to person variables

C  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

D  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

E  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Cohort study

B  Cross-sectional study

C  Case series study

D  Case-conrol study

A  Ecologic studies

B  Case-conrol studies

C  Cross-sectional studies

D  Case series study

A  Grouping

B  Randomizing

C  Clustering

D  Sampling

A  Mortality

B  Prevalence

C  Morbidity

D  Incidence

A  Coherence

B  Specificity

C  Temporality

D  Plausibility

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Salmonella typhi

B  Clostridium botulinum

C  Staphylococcus aureus

D  Escherichia coli

A  Trichinellosis

B  Salmonellosis

C  Botulism

D  Listeriosis

A  Foodborne disease

B  Foodborne infection

C  Foodborne intoxication

D  Foodborne outbreak

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

B  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

C  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

A  removing standing water around the home

B  use of mosquito-eating fish

C  All of these are correct

D  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

E  wearing long clothing

A  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

B  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

C  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

D  None of these is correct.

E  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

A  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

B  None of these is correct.

C  required an abortion in oder to survive

D  was caused by Francisella tularensis

E  recovered without receiving intensive care

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Nickel

B  Zinc

C  Copper

D  Iron

A  Cadmium

B  Mercury

C  Beryllium

D  Arsenic

A  Arsenic

B  Cadmium

C  Beryllium

D  Mercury

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Toxic Substances Control Act

B  National Environmental Policy Act

C  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

D  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

A  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

B  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

C  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

D  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Hazard assessment

B  Exposure assessment

C  Dose-response assessment

D  Ecologic assessment

A  Exposure assessment

B  Hazard assessment

C  Risk assessment

D  Dose-response assessment

A  Effective dose

B  Absorbed dose

C  Exposure dose

D  Internal dose

A  Teratogen

B  Toxin

C  Poison

D  Toxicant

A  Synergistic

B  Antagonism

C  Coalitive

D  Potentiation

A  Antagonistic

B  Additive

C  Synergistic

D  Coalitve

A  it was a potent teratogen

B  it was associated with heart problems among adults

C  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

D  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

A  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

B  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

C  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

D  Dose-response assessments in human populations

E  Experiments with normal volunteers

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  were extremely innovative for their time

B  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

C  argued for the creation of state health departments

D  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

E  All of the above

A  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

B  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

C  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

D  identified an environmental cause of cancer

E  None of the above

A  some forms of cancer

B  impairment of physical and mental development

C  All of these are correct

D  brain damage

E  damage to internal organs

A  convulsions

B  Chronic illness effects

C  Vomiting and stomach pain

D  Sudden onset of headaches

E  All of the above

A  Copper

B  Manganese

C  Iron

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  None of them is necessary to sustain life

B  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

C  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Inhalation of metal fumes

B  Skin contact with dusts

C  Ingestion

D  Inhalatin of dusts

E  All of the above

A  Chromium

B  Silver

C  Berylium

D  Mercury

E  Arsenic

A  Arsenic

B  Lead

C  Cadmium

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  Lead

B  Mercury

C  Arsenic

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  rickettsial agent

B  virus

C  protozoa

D  prion

E  bacterium

A  prion

B  virus

C  bacterium

D  protozoa

E  rickettsial agent

A  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

B  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

C  discontinuance of DDT spraying

D  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

A  P. ovale

B  P.falciparum

C  P. vivax

D  P. malariae

E  None of the above

A  The “black death”

B  Measles

C  Trichinellosis

D  Q-fever

E  None of the above

A  sand flies

B  mosquitoes

C  rats and mice

D  ticks

E  All of the above

A  bite or scratch of an animal

B  contact with the skin

C  direct inhalation

D  ingestion of contaminated foods

E  All of the above

A  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

B  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

C  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

D  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

E  None of the above

A  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  By colocating businesses and residences

B  By encouraging people to walk more

C  By causing greater use of private automobiles

D  By encouraging the use of public transportation

E  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Lack of government support

C  inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Lack of government support

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Lack of government support

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Lack of sound scientific data

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of government support

C  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Lack of governmental support

C  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Their immune system are still developing

B  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

C  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

D  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

E  They spend more time indoors

A  LD50

B  VOCs

C  TFR

D  AQI

E  TLV

A  increased crop yields

B  development of herbicide resistance

C  increased resistance of food animals to disease

D  increased nutritional value of foods

E  reduction in genetic diversity

A  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Demonstrated person to person transmission

C  Intensive animal husbandry practices

D  Restriction of international travel

E  All of the above

A  at lower levels for shorter time periods

B  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

C  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

D  confined to a single time episode

E  None of the above

A  make the food more attractive

B  keep food free from rodent filth

C  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

D  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

E  protect the nutritional quality of foods

A  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

B  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

C  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

B  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

C  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

D  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

E  None of the above

A  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

B  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

C  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

D  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

E  None of the above

A  Toxin

B  toxicant

C  poison caused by bacterial activity

D  anthropogenic form of poison

E  None of the above

A  Acute conditions

B  Chronic disease

C  Disability

D  Allergic responses

E  All of the above

A  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

B  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

C  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

D  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

E  None of the above

A  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

B  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

C  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

D  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

E  All of the above

A  monosodium glutamate

B  heavy metals

C  marine toxins

D  Mushroom toxins

E  All of the above

A  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

B  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

C  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

D  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

E  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

A  Insect parts

B  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

C  Chemicals from food wrappers

D  Vitamins to improve nutrition

E  Residue from spraying crops

A  quantity of a substance that is administered

B  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

C  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

D  quantity of a substance that is administered

E  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

F  None of the above

A  Hepatitis A virus

B  Novovirus

C  Shigella

D  Salmonella

E  None of the above