Midterm Exam

A  Upton Sinclair

B  Henry David Thoreau

C  Walter Reed

D  John Snow

A  Plasmodium vivax

B  Plasmodium malariae

C  Plasmodium ovale

D  Plasmodium falciparum

A  describing the scope of health problems

B  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

C  determining the risk of disease

D  assessing variations in disease occurrence

E  the development of hypothesses

A  John Snow

B  Socrates

C  Hippocrates

D  K.J. Rothman

E  Sir Percival Pott

A  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

B  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

C  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

D  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

E  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

A  (Z/X) x 100,000

B  (X/Y) x 100,000

C  None of these is correct.

D  (X/Z) x 100,000

E  (Z/Y) x 100,000

A  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

B  None of these is correct.

C  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

D  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

E  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

A  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

B  a description of disease according to person variables

C  None of these is correct.

D  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

E  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Cohort study

B  Cross-sectional study

C  Case series study

D  Case-conrol study

A  Cross-sectional studies

B  Ecologic studies

C  Case-conrol studies

D  Case series study

A  Grouping

B  Sampling

C  Randomizing

D  Clustering

A  Mortality

B  Prevalence

C  Morbidity

D  Incidence

A  Coherence

B  Plausibility

C  Temporality

D  Specificity

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Salmonella typhi

B  Staphylococcus aureus

C  Clostridium botulinum

D  Escherichia coli

A  Listeriosis

B  Botulism

C  Salmonellosis

D  Trichinellosis

A  Foodborne intoxication

B  Foodborne infection

C  Foodborne outbreak

D  Foodborne disease

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

B  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

C  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

A  removing standing water around the home

B  use of mosquito-eating fish

C  All of these are correct

D  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

E  wearing long clothing

A  None of these is correct.

B  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

C  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

D  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

E  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

A  was caused by Francisella tularensis

B  None of these is correct.

C  required an abortion in oder to survive

D  recovered without receiving intensive care

E  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Iron

B  Nickel

C  Zinc

D  Copper

A  Mercury

B  Arsenic

C  Beryllium

D  Cadmium

A  Cadmium

B  Beryllium

C  Mercury

D  Arsenic

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

B  National Environmental Policy Act

C  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

D  Toxic Substances Control Act

A  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

B  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

C  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

D  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Dose-response assessment

B  Hazard assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Ecologic assessment

A  Dose-response assessment

B  Risk assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Exposure assessment

A  Internal dose

B  Absorbed dose

C  Exposure dose

D  Effective dose

A  Poison

B  Toxin

C  Teratogen

D  Toxicant

A  Coalitive

B  Potentiation

C  Antagonism

D  Synergistic

A  Antagonistic

B  Additive

C  Synergistic

D  Coalitve

A  it was associated with heart problems among adults

B  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

C  it was a potent teratogen

D  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

A  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

B  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

C  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

D  Experiments with normal volunteers

E  Dose-response assessments in human populations

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  were extremely innovative for their time

B  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

C  argued for the creation of state health departments

D  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

E  All of the above

A  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

B  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

C  identified an environmental cause of cancer

D  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

E  None of the above

A  brain damage

B  impairment of physical and mental development

C  damage to internal organs

D  some forms of cancer

E  All of these are correct

A  Vomiting and stomach pain

B  convulsions

C  Sudden onset of headaches

D  Chronic illness effects

E  All of the above

A  Iron

B  Manganese

C  Mercury

D  Copper

E  None of the above

A  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

B  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

C  None of them is necessary to sustain life

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Inhalation of metal fumes

B  Ingestion

C  Skin contact with dusts

D  Inhalatin of dusts

E  All of the above

A  Arsenic

B  Berylium

C  Silver

D  Chromium

E  Mercury

A  Cadmium

B  Lead

C  Mercury

D  Arsenic

E  None of the above

A  Mercury

B  Lead

C  Cadmium

D  Arsenic

E  None of the above

A  protozoa

B  rickettsial agent

C  prion

D  virus

E  bacterium

A  rickettsial agent

B  prion

C  protozoa

D  bacterium

E  virus

A  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

B  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

C  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

D  discontinuance of DDT spraying

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

A  P. ovale

B  P.falciparum

C  P. malariae

D  P. vivax

E  None of the above

A  The “black death”

B  Measles

C  Trichinellosis

D  Q-fever

E  None of the above

A  rats and mice

B  ticks

C  mosquitoes

D  sand flies

E  All of the above

A  ingestion of contaminated foods

B  direct inhalation

C  contact with the skin

D  bite or scratch of an animal

E  All of the above

A  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

B  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

C  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

D  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  By colocating businesses and residences

B  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

C  By encouraging people to walk more

D  By causing greater use of private automobiles

E  By encouraging the use of public transportation

A  Lack of government support

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Lack of government support

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of government support

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Lack of government support

B  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Lack of governmental support

E  Poorly defined problems

A  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

B  Their immune system are still developing

C  They spend more time indoors

D  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

E  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

A  AQI

B  VOCs

C  TFR

D  TLV

E  LD50

A  increased crop yields

B  increased resistance of food animals to disease

C  increased nutritional value of foods

D  reduction in genetic diversity

E  development of herbicide resistance

A  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Intensive animal husbandry practices

C  Demonstrated person to person transmission

D  Restriction of international travel

E  All of the above

A  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

B  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

C  at lower levels for shorter time periods

D  confined to a single time episode

E  None of the above

A  protect the nutritional quality of foods

B  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

C  make the food more attractive

D  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

E  keep food free from rodent filth

A  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

B  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

C  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

B  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

C  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

D  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

E  None of the above

A  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

B  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

C  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

D  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

E  None of the above

A  poison caused by bacterial activity

B  anthropogenic form of poison

C  Toxin

D  toxicant

E  None of the above

A  Chronic disease

B  Allergic responses

C  Disability

D  Acute conditions

E  All of the above

A  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

B  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

C  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

D  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

E  None of the above

A  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

B  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

C  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

D  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

E  All of the above

A  marine toxins

B  Mushroom toxins

C  heavy metals

D  monosodium glutamate

E  All of the above

A  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

B  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

C  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

D  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

E  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

A  Residue from spraying crops

B  Chemicals from food wrappers

C  Vitamins to improve nutrition

D  Insect parts

E  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

A  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

B  quantity of a substance that is administered

C  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

D  quantity of a substance that is administered

E  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

F  None of the above

A  Shigella

B  Salmonella

C  Novovirus

D  Hepatitis A virus

E  None of the above