Midterm Exam

A  Upton Sinclair

B  John Snow

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Walter Reed

A  Plasmodium vivax

B  Plasmodium malariae

C  Plasmodium ovale

D  Plasmodium falciparum

A  determining the risk of disease

B  describing the scope of health problems

C  the development of hypothesses

D  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

E  assessing variations in disease occurrence

A  K.J. Rothman

B  John Snow

C  Socrates

D  Sir Percival Pott

E  Hippocrates

A  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

B  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

C  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

D  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

E  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

A  (X/Y) x 100,000

B  (Z/Y) x 100,000

C  None of these is correct.

D  (Z/X) x 100,000

E  (X/Z) x 100,000

A  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

B  None of these is correct.

C  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

D  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

E  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

A  None of these is correct.

B  a description of disease according to person variables

C  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

D  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

E  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Cross-sectional study

B  Case-conrol study

C  Cohort study

D  Case series study

A  Ecologic studies

B  Cross-sectional studies

C  Case-conrol studies

D  Case series study

A  Randomizing

B  Grouping

C  Sampling

D  Clustering

A  Incidence

B  Mortality

C  Prevalence

D  Morbidity

A  Specificity

B  Temporality

C  Coherence

D  Plausibility

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Escherichia coli

B  Clostridium botulinum

C  Salmonella typhi

D  Staphylococcus aureus

A  Botulism

B  Listeriosis

C  Trichinellosis

D  Salmonellosis

A  Foodborne intoxication

B  Foodborne disease

C  Foodborne infection

D  Foodborne outbreak

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

B  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

C  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

A  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

B  use of mosquito-eating fish

C  All of these are correct

D  wearing long clothing

E  removing standing water around the home

A  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

B  None of these is correct.

C  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

D  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

E  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

A  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

B  None of these is correct.

C  required an abortion in oder to survive

D  was caused by Francisella tularensis

E  recovered without receiving intensive care

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Iron

B  Nickel

C  Copper

D  Zinc

A  Arsenic

B  Beryllium

C  Mercury

D  Cadmium

A  Mercury

B  Arsenic

C  Beryllium

D  Cadmium

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

B  Toxic Substances Control Act

C  National Environmental Policy Act

D  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

A  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

B  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

C  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

D  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Dose-response assessment

B  Hazard assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Ecologic assessment

A  Risk assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Exposure assessment

A  Absorbed dose

B  Internal dose

C  Effective dose

D  Exposure dose

A  Teratogen

B  Poison

C  Toxicant

D  Toxin

A  Potentiation

B  Antagonism

C  Synergistic

D  Coalitive

A  Additive

B  Synergistic

C  Coalitve

D  Antagonistic

A  it was a potent teratogen

B  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

C  it was associated with heart problems among adults

D  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

A  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

B  Experiments with normal volunteers

C  Dose-response assessments in human populations

D  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

E  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  were extremely innovative for their time

B  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

C  argued for the creation of state health departments

D  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

E  All of the above

A  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

B  identified an environmental cause of cancer

C  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

D  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

E  None of the above

A  brain damage

B  All of these are correct

C  some forms of cancer

D  damage to internal organs

E  impairment of physical and mental development

A  Chronic illness effects

B  Sudden onset of headaches

C  Vomiting and stomach pain

D  convulsions

E  All of the above

A  Mercury

B  Copper

C  Manganese

D  Iron

E  None of the above

A  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

B  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

C  None of them is necessary to sustain life

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Skin contact with dusts

B  Ingestion

C  Inhalation of metal fumes

D  Inhalatin of dusts

E  All of the above

A  Mercury

B  Chromium

C  Silver

D  Berylium

E  Arsenic

A  Mercury

B  Arsenic

C  Lead

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  Mercury

B  Arsenic

C  Lead

D  Cadmium

E  None of the above

A  bacterium

B  rickettsial agent

C  protozoa

D  virus

E  prion

A  virus

B  prion

C  rickettsial agent

D  protozoa

E  bacterium

A  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

B  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

C  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

D  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying

A  P. malariae

B  P. vivax

C  P. ovale

D  P.falciparum

E  None of the above

A  The “black death”

B  Q-fever

C  Trichinellosis

D  Measles

E  None of the above

A  rats and mice

B  ticks

C  mosquitoes

D  sand flies

E  All of the above

A  bite or scratch of an animal

B  ingestion of contaminated foods

C  direct inhalation

D  contact with the skin

E  All of the above

A  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

B  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

C  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

D  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

B  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

C  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

D  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

E  None of the above

A  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

E  None of the above

A  By causing greater use of private automobiles

B  By colocating businesses and residences

C  By encouraging the use of public transportation

D  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

E  By encouraging people to walk more

A  Lack of government support

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Poorly defined problems

C  inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of government support

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of government support

D  Lack of sound scientific data

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of government support

E  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Lack of governmental support

A  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

B  They spend more time indoors

C  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

D  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

E  Their immune system are still developing

A  LD50

B  TFR

C  AQI

D  VOCs

E  TLV

A  increased nutritional value of foods

B  increased resistance of food animals to disease

C  increased crop yields

D  development of herbicide resistance

E  reduction in genetic diversity

A  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Restriction of international travel

C  Demonstrated person to person transmission

D  Intensive animal husbandry practices

E  All of the above

A  at lower levels for shorter time periods

B  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

C  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

D  confined to a single time episode

E  None of the above

A  keep food free from rodent filth

B  make the food more attractive

C  protect the nutritional quality of foods

D  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

E  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

A  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

B  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

C  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

B  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

C  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

D  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

E  None of the above

A  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

B  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

C  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

D  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

E  None of the above

A  toxicant

B  anthropogenic form of poison

C  Toxin

D  poison caused by bacterial activity

E  None of the above

A  Acute conditions

B  Allergic responses

C  Chronic disease

D  Disability

E  All of the above

A  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

B  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

C  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

D  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

E  None of the above

A  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

B  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

C  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

D  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

E  All of the above

A  monosodium glutamate

B  Mushroom toxins

C  marine toxins

D  heavy metals

E  All of the above

A  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

B  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

C  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

D  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

E  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

A  Residue from spraying crops

B  Vitamins to improve nutrition

C  Insect parts

D  Chemicals from food wrappers

E  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

A  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

B  quantity of a substance that is administered

C  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

D  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

E  quantity of a substance that is administered

F  None of the above

A  Salmonella

B  Hepatitis A virus

C  Novovirus

D  Shigella

E  None of the above