Midterm Exam

A  John Snow

B  Upton Sinclair

C  Henry David Thoreau

D  Walter Reed

A  Plasmodium vivax

B  Plasmodium falciparum

C  Plasmodium ovale

D  Plasmodium malariae

A  the development of hypothesses

B  assessing variations in disease occurrence

C  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

D  determining the risk of disease

E  describing the scope of health problems

A  Socrates

B  John Snow

C  Sir Percival Pott

D  K.J. Rothman

E  Hippocrates

A  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

B  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

C  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

D  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

E  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

A  (Z/X) x 100,000

B  (X/Y) x 100,000

C  (Z/Y) x 100,000

D  (X/Z) x 100,000

E  None of these is correct.

A  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

B  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

C  None of these is correct.

D  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

E  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

A  None of these is correct.

B  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

C  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

D  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

E  a description of disease according to person variables

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Cross-sectional study

B  Case series study

C  Case-conrol study

D  Cohort study

A  Case series study

B  Ecologic studies

C  Cross-sectional studies

D  Case-conrol studies

A  Grouping

B  Clustering

C  Randomizing

D  Sampling

A  Prevalence

B  Morbidity

C  Mortality

D  Incidence

A  Temporality

B  Specificity

C  Coherence

D  Plausibility

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Clostridium botulinum

B  Salmonella typhi

C  Escherichia coli

D  Staphylococcus aureus

A  Listeriosis

B  Trichinellosis

C  Salmonellosis

D  Botulism

A  Foodborne disease

B  Foodborne outbreak

C  Foodborne infection

D  Foodborne intoxication

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

B  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

C  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

A  All of these are correct

B  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

C  removing standing water around the home

D  wearing long clothing

E  use of mosquito-eating fish

A  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

B  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

C  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

D  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

E  None of these is correct.

A  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

B  required an abortion in oder to survive

C  None of these is correct.

D  was caused by Francisella tularensis

E  recovered without receiving intensive care

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Iron

B  Nickel

C  Copper

D  Zinc

A  Arsenic

B  Mercury

C  Cadmium

D  Beryllium

A  Cadmium

B  Beryllium

C  Arsenic

D  Mercury

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Toxic Substances Control Act

B  National Environmental Policy Act

C  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

D  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

A  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

B  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

C  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

D  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Hazard assessment

B  Ecologic assessment

C  Exposure assessment

D  Dose-response assessment

A  Risk assessment

B  Exposure assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Dose-response assessment

A  Exposure dose

B  Effective dose

C  Internal dose

D  Absorbed dose

A  Poison

B  Teratogen

C  Toxicant

D  Toxin

A  Synergistic

B  Potentiation

C  Antagonism

D  Coalitive

A  Synergistic

B  Coalitve

C  Antagonistic

D  Additive

A  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

B  it was associated with heart problems among adults

C  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

D  it was a potent teratogen

A  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

B  Experiments with normal volunteers

C  Dose-response assessments in human populations

D  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

E  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

B  were extremely innovative for their time

C  argued for the creation of state health departments

D  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

E  All of the above

A  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

B  identified an environmental cause of cancer

C  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

D  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

E  None of the above

A  All of these are correct

B  damage to internal organs

C  brain damage

D  impairment of physical and mental development

E  some forms of cancer

A  Chronic illness effects

B  convulsions

C  Vomiting and stomach pain

D  Sudden onset of headaches

E  All of the above

A  Mercury

B  Manganese

C  Copper

D  Iron

E  None of the above

A  None of them is necessary to sustain life

B  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

C  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Inhalatin of dusts

B  Skin contact with dusts

C  Inhalation of metal fumes

D  Ingestion

E  All of the above

A  Chromium

B  Silver

C  Arsenic

D  Berylium

E  Mercury

A  Cadmium

B  Lead

C  Arsenic

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  Cadmium

B  Lead

C  Arsenic

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  bacterium

B  prion

C  protozoa

D  rickettsial agent

E  virus

A  bacterium

B  protozoa

C  prion

D  virus

E  rickettsial agent

A  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

B  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

C  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

D  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

E  discontinuance of DDT spraying

A  P. ovale

B  P.falciparum

C  P. malariae

D  P. vivax

E  None of the above

A  Measles

B  The “black death”

C  Trichinellosis

D  Q-fever

E  None of the above

A  ticks

B  sand flies

C  mosquitoes

D  rats and mice

E  All of the above

A  contact with the skin

B  ingestion of contaminated foods

C  direct inhalation

D  bite or scratch of an animal

E  All of the above

A  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

B  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

C  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

D  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

E  None of the above

A  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

B  By causing greater use of private automobiles

C  By colocating businesses and residences

D  By encouraging the use of public transportation

E  By encouraging people to walk more

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of government support

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Poorly defined problems

A  Poorly defined problems

B  Lack of government support

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Lack of government support

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of government support

D  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

E  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of governmental support

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  Their immune system are still developing

B  They spend more time indoors

C  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

D  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

E  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

A  LD50

B  AQI

C  TLV

D  VOCs

E  TFR

A  reduction in genetic diversity

B  increased crop yields

C  increased nutritional value of foods

D  increased resistance of food animals to disease

E  development of herbicide resistance

A  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Restriction of international travel

C  Demonstrated person to person transmission

D  Intensive animal husbandry practices

E  All of the above

A  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

B  at lower levels for shorter time periods

C  confined to a single time episode

D  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

E  None of the above

A  protect the nutritional quality of foods

B  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

C  keep food free from rodent filth

D  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

E  make the food more attractive

A  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

B  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

C  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

B  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

C  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

D  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

E  None of the above

A  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

B  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

C  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

D  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

E  None of the above

A  anthropogenic form of poison

B  Toxin

C  poison caused by bacterial activity

D  toxicant

E  None of the above

A  Acute conditions

B  Disability

C  Chronic disease

D  Allergic responses

E  All of the above

A  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

B  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

C  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

D  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

E  None of the above

A  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

B  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

C  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

D  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

E  All of the above

A  heavy metals

B  Mushroom toxins

C  monosodium glutamate

D  marine toxins

E  All of the above

A  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

B  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

C  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

D  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

E  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

A  Residue from spraying crops

B  Insect parts

C  Vitamins to improve nutrition

D  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

E  Chemicals from food wrappers

A  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

B  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

C  quantity of a substance that is administered

D  quantity of a substance that is administered

E  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

F  None of the above

A  Hepatitis A virus

B  Salmonella

C  Novovirus

D  Shigella

E  None of the above