Midterm Exam

A  Henry David Thoreau

B  Walter Reed

C  John Snow

D  Upton Sinclair

A  Plasmodium vivax

B  Plasmodium falciparum

C  Plasmodium ovale

D  Plasmodium malariae

A  the development of hypothesses

B  assessing variations in disease occurrence

C  determining the risk of disease

D  assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypothesses, and describing the scope of health problems

E  describing the scope of health problems

A  John Snow

B  K.J. Rothman

C  Socrates

D  Sir Percival Pott

E  Hippocrates

A  The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

B  The number of deaths due to that disease during a given year

C  The case fatality rate (CFR) from that disease in the 0 to 4 age group

D  A spot map that records all cases of the disease in the past year

E  The prevalence for that disease during the past year

A  (Z/Y) x 100,000

B  (X/Z) x 100,000

C  None of these is correct.

D  (X/Y) x 100,000

E  (Z/X) x 100,000

A  Study of cancer occurrence in populations

B  Diagnosis of a disease in a sinlge individual

C  None of these is correct.

D  Treatment of a patient with lung cancer

E  Description of a single individual’s symptoms

A  one cause of spurious or chance clustering

B  a description of disease according to person variables

C  a description of disease according to etiologic factors

D  a new insect pest that is invading the southwest.

E  None of these is correct.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Case series study

B  Case-conrol study

C  Cross-sectional study

D  Cohort study

A  Ecologic studies

B  Case-conrol studies

C  Cross-sectional studies

D  Case series study

A  Randomizing

B  Clustering

C  Sampling

D  Grouping

A  Prevalence

B  Mortality

C  Incidence

D  Morbidity

A  Specificity

B  Plausibility

C  Coherence

D  Temporality

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Staphylococcus aureus

B  Escherichia coli

C  Clostridium botulinum

D  Salmonella typhi

A  Listeriosis

B  Botulism

C  Trichinellosis

D  Salmonellosis

A  Foodborne infection

B  Foodborne intoxication

C  Foodborne disease

D  Foodborne outbreak

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  The disease has a low medium fatality rate.

B  Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats.

C  Postexposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

A  monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds

B  wearing long clothing

C  removing standing water around the home

D  All of these are correct

E  use of mosquito-eating fish

A  It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool

B  It is transmitted by “stealth” arthropods

C  None of these is correct.

D  It has animal reservoirs,especially birds and swine

E  The main reservoir is wild carnivores

A  also experienced comorbidity with monkeypox

B  required an abortion in oder to survive

C  None of these is correct.

D  was caused by Francisella tularensis

E  recovered without receiving intensive care

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Nickel

B  Zinc

C  Copper

D  Iron

A  Mercury

B  Cadmium

C  Beryllium

D  Arsenic

A  Mercury

B  Beryllium

C  Cadmium

D  Arsenic

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

B  Toxic Substances Control Act

C  National Environmental Policy Act

D  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

A  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

B  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

C  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

D  Environmental Protection Aency (EPA)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Ecologic assessment

B  Exposure assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Dose-response assessment

A  Risk assessment

B  Dose-response assessment

C  Hazard assessment

D  Exposure assessment

A  Internal dose

B  Exposure dose

C  Absorbed dose

D  Effective dose

A  Toxin

B  Teratogen

C  Poison

D  Toxicant

A  Potentiation

B  Coalitive

C  Antagonism

D  Synergistic

A  Coalitve

B  Synergistic

C  Additive

D  Antagonistic

A  it was associated with heart problems among adults

B  it was a potent teratogen

C  it was used to treat morning sickness during pregnancy

D  it was developed before the advent of rigorous clnical trials

A  Experiments with volunteers who have had unintentional exposures

B  Dose-response assessments in human populations

C  Studies of animals exposed to toxins

D  Experiments with normal volunteers

E  Experiments with cells derived from human sources

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  were extremely innovative for their time

B  described how environmental sanitation affected heatlh

C  argued for the creation of state health departments

D  ultimately were adopted by public health departments and are now in use

E  All of the above

A  described the toxic properties of sulfur and zinc

B  emphasized the role of the environment in people’s health

C  identified an environmental cause of cancer

D  described the unsafe and hazardous working environment

E  None of the above

A  impairment of physical and mental development

B  damage to internal organs

C  some forms of cancer

D  brain damage

E  All of these are correct

A  Sudden onset of headaches

B  Vomiting and stomach pain

C  Chronic illness effects

D  convulsions

E  All of the above

A  Copper

B  Manganese

C  Iron

D  Mercury

E  None of the above

A  Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

B  None of them is necessary to sustain life

C  All of them are toxic even at trace levels

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  Skin contact with dusts

B  Ingestion

C  Inhalatin of dusts

D  Inhalation of metal fumes

E  All of the above

A  Silver

B  Arsenic

C  Chromium

D  Mercury

E  Berylium

A  Cadmium

B  Arsenic

C  Mercury

D  Lead

E  None of the above

A  Cadmium

B  Mercury

C  Lead

D  Arsenic

E  None of the above

A  bacterium

B  rickettsial agent

C  prion

D  virus

E  protozoa

A  virus

B  prion

C  bacterium

D  protozoa

E  rickettsial agent

A  both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes’ development of resistance

B  discontinuance of DDT spraying

C  discontinuance of DDT spraying, mosquitoes’ development of resistance, and evidence of increased person to person transmission

D  mosquitoes’ development of resistance

E  evidence of increased person – to – person transmission

A  P. malariae

B  P. ovale

C  P.falciparum

D  P. vivax

E  None of the above

A  Measles

B  The “black death”

C  Trichinellosis

D  Q-fever

E  None of the above

A  ticks

B  mosquitoes

C  rats and mice

D  sand flies

E  All of the above

A  ingestion of contaminated foods

B  contact with the skin

C  bite or scratch of an animal

D  direct inhalation

E  All of the above

A  An animal infected with zoonotic agentmaybe free from symptoms

B  A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector

C  Children younger than 5 maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

D  Immunocompromised persons maybe at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases

E  None of the above

A  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

B  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

E  None of the above

A  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

B  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

C  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment

B  A polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures

C  all people in society should receive equal treatment with respect to environmental laws and policies

D  Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment

E  None of the above

A  By causing greater use of private automobiles

B  By encouraging the use of public transportation

C  By encouraging the people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transporation, and colocating businesses and residences

D  By colocating businesses and residences

E  By encouraging people to walk more

A  inability to coordinate and assess research information

B  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Lack of government support

E  Lack of sound scientific data

A  Lack of sound scientific data

B  Poorly defined problems

C  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

D  Lack of government support

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Lack of government support

D  Poorly defined problems

E  inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  Lack of government support

B  Lack of sound scientific data

C  Poorly defined problems

D  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

E  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A  Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

B  Lack of governmental support

C  Lack of sound scientific data

D  Poorly defined problems

E  Inability to coordinate and assess research information

A  They may inadvertenly ingest toxic substances

B  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in the soil

C  They spend more time indoors

D  Their immune system are still developing

E  They maybe exposed more often to toxins in outdoor air

A  VOCs

B  TLV

C  TFR

D  LD50

E  AQI

A  reduction in genetic diversity

B  development of herbicide resistance

C  increased resistance of food animals to disease

D  increased nutritional value of foods

E  increased crop yields

A  Demonstrated person to person transmission

B  Both restriction of international travel and demonstrated person to person transmission

C  Restriction of international travel

D  Intensive animal husbandry practices

E  All of the above

A  confined to a single time episode

B  more likely to be associated with acute effects than long term effects

C  at higher concentrations for much longer time periods

D  at lower levels for shorter time periods

E  None of the above

A  make the food more attractive

B  keep food free from rodent filth

C  keep certain products such as table salt from caking

D  protect the nutritional quality of foods

E  provide effective protection from microbial growth in storage

A  may react with other substances to form carcinogens

B  are a significant cause of carboxyhemoglobin

C  have been demonstrated to have carcinogenic properties by themselves

D  None of the above

E  All of the above

A  The primary responsibility for safety of food additives rests with the local boards of health

B  The Food Additives Amendment allows low levels of substances that cause cancer in animals but not in human beings

C  Toxic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

D  Carcinogenic chemicals are not permitted in food in any amounts

E  None of the above

A  Generally Recognized as Safe Chemical Additives

B  Greatly Researched Additives that are Safe

C  Gently Resolved as Suitable Chemicals

D  Grossly Reported As Sanitary

E  None of the above

A  poison caused by bacterial activity

B  toxicant

C  Toxin

D  anthropogenic form of poison

E  None of the above

A  Allergic responses

B  Acute conditions

C  Disability

D  Chronic disease

E  All of the above

A  poor canning practices cause the greatest number of fod-related intoxications

B  food-associated illness is almost exclusively due to Salmonella

C  chemical additives are the most dangerous food associated health hazards at present

D  health hazards can be introduced at any point from harvest to consumption

E  None of the above

A  Rate of accumulation of harmful effects

B  Causal association between a toxin and biological effects

C  both causal association between a toxin and biological effects and minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

D  Minimum dosages needed to produce a biological effect

E  All of the above

A  monosodium glutamate

B  Mushroom toxins

C  marine toxins

D  heavy metals

E  All of the above

A  Reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

B  Increasing use of alternative modes of transportation for work

C  Increasing the production of clean coal as an energy source

D  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI; increase the use of alternative modes of transportation for work; and reducing air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects

E  Reducing the number of days the AQI exceeds 100, weighted by population and AQI

A  Chemicals from food wrappers

B  Stored DDT in tissues of cattle

C  Vitamins to improve nutrition

D  Residue from spraying crops

E  Insect parts

A  portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body

B  dose acquired by contact with contaminated environmental sources

C  quantity of a substance that is administered

D  amount of a substance that is available to the internal organs of the body.

E  quantity of a substance that is administered

F  None of the above

A  Salmonella

B  Shigella

C  Hepatitis A virus

D  Novovirus

E  None of the above