Exam # 1

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Question #1

What marks the true division between the continental margin and deep ocean basin?

A coastline

B trenches

C shelf break

D abyssal fan

E granite-to-basalt transition

Question #2

What is a typical characteristic of passive continental margins?

A coincides with plate boundary

B volcanic activity

C narrow continental shelf

D trenches

E broad continental shelf

Question #3

What type of geologic feature is formed at the intersection of two converging continental plates?

A Spreading centers

B Mountains

C Volcanoes

D Subduction zones

E Rifts

Question #4

Hydrothermal vents typically form chimneys of _____.

A sediments

B granitic rock

C basaltic rock

D mineral deposits

E carbonate

Question #5

You collect a sediment core from a continental rise that shows successive graded beds deposited one on top of another. Each graded bed has coarse material deposited below finer material. This is evidence of:

A turbidity current deposits

B sea level change

C seasonal production of biogenous ooze

D subduction

E There is not enough information to tell.

Question #6

What is the most likely rock to be found in a drill core of a continental margin?

A Shell

B Carbonate

C Basalt

D Granite

E Alluvial rock

Question #7

Which geological processes explains why the ocean floors are so young?

A transform faulting

B subduction

C mountain formation

D erosion

E rift formation

Question #8

The compressional movement of plate boundaries, such as observed at the Juan De Fuca plate, is representative of which type of boundary?

A Convergent

B Subduction

C Divergent

D Transform

E Spreading center

Question #9

Within Earth’s mantle, convection cells move lithospheric plates toward ____ and away from ____.

A spreading centers; hot spots

B hot spots; spreading centers

C subduction zones; spreading centers

D subduction zones; continental crust

E spreading centers; subduction zones

Question #10

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the oxygen revolution?

A Banded iron formation

B Reduction in UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface

C Composition of volcanic gases

D Evolution of respiring organisms

E Fossil stromatolites

Question #11

Which condition of early Earth would be necessary to allow the process of biosynthesis?

A aerobic conditions

B oxygen in the atmosphere

C oxygen-depleted atmosphere

D ozone in the upper atmosphere

E extreme high temperatures

Question #12

The water for Earth’s ocean originated from ____.

A volcanic activity and comets

B solar wind

C other planets

D the sun

E volcanic activity and other planets

Question #13

As mountains erode, how will isostatic forces cause Earth’s crust beneath the mountain to behave?

A Spread out

B Stay the same

C Rise

D Sink

E Subduct

Question #14

Deep earthquakes typically occur at _____________.

A transform plate boundaries

B subduction zones

C fracture zones

D spreading centers

E mid-ocean ridges

Question #15

Secondary waves (S-waves) are able to pass through which layer of Earth?

A Crust only

B Mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core

C Liquid outer core and solid inner core

D Mantle and liquid outer core

E Crust and mantle

Question #16

Which concept describes early Earth as separated into layers by gravity, with each deeper layer denser than the layer above?

A Density stratification

B Centrifugal force

C Tectonic theory

D Seismic theory

E Continental drift

Question #17

How is the surface water above a deep trench in the ocean floor distorted as a result of the trench?

A Sideways distortion

B Downward distortion

C Upward distortion

D No distortion

Question #18

A sound pulse released from an echo sounder returns to the ship in 6.8 seconds. Assuming the speed of sound in ocean water is 4800 ft/sec, how many feet deep is the ocean at this location?

A 706

B 353

C There is not enough information to tell

D 16,320

E 32,640

Question #19

What occurs below the calcium carbonate compensation depth?

A Calcium carbonate begins to dissolve.

B Calcium carbonate begins to precipitate into a solid.

C Seawater becomes less acidic.

D The rate of calcareous sediment accumulation is greater than the rate of dissolution.

E Calcareous oozes start to form

Question #20

Which particle size has the fastest settling velocity in still water?

A coarse silt

B fine sand

C coarse sand

D clay

E silt

Question #21

If someone tells you that they are at 90° latitude, then you know they must be:

A at the International Date Line

B in the Arctic Ocean

C opposite the Prime Meridian

D there is not enough information to tell for sure

E at one of the poles

Question #22

If there is a three hour difference between “clock” noon and “shaft” noon, how many degrees west are you from your point of origin?

A 30°

B 90°

C 15°

D 180°

E 45°

Question #23

Longitude can be found using a protractor and the north polar star.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #24

Longitudinal coordinates must always specify a position north or south of the equator.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #25

Manganese nodules can grow to exceed 1 meter in diameter within about 100 years.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #26

Biological sediments are the most abundant sediments in total volume in the ocean due to the high productivity of organisms along the continental shelf.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #27

The western coast of South America is an example of a passive margin.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #28

Oceanic crust is both thinner and denser than continental lithosphere.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #29

Magma typically rises to the surface at divergent plate boundaries.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #30

Seismic waves provide evidence of Earth’s interior layers.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #31

The total amount of fresh water on Earth makes up only about 2.5% of all the water near the surface of the planet.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #32

Unlike today’s atmosphere, Earth’s early atmosphere lacked free oxygen.

A TRUE

B FALSE

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