Exam # 1

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Question #1

What marks the true division between the continental margin and deep ocean basin?

A trenches

B coastline

C shelf break

D granite-to-basalt transition

E abyssal fan

Question #2

What is a typical characteristic of passive continental margins?

A narrow continental shelf

B trenches

C volcanic activity

D coincides with plate boundary

E broad continental shelf

Question #3

What type of geologic feature is formed at the intersection of two converging continental plates?

A Spreading centers

B Volcanoes

C Mountains

D Rifts

E Subduction zones

Question #4

Hydrothermal vents typically form chimneys of _____.

A granitic rock

B basaltic rock

C carbonate

D sediments

E mineral deposits

Question #5

You collect a sediment core from a continental rise that shows successive graded beds deposited one on top of another. Each graded bed has coarse material deposited below finer material. This is evidence of:

A There is not enough information to tell.

B turbidity current deposits

C subduction

D sea level change

E seasonal production of biogenous ooze

Question #6

What is the most likely rock to be found in a drill core of a continental margin?

A Basalt

B Alluvial rock

C Carbonate

D Shell

E Granite

Question #7

Which geological processes explains why the ocean floors are so young?

A erosion

B rift formation

C transform faulting

D subduction

E mountain formation

Question #8

The compressional movement of plate boundaries, such as observed at the Juan De Fuca plate, is representative of which type of boundary?

A Divergent

B Convergent

C Spreading center

D Subduction

E Transform

Question #9

Within Earth’s mantle, convection cells move lithospheric plates toward ____ and away from ____.

A spreading centers; hot spots

B subduction zones; spreading centers

C hot spots; spreading centers

D subduction zones; continental crust

E spreading centers; subduction zones

Question #10

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the oxygen revolution?

A Evolution of respiring organisms

B Fossil stromatolites

C Composition of volcanic gases

D Reduction in UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface

E Banded iron formation

Question #11

Which condition of early Earth would be necessary to allow the process of biosynthesis?

A extreme high temperatures

B ozone in the upper atmosphere

C aerobic conditions

D oxygen-depleted atmosphere

E oxygen in the atmosphere

Question #12

The water for Earth’s ocean originated from ____.

A solar wind

B volcanic activity and comets

C the sun

D volcanic activity and other planets

E other planets

Question #13

As mountains erode, how will isostatic forces cause Earth’s crust beneath the mountain to behave?

A Spread out

B Rise

C Sink

D Stay the same

E Subduct

Question #14

Deep earthquakes typically occur at _____________.

A transform plate boundaries

B mid-ocean ridges

C subduction zones

D spreading centers

E fracture zones

Question #15

Secondary waves (S-waves) are able to pass through which layer of Earth?

A Crust and mantle

B Liquid outer core and solid inner core

C Mantle and liquid outer core

D Crust only

E Mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core

Question #16

Which concept describes early Earth as separated into layers by gravity, with each deeper layer denser than the layer above?

A Continental drift

B Density stratification

C Seismic theory

D Centrifugal force

E Tectonic theory

Question #17

How is the surface water above a deep trench in the ocean floor distorted as a result of the trench?

A Upward distortion

B Sideways distortion

C Downward distortion

D No distortion

Question #18

A sound pulse released from an echo sounder returns to the ship in 6.8 seconds. Assuming the speed of sound in ocean water is 4800 ft/sec, how many feet deep is the ocean at this location?

A 16,320

B 353

C 32,640

D 706

E There is not enough information to tell

Question #19

What occurs below the calcium carbonate compensation depth?

A Calcareous oozes start to form

B The rate of calcareous sediment accumulation is greater than the rate of dissolution.

C Calcium carbonate begins to dissolve.

D Seawater becomes less acidic.

E Calcium carbonate begins to precipitate into a solid.

Question #20

Which particle size has the fastest settling velocity in still water?

A clay

B silt

C coarse sand

D fine sand

E coarse silt

Question #21

If someone tells you that they are at 90° latitude, then you know they must be:

A at one of the poles

B there is not enough information to tell for sure

C at the International Date Line

D in the Arctic Ocean

E opposite the Prime Meridian

Question #22

If there is a three hour difference between “clock” noon and “shaft” noon, how many degrees west are you from your point of origin?

A 90°

B 15°

C 45°

D 30°

E 180°

Question #23

Longitude can be found using a protractor and the north polar star.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #24

Longitudinal coordinates must always specify a position north or south of the equator.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #25

Manganese nodules can grow to exceed 1 meter in diameter within about 100 years.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #26

Biological sediments are the most abundant sediments in total volume in the ocean due to the high productivity of organisms along the continental shelf.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #27

The western coast of South America is an example of a passive margin.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #28

Oceanic crust is both thinner and denser than continental lithosphere.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #29

Magma typically rises to the surface at divergent plate boundaries.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #30

Seismic waves provide evidence of Earth’s interior layers.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #31

The total amount of fresh water on Earth makes up only about 2.5% of all the water near the surface of the planet.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #32

Unlike today’s atmosphere, Earth’s early atmosphere lacked free oxygen.

A TRUE

B FALSE

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