Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  95%

B  75%

C  65%

D  90%

E  85%

A  Transform fault

B  Neither

C  Fracture zone

A  Transform fault

B  Fracture zone

C  Neither

A  Nemataths

B  Fracture zone

C  Seaknolls

D  Guyots

E  Transform fault

A  Transform fault

B  Fracture zone

C  Seaknolls

D  Guyots

E  Nemataths

A  White smoker

B  Rift valley

C  Hydrothermal vent

D  Black smoker

E  Deep focus earthquake

A  Rift valley

B  Seamounts

C  Pillow basalts

D  Metal sulfide deposits

E  Trenches

A  Seafloor spreading

B  Rift valley

C  Abyssal hill

D  Oceanic rise

E  Oceanic ridge

A  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

B  parallel to the rift valley.

C  located in submarine canyons.

D  associated with hydrothermal vents.

A  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

B  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

C  associated with turbidity currents.

D  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

E  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

A  white smokers.

B  abyssal hills.

C  turbidity currents.

D  black smokers.

E  cold seeps.

A  fracture zones.

B  oceanic rises.

C  convergent plate boundaries.

D  transform faults.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  fracture zones.

C  hydrothermal vents.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  transform faults.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  The long and flat part below sea level

B  The steep deepest part below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The gentle slope above sea level

E  The shallowest slope below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The shallowest slope below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  The shallowest slope below sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The steep deepest part below sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  collisional

B  volcanic

C  erosional

D  metamorphic

E  sedimentary

A  Turbidity currents

B  Undersea streams

C  Suspension settling

D  Precipitation

E  Melting icebergs

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  convergent plate boundaries

B  transform plate boundaries

C  divergent plate boundaries

D  convergent and transform plate boundaries

E  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

A  deep sea trench

B  hotspot

C  island arc

D  transform fault

E  mid-ocean ridge

A  deep sea trench

B  hotspot

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  island arc

E  transform fault

A  4 miles

B  5 miles

C  3 miles

D  2 miles

E  1 mile

A  rhyolitic

B  basaltic

C  granitic

D  andesitic

A  44%

B  33%

C  29%

D  39%

E  23%

A  40,000

B  55,000

C  46,000

D  60,000

E  50,000

A  50

B  65

C  60

D  75

E  85

A  Nitrogen

B  Hydrogen sulfate

C  Oxygen

D  Hydrogen sulfide

A  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  San Andreas Fault

B  Dead Sea Fault

C  Alpine Fault

D  Mendocino Fracture

A  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

B  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

C  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

D  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

A  hydrothermal vent

B  transform fault

C  seismic fissure

D  fracture zone

E  central rift valley

A  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

B  parts of volcanic island arcs

C  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

D  parts of continents separated from continents

E  volcanic in origin

A  4000-5000 m below sea level

B  5000-6000 m below sea level

C  1000-2000 m above sea level

D  3000-4000 m below sea level

E  0-1000 m above sea level

A  Warm-water vents

B  White smoker

C  Hot springs

D  Black smoker

E  Geothermal heat pump

A  Submarine canyon

B  Volcanic arc

C  Rift valley

D  Trench

E  Oceanic rise

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

A  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

B  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

C  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D  Volcanoes and trench

A  Nazca and South American

B  African and Indian

C  Eurasian and North American

D  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

E  Arabian and African

A  California

B  New Zealand

C  near Egypt

D  The Alps

E  Alaska

A  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

D  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

A  Alpine Fault

B  San Andreas Fault

C  Hawaii

D  Mendocino

E  Juan De Fuca

A  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

B  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

C  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

D  along the fracture zones

E  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

A  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

B  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

C  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

D  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

A  Ring of Fire.

B  Submarine canyons

C  turbidity currents

D  mid-ocean ridges.

A  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

B  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

C  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

D  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

A  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

B  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

C  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

D  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A  continental volcanic arcs

B  Submarine canyons

C  mid-ocean ridges

D  Ring of Fire

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  At divergent plate boundaries

B  At submarine canyons

C  At transform plate boundaries

D  At the intraplate abyssal plains

E  At convergent plate boundaries

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  < 5,000

B  15,000 to 20,000

C  > 20,000

D  5,000 to 10,000

E  10,000 to 15,000

A  Precipitation

B  Melting icebergs

C  Black smokers

D  Suspension settling

E  Undersea streams

A  Southern Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Indian Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  guyot

B  island

C  nematath

D  abyssal hill

E  seaknoll

A  seaknolls

B  islands

C  seamounts

D  nemataths

E  guyots

A  nemataths

B  seaknolls

C  guyots

D  seamounts

E  islands

A  seaknolls

B  seamounts

C  nemataths

D  guyots

E  islands

A  sedimentary

B  erosional

C  metamorphic

D  seismic

E  volcanic

A  metamorphic

B  seismic

C  erosional

D  volcanic

E  sedimentary

A  Volcanic arc

B  Continental arc

C  Ocean trench

D  Passive margin

E  Island arc

A  Tablemount

B  Seamount

C  Submarine canyon

D  Abyssal plain

E  Abyssal hill

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  fracture zones.

C  hydrothermal vents.

D  spreading centers.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  seamounts.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  tablemounts.

A  seamounts.

B  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

C  tablemounts.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  oceanic trenches.

A  tablemounts.

B  oceanic ridges.

C  submarine canyons.

D  oceanic trenches.

E  seamounts.

A  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

B  the absence of convergent active margins.

C  the presence of convergent active margins.

D  the presence of seamounts.

E  All of the answers are correct.

A  abyssal hills.

B  continental shelves.

C  tablemounts.

D  continental slopes.

E  abyssal plains.

A  island arc

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  rift valley

D  hotspot

E  transform fault

A  transform fault

B  mid-ocean ridge

C  hotspot

D  rift valley

E  island arc

A  Southern Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

A  one-third

B  one-fifth

C  one-quarter

D  one-half

A  Slope

B  Shelf

C  Abyssal plain

D  Rise

A  Seaknolls

B  Seahills

C  Seamounds

D  Seaknobs

A  Southern Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Abyssal hill

B  Tablemount

C  Seamount

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  Middle America

B  Aleutian

C  Peru-Chile

D  Kuril

E  Mariana

A  Peru-Chile

B  Middle America

C  Kuril

D  Aleutian

E  Mariana

A  Pacific

B  Atlantic

C  Arctic

D  Indian

E  Southern

A  the continental shelf

B  abyssal plains

C  shallow islands in tropical seas

D  the continental slope and rise

E  submarine fans

A  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

B  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

C  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

D  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

E  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

A  abyssal plain

B  continental rise

C  continental slope

D  continental borderland

E  continental shelf

A  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

B  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

C  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

D  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

A  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

B  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

C  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

E  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

A  Turbidity Currents

B  Nonconformities

C  Graded Bedding

D  Suspension Deposits

E  Sandstone Layering

A  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

B  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

C  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

D  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

E  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

A  Continental rise

B  Continental shelf

C  Abyssal plain

D  Shoreline

E  Continental slope

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental slope

C  Continental rise

D  Shoreline

E  Abyssal plain

A  A soap box derby course

B  The continental slope

C  An Olympic toboggan track

D  A beginners ski hill

E  A large parking lot

A  a tenth of a degree

B  one to two degrees

C  greater than five degrees

D  one-half to one degree

E  two to five degrees

A  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

B  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

C  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

D  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

E  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

A  Southern Coast of Alaska

B  West Coast of Chile

C  West Coast of Mexico

D  East Coast of the United States

E  East Coast of Japan

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  Continental shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental rise

D  Continental slope

E  Continental flood basalt

A  Turbidity currents

B  Turbidite deposits

C  Abyssal plains

D  Graded bedding

E  Deep-sea fans

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental slope

C  Shelf break

D  Abyssal hill

E  Continental rise

A  Rift valley

B  Transform active margin

C  Continental margin

D  Active margin

E  Convergent active margin

A  erosion by turbidity currents.

B  earthquake activity.

C  erosion by major rivers in the past.

D  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

E  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

A  graded bedding.

B  white smokers.

C  turbidity currents.

D  turbidite deposits.

E  deep sea fans.

A  abyssal plain.

B  trench.

C  continental rise.

D  continental slope.

E  mid-ocean ridge.

A  Continental rise

B  Continental slope

C  Submarine canyon

D  Continental shelf

E  Fracture zone

A  Deep-sea trenches

B  Thin sediment accumulation

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Volcanic and earthquake activity

E  Chains of islands

A  No sediment accumulation

B  Sparse earthquake activity

C  Shallow coastal waters

D  Deep-sea trenches

E  Broad continental shelves

A  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

B  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

C  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

D  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

E  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

A  Mid-ocean ridge

B  Deep-ocean basin

C  Continental margins

A  Oceanic-continental convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

C  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

D  Continental-continental convergent

A  Divergent

B  Transform

C  Convergent

A  Basalt

B  Peridotite

C  Granite

D  Rhyolite

A  20

B  100

C  60

D  80

E  40

A  25

B  15

C  20

D  5

E  10

A  Y

B  T

C  L

D  U

E  V

A  downward

B  sideways

C  no change

D  upward

A  Tablemountas

B  Abyssal plains

C  Continental slope

D  Continental rise

E  Continental shelf

A  Himalayan

B  Cascades

C  Chilean

D  Andes

A  Shelf

B  Rise

C  Slope

D  Abyssal plain

A  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

B  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

C  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

E  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

A  far from an oceanic ridge

B  a continental borderland

C  near an offshore fault

D  lacking a continental rise

E  seismically active

A  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

A  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

B  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

C  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

D  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

A  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

C  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

D  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

A  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

A  continental shelf

B  delta

C  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

D  abyssal plain

E  deep-sea fans

A  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

B  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

C  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

D  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

E  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

C  ridge and continental rise

D  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

A  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

B  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

B  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

A  France

B  Canada

C  United States

D  Iceland

E  Ireland

A  grand layering

B  velocity profile

C  layered stratum

D  rip current

E  graded bedding

A  density stratification

B  slosh speed

C  settling velocity

D  wave size

E  shaking speed

A  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

C  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

E  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

A  water currents

B  suspended sediment

C  brown algae

D  air bubbles

E  microscopic floating marine life

A  a balloon

B  a large jar filled with water and sediment

C  a candle

D  a can of soda

E  Silly Putty

A  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

B  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

A  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

C  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

D  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

A  infrequently

B  somewhat frequently

C  very frequently

A  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

B  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

A  It would take 0.46 s.

B  It would take 0.93 s.

C  It would take 0.23 s.

D  It would take 2.15 s.

E  It would take 700 s.

A  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

B  The ocean depth is 6 m.

C  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

D  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

E  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

A  tablemount and deep-sea fan

B  tablemount and basin

C  basin and trench

D  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

A  trench and basin

B  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

C  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

D  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

A  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

E  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A  biological productivity and seawater salinity

B  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

C  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

D  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

A  height of the sea surface

B  depth to the ocean floor

C  location of faults on the ocean floor

D  depth of seafloor sediments

E  seafloor age

A  Seismic Reflection

B  Magnetometer

C  Sounding

D  Side-scan Sonar

E  Multibeam Sonar

A  Meter

B  Mile

C  Foot

D  Fathom

E  League

A  Sounding

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Magnetometer

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Multibeam Sonar

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  meters

B  kilometers

C  millimeters

D  centimeters

E  decimeters

A  GLORIA

B  SeaBeam

C  Sea MARC

D  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

E  Global positioning system (GPS)

A  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

B  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

C  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

D  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

E  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

A  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

B  they are inexpensive to build and launch

C  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

D  they are affected by surface weather

E  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A  satellite observation.

B  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

C  direct observation.

D  drilling.

E  light waves.

A  Odyssey

B  HMS Challenger

C  Comet

D  Meteor

A  4

B  5

C  7

D  3

E  6

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Red Sea

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Mediterranean Sea

A  Comet

B  Odyssey

C  Challenger

D  Meteor

A  1960s

B  1970s

C  1950s

D  1980s

A  4,945 feet per second

B  4,970 feet per second

C  4,925 feet per second

D  5,000 feet per second

A  salinity, temperature and pressure

B  temperature and pressure

C  pressure and salinity

D  salinity

A  Echo

B  Chirp

C  Beep

D  Ping

A  CryoSat-2

B  Jason-2

C  TOPEX

D  Geosat

E  Jason-1

A  GLORIA

B  SeaMARC

C  Seabeam

D  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

E  SeaWiFS

A  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

B  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

C  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

D  density differences of ocean waters

E  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

A  erosion and weathering

B  extreme pressure at depth

C  plate tectonic processes

D  ocean currents

E  biological activity

A  3000 meters

B  4550 meters

C  5550 meters

D  11,100 meters

E  7400 meters

A  hydrology

B  navigation

C  cartography

D  tomography

E  bathymetry

A  Multibeam echo sounder

B  Satellite altimetry

C  Precision depth recorder

D  Side-scan sonar

E  Seismic reflection

A  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

B  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

C  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

A  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

B  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

C  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

A  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

B  seamount and transform fault on land

C  transform fault on land and tablemount

A  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

A  less expensive and more accurate

B  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  less expensive and more detailed

D  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

A  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

B  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

C  5 meters (16.4 feet)

D  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

E  1507 meters (4944 feet)

A  the study of the depth of the ocean

B  the study of the temperature of the ocean

C  the study of ocean currents

D  the study of ocean productivity

E  the study of marine mammals

A  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

B  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

C  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

D  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

E  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

A  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

B  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

C  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

D  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

E  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

A  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

B  Ocean basins are very flat features.

C  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

D  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

A  Aerial photography

B  Echo sounder

C  Satellites

D  Lidar

E  Radar

A  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

B  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

C  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

D  The sinking of the Titanic

E  The creation of NASA

A  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

B  navigation to determine the position of the ship

C  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

D  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

E  DNA analysis of marine organisms

A  research vessel

B  rolling violently

C  repair vessel

D  recumbent vehicle

E  rocking vehicle