Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  65%

B  95%

C  75%

D  90%

E  85%

A  Fracture zone

B  Transform fault

C  Neither

A  Fracture zone

B  Transform fault

C  Neither

A  Nemataths

B  Guyots

C  Seaknolls

D  Transform fault

E  Fracture zone

A  Fracture zone

B  Nemataths

C  Seaknolls

D  Guyots

E  Transform fault

A  White smoker

B  Rift valley

C  Deep focus earthquake

D  Black smoker

E  Hydrothermal vent

A  Trenches

B  Pillow basalts

C  Metal sulfide deposits

D  Rift valley

E  Seamounts

A  Oceanic ridge

B  Rift valley

C  Abyssal hill

D  Oceanic rise

E  Seafloor spreading

A  located in submarine canyons.

B  parallel to the rift valley.

C  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

D  associated with hydrothermal vents.

A  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

B  associated with turbidity currents.

C  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

D  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

E  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

A  cold seeps.

B  white smokers.

C  black smokers.

D  abyssal hills.

E  turbidity currents.

A  oceanic rises.

B  fracture zones.

C  deep-sea trenches.

D  convergent plate boundaries.

E  transform faults.

A  transform faults.

B  fracture zones.

C  deep-sea trenches.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  hydrothermal vents.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The long and flat part below sea level

C  The steep segment above sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  The gentle slope above sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The steep deepest part below sea level

E  The long and flat part below sea level

A  The long and flat part below sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The gentle slope above sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  sedimentary

B  collisional

C  volcanic

D  metamorphic

E  erosional

A  Precipitation

B  Undersea streams

C  Turbidity currents

D  Melting icebergs

E  Suspension settling

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

B  convergent plate boundaries

C  convergent and transform plate boundaries

D  transform plate boundaries

E  divergent plate boundaries

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  transform fault

C  island arc

D  deep sea trench

E  hotspot

A  transform fault

B  deep sea trench

C  island arc

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  hotspot

A  4 miles

B  1 mile

C  5 miles

D  2 miles

E  3 miles

A  rhyolitic

B  andesitic

C  granitic

D  basaltic

A  29%

B  33%

C  23%

D  39%

E  44%

A  46,000

B  50,000

C  55,000

D  60,000

E  40,000

A  85

B  75

C  50

D  60

E  65

A  Hydrogen sulfate

B  Hydrogen sulfide

C  Nitrogen

D  Oxygen

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

C  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  Dead Sea Fault

B  Mendocino Fracture

C  Alpine Fault

D  San Andreas Fault

A  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

B  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

C  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  transform fault

B  central rift valley

C  hydrothermal vent

D  seismic fissure

E  fracture zone

A  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

B  parts of continents separated from continents

C  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

D  parts of volcanic island arcs

E  volcanic in origin

A  5000-6000 m below sea level

B  0-1000 m above sea level

C  3000-4000 m below sea level

D  1000-2000 m above sea level

E  4000-5000 m below sea level

A  Warm-water vents

B  Black smoker

C  Geothermal heat pump

D  Hot springs

E  White smoker

A  Submarine canyon

B  Rift valley

C  Trench

D  Volcanic arc

E  Oceanic rise

A  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

A  Volcanoes and trench

B  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

C  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

A  Nazca and South American

B  African and Indian

C  Arabian and African

D  Eurasian and North American

E  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

A  The Alps

B  near Egypt

C  New Zealand

D  California

E  Alaska

A  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

C  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

D  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

A  Juan De Fuca

B  Alpine Fault

C  Hawaii

D  San Andreas Fault

E  Mendocino

A  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

B  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

C  along the fracture zones

D  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

E  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

B  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

D  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

A  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

B  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

D  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

A  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

C  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

A  Submarine canyons

B  mid-ocean ridges.

C  turbidity currents

D  Ring of Fire.

A  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

B  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

C  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

D  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

A  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

B  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

C  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

D  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

A  Ring of Fire

B  mid-ocean ridges

C  continental volcanic arcs

D  Submarine canyons

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  At transform plate boundaries

B  At submarine canyons

C  At convergent plate boundaries

D  At divergent plate boundaries

E  At the intraplate abyssal plains

A  Southern Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Pacific Ocean

A  10,000 to 15,000

B  < 5,000

C  5,000 to 10,000

D  15,000 to 20,000

E  > 20,000

A  Melting icebergs

B  Suspension settling

C  Precipitation

D  Black smokers

E  Undersea streams

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Southern Ocean

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

A  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  nematath

B  abyssal hill

C  seaknoll

D  island

E  guyot

A  seaknolls

B  nemataths

C  seamounts

D  islands

E  guyots

A  islands

B  guyots

C  seamounts

D  nemataths

E  seaknolls

A  seamounts

B  guyots

C  seaknolls

D  nemataths

E  islands

A  volcanic

B  seismic

C  erosional

D  sedimentary

E  metamorphic

A  seismic

B  erosional

C  metamorphic

D  volcanic

E  sedimentary

A  Passive margin

B  Ocean trench

C  Island arc

D  Continental arc

E  Volcanic arc

A  Abyssal hill

B  Tablemount

C  Abyssal plain

D  Submarine canyon

E  Seamount

A  spreading centers.

B  mid-ocean ridges.

C  fracture zones.

D  hydrothermal vents.

E  deep-sea trenches.

A  oceanic ridges.

B  oceanic trenches.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  tablemounts.

E  seamounts.

A  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

B  seamounts.

C  oceanic trenches.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  tablemounts.

A  tablemounts.

B  seamounts.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  submarine canyons.

E  oceanic trenches.

A  All of the answers are correct.

B  the presence of convergent active margins.

C  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

D  the presence of seamounts.

E  the absence of convergent active margins.

A  tablemounts.

B  abyssal plains.

C  continental shelves.

D  abyssal hills.

E  continental slopes.

A  island arc

B  hotspot

C  mid-ocean ridge

D  transform fault

E  rift valley

A  island arc

B  transform fault

C  rift valley

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  hotspot

A  Indian Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

A  one-quarter

B  one-half

C  one-fifth

D  one-third

A  Rise

B  Slope

C  Abyssal plain

D  Shelf

A  Seamounds

B  Seahills

C  Seaknolls

D  Seaknobs

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Atlantic Ocean

A  Tablemount

B  Seamount

C  Abyssal hill

A  Arctic Ocean

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Pacific Ocean

A  Kuril

B  Aleutian

C  Middle America

D  Peru-Chile

E  Mariana

A  Mariana

B  Aleutian

C  Kuril

D  Middle America

E  Peru-Chile

A  Indian

B  Arctic

C  Pacific

D  Atlantic

E  Southern

A  abyssal plains

B  submarine fans

C  shallow islands in tropical seas

D  the continental shelf

E  the continental slope and rise

A  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

B  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

C  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

D  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

E  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

A  abyssal plain

B  continental rise

C  continental borderland

D  continental shelf

E  continental slope

A  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

B  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

C  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

D  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

B  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

C  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

D  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

E  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

A  Graded Bedding

B  Suspension Deposits

C  Turbidity Currents

D  Sandstone Layering

E  Nonconformities

A  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

B  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

C  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

D  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

E  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Abyssal plain

D  Continental slope

E  Shoreline

A  Abyssal plain

B  Continental rise

C  Continental slope

D  Shoreline

E  Continental shelf

A  A soap box derby course

B  A large parking lot

C  An Olympic toboggan track

D  A beginners ski hill

E  The continental slope

A  one-half to one degree

B  two to five degrees

C  greater than five degrees

D  a tenth of a degree

E  one to two degrees

A  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

B  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

E  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

A  East Coast of the United States

B  East Coast of Japan

C  Southern Coast of Alaska

D  West Coast of Mexico

E  West Coast of Chile

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

E  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

A  Continental slope

B  Continental rise

C  Abyssal plain

D  Continental shelf

E  Continental flood basalt

A  Turbidity currents

B  Graded bedding

C  Deep-sea fans

D  Abyssal plains

E  Turbidite deposits

A  Continental rise

B  Continental slope

C  Shelf break

D  Abyssal hill

E  Continental shelf

A  Convergent active margin

B  Transform active margin

C  Active margin

D  Rift valley

E  Continental margin

A  erosion by major rivers in the past.

B  erosion by turbidity currents.

C  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

D  earthquake activity.

E  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

A  white smokers.

B  graded bedding.

C  turbidity currents.

D  deep sea fans.

E  turbidite deposits.

A  continental slope.

B  trench.

C  continental rise.

D  abyssal plain.

E  mid-ocean ridge.

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental rise

C  Submarine canyon

D  Fracture zone

E  Continental slope

A  Chains of islands

B  Deep-sea trenches

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Thin sediment accumulation

E  Volcanic and earthquake activity

A  No sediment accumulation

B  Sparse earthquake activity

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Shallow coastal waters

E  Deep-sea trenches

A  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

B  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

C  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

D  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

E  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

A  Mid-ocean ridge

B  Deep-ocean basin

C  Continental margins

A  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

B  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

C  Continental-continental convergent

D  Oceanic-continental convergent

A  Convergent

B  Divergent

C  Transform

A  Rhyolite

B  Basalt

C  Granite

D  Peridotite

A  20

B  60

C  40

D  80

E  100

A  25

B  5

C  10

D  20

E  15

A  V

B  L

C  U

D  Y

E  T

A  downward

B  upward

C  no change

D  sideways

A  Continental rise

B  Continental slope

C  Continental shelf

D  Tablemountas

E  Abyssal plains

A  Chilean

B  Himalayan

C  Cascades

D  Andes

A  Shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Slope

D  Rise

A  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

B  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

C  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

D  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

E  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

A  near an offshore fault

B  far from an oceanic ridge

C  lacking a continental rise

D  a continental borderland

E  seismically active

A  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

D  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

A  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

B  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

C  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

D  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

A  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

C  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

D  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

B  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

C  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

A  abyssal plain

B  continental shelf

C  deep-sea fans

D  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

E  delta

A  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

B  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

C  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

D  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

E  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

A  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

B  narrow continental shelf and trench

C  ridge and continental rise

D  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

A  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

C  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

A  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

B  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

D  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

E  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

A  Canada

B  Ireland

C  United States

D  France

E  Iceland

A  grand layering

B  rip current

C  graded bedding

D  velocity profile

E  layered stratum

A  settling velocity

B  slosh speed

C  shaking speed

D  density stratification

E  wave size

A  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

B  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

C  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

A  microscopic floating marine life

B  suspended sediment

C  water currents

D  brown algae

E  air bubbles

A  a can of soda

B  Silly Putty

C  a candle

D  a balloon

E  a large jar filled with water and sediment

A  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

B  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

C  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

A  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

B  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

C  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

D  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

A  infrequently

B  very frequently

C  somewhat frequently

A  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

B  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

C  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

A  It would take 2.15 s.

B  It would take 700 s.

C  It would take 0.46 s.

D  It would take 0.23 s.

E  It would take 0.93 s.

A  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

B  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

C  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

D  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

E  The ocean depth is 6 m.

A  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

B  tablemount and deep-sea fan

C  tablemount and basin

D  basin and trench

A  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

B  trench and basin

C  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

D  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

A  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

E  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

A  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

C  biological productivity and seawater salinity

D  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

A  location of faults on the ocean floor

B  height of the sea surface

C  depth of seafloor sediments

D  depth to the ocean floor

E  seafloor age

A  Side-scan Sonar

B  Seismic Reflection

C  Sounding

D  Multibeam Sonar

E  Magnetometer

A  Foot

B  Fathom

C  Mile

D  Meter

E  League

A  Multibeam Sonar

B  Side-scan Sonar

C  Sounding

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Magnetometer

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  centimeters

B  meters

C  millimeters

D  kilometers

E  decimeters

A  Global positioning system (GPS)

B  SeaBeam

C  Sea MARC

D  GLORIA

E  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

A  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

B  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

C  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

D  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

E  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

A  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

B  they are inexpensive to build and launch

C  they are affected by surface weather

D  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

E  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A  satellite observation.

B  drilling.

C  direct observation.

D  light waves.

E  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

A  HMS Challenger

B  Meteor

C  Comet

D  Odyssey

A  7

B  6

C  3

D  4

E  5

A  Red Sea

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Mediterranean Sea

A  Odyssey

B  Meteor

C  Challenger

D  Comet

A  1980s

B  1960s

C  1950s

D  1970s

A  4,925 feet per second

B  4,945 feet per second

C  4,970 feet per second

D  5,000 feet per second

A  pressure and salinity

B  temperature and pressure

C  salinity

D  salinity, temperature and pressure

A  Ping

B  Chirp

C  Echo

D  Beep

A  Jason-1

B  TOPEX

C  CryoSat-2

D  Jason-2

E  Geosat

A  SeaMARC

B  GLORIA

C  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

D  SeaWiFS

E  Seabeam

A  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

B  density differences of ocean waters

C  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

D  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

E  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

A  erosion and weathering

B  plate tectonic processes

C  extreme pressure at depth

D  biological activity

E  ocean currents

A  11,100 meters

B  7400 meters

C  5550 meters

D  4550 meters

E  3000 meters

A  hydrology

B  navigation

C  bathymetry

D  cartography

E  tomography

A  Multibeam echo sounder

B  Seismic reflection

C  Side-scan sonar

D  Satellite altimetry

E  Precision depth recorder

A  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

B  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

C  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

A  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

B  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

C  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

A  seamount and transform fault on land

B  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

C  transform fault on land and tablemount

A  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

B  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

A  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

B  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  less expensive and more detailed

D  less expensive and more accurate

A  5 meters (16.4 feet)

B  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

C  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

D  1507 meters (4944 feet)

E  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

A  the study of the temperature of the ocean

B  the study of ocean productivity

C  the study of the depth of the ocean

D  the study of ocean currents

E  the study of marine mammals

A  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

B  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

C  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

D  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

E  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

A  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

B  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

C  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

D  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

E  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

A  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

B  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

C  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

D  Ocean basins are very flat features.

A  Aerial photography

B  Radar

C  Echo sounder

D  Lidar

E  Satellites

A  The creation of NASA

B  The sinking of the Titanic

C  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

D  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

E  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

A  navigation to determine the position of the ship

B  DNA analysis of marine organisms

C  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

D  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

E  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

A  recumbent vehicle

B  research vessel

C  repair vessel

D  rocking vehicle

E  rolling violently