Exam 2 Chapters 7 – 11

A  Provided inaccurate information, to the detriment of the organization

B  Resigned before losing their positions

C  Lost their jobs

D  Had a positive effect in corrections

A  The media construction of crime will define what are thought to be the causes of crime

B  The media construction of crime will reduce the seriousness of the crime

C  The media construction of crime will define what acts are regarded as criminal

D  The media construction of crime will identify what policies of crime control should be adopted

A  Increase in recidivism

B  Additional treatment and re-entry programs

C  A decrease in treatment programs

D  The imposition of additional behavioral controls

A  When a journalist relies on an unsubstantiated argument without noting its weaknesses to produce a desired conclusion

B  Using persuasive interviewing techniques to influence others to disclose material they would normally not disclose

C  Any intentional and successful influence of a person by noncoercively altering the actual choices available to the person or by non-persuasively altering the perceptions by others of those choices.

D  When a journalist makes an attempt in hard news to persuade using emotional rhetoric rather than fact

A  Accepting gratuities to protect illicit activity

B  Theft of new televisions from the prison loading dock

C  Extortion through mistreatment or harassment

D  Soliciting a fee from an inmate for finding him a job

A  Do not lug (smuggle) drugs in to inmates

B  Assist inmates in getting rehabilitated

C  Always support fellow officers against inmate claims/allegations

D  Do not rat (inform on other guards)

A  Officer training emphasizes emotional detachment and degrading treatment

B  Prisons have cultures where guards are corrupted and prisoners are denied their humanity

C  A humane correctional system is impossible given the dominant theory and practice of retribution

D  Guards are increasingly using more excessive force

A  Homicides are considered more newsworthy when the victim is white

B  Rape is the most likely crime to be reported

C  Victims who are perpetrated against by a stranger are considered more newsworthy than a victim who knows the perpetrator

D  Crimes against children are considered more newsworthy than crimes against the adults

A  Assassination violates U.S. values and principles because it is done in secret and is a display of the exercise of overbearing state power against individuals.

B  Assassination is an immoral act and a form of politically motivated murder outside the bounds of the conventions of war and morality.

C  All of the other answers

D  Targeted killing calls into question the morality of U.S. foreign policy, which stresses human rights and democracy.

A  All of the other answers

B  It gives the executive the leverage to demand almost any resources in the furtherance of winning the war

C  It enables the executive branch of government to exercise wide powers under the authority of the president as commander-in-chief

D  It permits the employment of warlike measures concurrently with law enforcement measures

A  United States

B  United Kingdom

C  Canada

D  Australia

A  Retributive

B  Empathetic

C  Callous

D  Sympathetic

A  A public over-reaction caused by outdated public morals

B  When a small group of legislators panic and force through unethical legislation

C  An irrational and exaggerated response by the public to a perceived problem

D  When an individual legislator or policy maker over-reacts to a problem

A  A criminal conviction

B  A life sentence

C  The court

D  The prosecution process

A  Personal

B  Rewards

C  Compliance

D  Legalistic

A  Reasonable standard of care

B  Moral blame

C  Morality

D  Do no harm

A  Whites comprise almost 3/4 of illegal drug users and blacks 13%, a fact not usually incorporated in media accounts

B  Whites comprise almost 1/3 of illegal drug users and blacks almost 2/3, a fact often reported in the media

C  The War on Drugs focused on heroin, a drug often used by blacks, a fact not usually in the media

D  Whites never have been engaged in drugs as much as blacks, a fact often reported in the media

A  Accidental killing of civilian non-terrorists

B  Invading foreign countries

C  Torture during interrogation

D  Restricting rights during criminal processing of terrorist defendants

A  Prisons who want to receive federal funding must eliminate prison rape by 85%

B  Setting a zero-tolerance standard for prison rape

C  Prioritization of the prevention of rape in each prison system

D  Devising and implementation of national standards to detect, prevent, reduce, and punish rape

A  Maximum security

B  Medium security

C  Minimum security

D  Supermax

A  Focusing only on the very young and the very old victims

B  Reporting, on the visual media, pictures of victims

C  Reporting sympathetic stories of victims who have also been charged with crimes

D  Focusing attention only on victims who meet that standard of victimhood

A  Few accused actually go to trial and unexciting plea bargains are the norm

B  Crime fighting is the complex part of the process

C  The legal system is far more complex

D  The legal system makes it easier to fight crime because prosecutors know how to talk with the media

A  Sympathy

B  Coercion

C  Violence

D  Empathy

A  Sex offenses

B  Kidnappings

C  Drug crimes

D  Homicides

A  Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of property and drug crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness

B  Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are positively correlated with polices favoring punitiveness

C  Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are negatively correlated with policies favoring punitiveness

D  Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of violent crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness

A  It is not a realistic scenario

B  It negates the autonomy and dignity of the individual

C  It is a slippery slope, which could expand its use in other circumstances

D  It is not likely to happen as its proponents claim

A  An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally impermissible

B  The activities are morally permissible if they produce two effects, so long as one is morally permissible.

C  An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally permissible

D  The activities are only morally impermissible if they produce two effects, both of which are morally impermissible

A  Treatment

B  Punitiveness

C  Community-oriented corrections

D  Rehabilitation

A  Prostitutes

B  Drug offenders

C  Murderers

D  Sex offenders

A  There is widespread approval of them

B  There is widespread approval of them

C  The public is evenly divided on them

D  While they approve of it, they do not believe it should be applied indiscriminately to specific offenders under specific circumstances

A  Social control

B  Governmental control

C  Formal control

D  Informal control

A  Cost-benefit grounds

B  Due process grounds

C  Ideological grounds

D  Political grounds

A  Absolutists

B  Relativists

C  Deontologists

D  Consequentialists

A  A warning to the public

B  Advocacy for greater levels of social control

C  A key profit maker for the media

D  Assistance to law enforcement to make an arrest

A  Their control function

B  Their treatment function

C  Their treatment and control functions

D  Their heavy caseloads

A  Against a state in the United States.

B  By the military against a civilian government.

C  Committed by government, sometimes against its own people.

D  By one part of government against another part of the same government.

A  Are not applied to all offenders convicted under such statutes

B  Do not reflect the will of the majority

C  Result in disproportionately severe sentences

D  Have no incapacitate effect

A  The primary source of news

B  A responsible path for discussion of moral issues

C  A monopoly so that news is consistent

D  A site for the construction of a moral order

A  Treatment programs to reduce jail and prison populations

B  Three-strikes laws

C  Sentencing guidelines

D  Work release programs to reduce jail and prison populations

A  Using entertainment to reenact criminal events

B  The placement of crime stories on television late at night hoping a viewer will be able identify the offender

C  Using the media to report fictitious events so law enforcement can catch the real criminal

D  The marketing of edited, highly formatted information about the world in entertainment media vehicles

A  Reynolds v. Florida

B  Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center

C  Graham v. Florida

D  United States v. Shallet

A  Maintain power

B  Gain respect of inmates

C  Retain their discretion

D  Treat inmates ethically

A  Refrained from enforcing certain prison rules and regulations.

B  Begun taking monetary bribes from prisoners.

C  Begun directly disobeying orders from superiors.

D  Become members of prison gangs.

A  Property

B  Debtors

C  Violent

D  Vice

A  Enemy paradigm

B  Terrorism paradigm

C  Drone paradigm

D  War paradigm

A  Inmate

B  Celebrity

C  Judicial

D  Prosecutorial

A  Not worrying about the consequences

B  Accepting the unavoidable consequences of our policies

C  Asking whether there will be any consequences to our anti-terrorism policies

D  Asking whether our policies will render citizens more secure in the long term