Exam 4

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Question #1

According to the TED talk on happiness by Dan Gilbert,

A people who are stuck in a situation can be as happy as people with many choices

B people who win the lottery are 3 times happier than people who become paraplegic 3 months after the event

C synthesized happiness is not as fulfilling as true happiness

D no one was happy with the photo they selected in the Harvard study

Question #2

Operant conditioning only occurs if an individual is consciously aware of the reinforcement.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #3

One danger associated with the use of punishment is that ________.

A it is difficult for the punisher to gauge the severity of the punishment

B it is difficult to punish in an appropriately consistent manner

C punishment motivates concealment of behavior and avoidance of the punisher

D All of the above.

Question #4

As a child, Robin was frequently surrounded by many people and came to see herself as a very sociable person. As an adult, Robin has chosen a career that requires her to interact with other people on a daily basis. As a result, Robin is becoming even more sociable than before. This process is called ________.

A the expectancy value theory

B vicarious learning

C the approach-avoidance goal system

D reciprocal determinism

Question #5

The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.

A expectancies vary across situations

B learning can occur vicariously through observation

C children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors

D changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change

Question #6

Bandura’s efficacy expectation is a belief about ________.

A what the person is capable of doing

B the worth of an outcome

C the amount of work required to be effective

D All of the above.

Question #7

Barbara thinks that Joe will go out on a date with her if she can ever get up the courage to ask him. Barbara’s perception of the likelihood that Joe will accept reflects her ________, whereas her doubts about her ability to ask him out reflect her ________.

A expectancy; efficacy expectation

B reinforcement value; behavior potential

C efficacy expectation; expectancy

D behavior potential; reinforcement value

Question #8

In contrast with social learning theory, behaviorism ________.

A ignores motivation and cognition

B ignores observational learning

C views human beings as passive organisms

D All of the above.

Question #9

On the first day of kindergarten, Terry’s teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students’ questions if they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. Terry’s teacher is using ________ to change the students’ behavior.

A shaping

B secondary conditioning

C punishment

D habituation

Question #10

Experiments have shown that if one receives rewards and/or punishments randomly (i.e., regardless of what one does), then one is likely to develop depression. This phenomenon is known as ________.

A angst

B reverse conditioning

C learned helplessness

D social learning theory

Question #11

According to behavioral theory, chronic anxiety is the result of ________.

A second-order conditioning and stimulus generalization

B the law of effect

C pairing a primary reinforcer with a punisher

D repeated exposure to stimuli that are unpredictable and random

Question #12

Bob eats a new dish at his favorite restaurant and throws up an hour later. Bob will most likely ________.

A attribute his vomiting to an illness

B try the dish again when another chef prepares it

C never eat that dish again

D become nauseated at the sight of all restaurants

Question #13

Behaviorists believe that all causes of behavior can be found in an individual’s ________.

A conscious mind

B personality traits

C unconscious mind

D environment

Question #14

Rogerian therapy emphasizes the importance of listening on the part of the therapist.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #15

Flow mostly likely arises when one’s activity entails a balanced ratio of ________ to ________.

A skills; challenges

B stress; eustress

C approach; avoidance

D effort; reward

Question #16

To avoid developing conditions of worth, a person should experience ________ from the important people in his or her life.

A Mitwelt

B unconditional positive regard

C conditions of worth

D existential optimism

Question #17

The humanist psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow took basic existential assumptions and added the assumption that ________.

A to know a person, it is essential to understand his or her phenomenology

B people are essentially childlike and have an innate tendency toward selfishness and impulsivity

C people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better

D people have free will

Question #18

Imagine that you refuse to think for yourself and lead an “unexamined life.” How what existentialists classify this approach to living?

A autotelic existence

B thrown-ness

C bad faith

D forlornness

Question #19

Phenomenological, existential, and humanistic psychologists all agree ________.

A that the study of human beings is fundamentally different from the study of anything else

B that psychology should focus on conscious experience

C that human beings possess free will

D All of the above.

Question #20

One difference between the neo-Freudians and Freud is that nearly all neo-Freudians

A put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships.

B adhere to evolutionary theory and emphasize the importance of sex as a motivator.

C place more emphasis on early childhood development.

D emphasize the importance of unconscious processes in the determination of behavior.

Question #21

One criticism of psychoanalytic theory is that Freud considered the development of women to be

A a deviation from the male model.

B the basis of male development.

C Both an example of normal development, and the basis of male development.

D an example of normal development.

Question #22

Psychoanalytic theory frequently leads to a set of hypotheses that cannot be disproved by observations. In that respect, psychoanalytic theory

A is untestable.

B is nonparsimonious.

C lacks generalizability.

D does not use operational definitions.

Question #23

If you commit a slip of the tongue when you are tired, Freud would say that

A the slip was caused by the fatigue.

B fatigue simply made it easier for the impulse to be expressed.

C Both the slip was an accident, and the slip was caused by the fatigue.

D the slip was an accident.

Question #24

As a boy, Steve enjoyed the power he had over his friends. Later in life he became a politician who used his influence to promote social justice. This is an example of what Freud called

A reaction formation.

B cessation.

C randomization.

D sublimation.

Question #25

Experimental research evidence indicates that a person who displaces aggression will

A be more inclined to be aggressive in general.

B use projection as a defense mechanism.

C be less inclined to be aggressive in general.

D use rationalization as a defense mechanism.

Question #26

Mark claims that it is okay for him to take supplies from his employer because he uses some of them to do office work at home. Mark is using the defense mechanism of

A repression.

B intellectualization.

C denial.

D rationalization.

Question #27

Debbie accuses her husband of having an affair because she is secretly attracted to the next-door neighbor. According to psychodynamic theory Debbie is likely ________ her own feelings.

A displacing

B repressing

C rationalizing

D projecting

Question #28

The psychodynamic explanation of extreme homophobia is that it is the result of

A displacement.

B rationalization.

C denial.

D reaction formation.

Question #29

Brian and Matt have both just flunked out of college. Brian is sure he did not flunk and that he really is going to graduate. Matt simply refuses to think about what just happened. Brian is using the defense mechanism of ________ and Matt is using ________.

A denial; repression

B rationalization; repression

C denial; intellectualization

D reaction formation; rationalization

Question #30

According to psychoanalytic theory, “vague anxiety” is an example of a(n) ________ process.

A conscious

B conscientious

C calculated and rational

D unconscious

Question #31

Modern ego psychologists believe that the key function of the ego is

A to interpret dream symbolism.

B to seek pleasure.

C to form compromises between the different parts of the mind.

D Both to form compromises between the different parts of the mind., and to interpret dream symbolism.

Question #32

Diana, a married woman, is contemplating having an affair with an attractive man in her department at work. How would Diana’s ego likely respond?

A It would make Diana feel guilty.

B It would encourage her to pursue the affair immediately.

C It would object to the affair because it seems impractical.

D It would object to the affair because it seems immoral.

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