Midterm Examination 2

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Question #1

A gang member who has older brothers or fathers in the gang is referred to as ________.

A blood-in

B jumped-it

C blessed-in

D coerced-in

Question #2

Which of the following theories states that delinquency is likely to result when a strong bond to school does NOT develop?

A cultural deviance theory

B conflict theory

C social control theory

D labeling theory

Question #3

Gangs use younger and smaller members to ________.

A deal cocaine out of cramped “rock houses

B steal bicycles

C steal guns from stores

D recruit female

Question #4

Which of the following intervention programs is a family- and home-based treatment model that is based on research demonstrating the multidimensional causes of delinquent behavior?

A Multisystemic Therapy

B Functional Family Therapy

C Strengthening Families Program

D Adolescent Transitions Program

Question #5

The ________ theory provides an explanation for the onset and continued use of drugs by stating that the typical addict suffers from some deep-rooted emotional problem.

A addictive personality

B stress relief

C social disorganization

D social control

Question #6

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of at-risk adolescent females?

A school failure

B stable family life

C stories of victimization

D mental health and substance abuse problems

Question #7

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the findings of the landmark study of girls in the classroom undertaken by the American Association of University Women?

A High school girls are obsessed with physical appearance.

B High school girls are obsessed with popularity based on external characteristics.

C High school girls are obsessed with achievement.

D High school girls have intense mother-daughter patterns of communication.

Question #8

Which of the following is NOT an abuse suffered by adolescent females in the juvenile justice system?

A placement in isolation for trivial reasons

B strip-searched in the presence of male officers

C inappropriate touching, pushing, and hitting by staff

D withholding of food

Question #9

Which of the following is NOT a link in Travis Hirschi’s causal chain?

A rejection of school’s authority

B dislike of school

C poor parental performance

D academic incompetence

Question #10

Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of violence prevention programs?

A address key areas of risk in youth’s lives

B provide youth with adequate supervision and support

C offer youth a long-term stay in the community

D aim to fix the psychological issues contributing to delinquency.

Question #11

Studies on sexually abused victims suggest that prostitution is a way for sexually abused female victims to ________.

A leave the home environment

B reduce the shame

C increase their livelihood

D take control of others by making them pay

Question #12

Which of the following types of gang leadership assign no written duties or titles to their leadership positions, but usually have two to four members who are considered the leaders of the group?

A horizontal type

B influential type

C vertical type

D commission type

Question #13

Which of the following statements regarding children with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents is TRUE?

A They show conspicuous differences in their male and female behaviors (gender role behavior).

B They do not reveal differences in the adjustment and development.

C They are more likely to be gay than children with heterosexual parents.

D They are more likely to be sexually abused.

Question #14

Which is NOT one of Chesney-Lind’s four propositions of the feminist theory of delinquency?

A On streets, girls get involved in criminal activities that exploit their sexuality.

B As girls run away from home, they become involved in various forms of crime.

C Girls involved in criminal activity are rarely the victims of sexual abuse.

D Victimizers utilize official agencies to keep victims vulnerable.

Question #15

Which theory posits that children who do poorly in school or who believe they have little chance of graduation are most likely to commit delinquent acts?

A drift theory

B culture theory

C labeling theory

D blocked opportunity theory

Question #16

Which of the following is NOT a frequently cited benefit of joining a gang?

A excitement

B monetary profits from drugs

C opportunities to engage in political and social activism

D enhanced prestige or status

Question #17

Butyl nitrite, gasoline, and paint thinners can typically produce feelings of excitement followed by disorientation when they are ________.

A absorbed

B inhaled

C ingested

D injected

Question #18

Which of the following views school as a means by which the privileged classes maintain power over the lower classes?

A social control theory

B cultural deviance theory

C radical theory

D strain theory

Question #19

Which of the following had the disastrous result of incarcerating many minority youths involved in selling or using crack cocaine for extended periods of time?

A Project Toward No Drug Abuse

B the war on drugs

C Project Alert

D Life Skills Training

Question #20

During the 1990s, the belief emerged that the most effective strategy for juvenile corrections is to place the thrust of prevention and diversion emphasis on ________.

A high-risk juveniles who commit property crimes.

B high-risk juveniles who have not committed crime

C high-risk juveniles who commit violent acts.

D low-risk juveniles who have not committed crime

Question #21

Michael F. de Vries argued that ________ is the heart of why African Americans find gang associations worthwhile.

A social disorganization theory

B strain theory

C underclass theory

D subcultural affiliation

Question #22

According to Richard Gelles, which of the following is a consistent conclusion of domestic violence research?

A Most child abusers were brought up in a disciplined family environment.

B Those abused in childhood will turn abusers.

C There is hardly any relationship between neglect and abuse.

D Those abused in childhood will turn away from child abuse.

Question #23

Which of the following is NOT a major organizational characteristic of urban gangs?

A leadership

B gang intimidation

C role expectations and sanctions

D gang migration

Question #24

Which of the following is TRUE according to Pam Patton?

A Girls focus on independence and autonomy, whereas boys focus on connectedness and interdependence.

B Girls develop their identity in relation to the world, whereas boys develop their identity in relation to other people.

C Girls resolve conflict based on relationships, whereas boys resolve conflict based on rules.

D Girls exhibit overaggression, whereas boys exhibit relational aggression.

Question #25

Which of the following programs believes all girls should have the opportunity to fulfill their potential and are encouraged to develop their culture and take pride in their core values.

A the Step Up Program

B Project Northland

C Yale Child Welfare Project

D Outward Bound

Question #26

Which of the following is a finding of studies undertaken to improve the quality of the school experience?

A Education must be oriented toward the entire group rather than an individual.

B Schools must stick to fixed hour schedules.

C Good teaching is one of the first lines of defense against misbehavior.

D Tracking systems should be used when and where possible.

Question #27

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor related to delinquency and drug use?

A perinatal difficulties

B poor family management practices

C academic failure

D living in an affluent neighborhood

Question #28

Which of the following programs is a three-year curriculum designed to prevent or reduce the use of “gateway” drugs, such as tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana.

A Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

B Life Skills Training (LST)

C Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS)

D Project toward No Drug Abuse (Project TND)

Question #29

Which of the following suggests that girls’ misbehavior can be controlled by inculcating values and attitudes, whereas more direct controls may be necessary to control boys’ deviance?

A labeling theory

B interactionist theory

C power-control theory

D differential association theory

Question #30

According to studies, which of the following behaviors is more likely to be exhibited by children who are rejected by their parents?

A delinquency

B submissiveness

C oppressiveness

D parental attachment

Question #31

The philosophy of ________ is that instead of quickly turning over youth to the justice system, the community should deal with its own problems and intervene on behalf of its youth.

A Life Skills Training (LST)

B Functional Family Therapy (FFT)

C Chicago Area Project

D Positive Youth Development

Question #32

Which of the following states that children learn delinquent behavior through being exposed to others and by mimicking or modeling others’ actions?

A labeling theory

B strain theory

C conflict theory

D cultural deviance theory

Question #33

What is the leading problem in implementing parent-training programs?

A finding places to train parents

B cost of implementation

C recruiting volunteers to train parents

D the recruitment and retention of parents

Question #34

The ________ explains the onset and escalation of adolescents’ drug use by claiming that a bleak economic environment for certain disenfranchised groups has created a generation of young adults in urban inner cities who regularly experience doubt, hopelessness, and uncertainty.

A social development model

B addictive personality theory

C social disorganization theory

D stress relief theory

Question #35

Angela Browne and David Finkelhor’s review of the literature on sexual abuse revealed that abuse by ________ has a more negative impact than abuse by others.

A brother

B mother

C sister

D father/stepfather

Question #36

Which of the following children are NOT at a greater risk of victimization?

A children who were reported by educational personnel

B children with allegations of multiple types of maltreatment

C children with a disciplined family background

D children reported to be victims of sexual abuse

Question #37

Involvement in ________ is one of the strongest predictors of violence for younger youth and the weakest for older youth.

A substance abuse

B violence

C truancy

D gangs

Question #38

Which of the following is TRUE regarding females in delinquent gangs?

A Female gang members never participate in violent crimes.

B Female gang members are not involved in the planning of gang activities.

C Female gangs are generally not violent in nature.

D Girls receive no emotional fulfillment from their involvement in gang activity.

Question #39

Denise Kandel and colleagues suggest that youths who become addicted to or dependent on drugs are more likely to ________.

A cause injury to themselves to steal drugs from medical facilities

B reach a turning point and stop using drugs

C commit crimes to maintain their drug supply

D raid their parent’s drug supplies

Question #40

Which of the following is NOT an agreement among experts regarding prevention?

A each community requires a package of services that involve community-wide planning

B no one solution exists to the delinquency prevention problem

C the timing of interventions is critical in achieving a successful outcome

D high-risk behaviors are independent, so prevention programs should have narrow and specific goals.

Question #41

According to Lee Bowker and Malcolm Klein, which of the following plays a major role in determining the gang membership and juvenile delinquency of women and girls in urban ghettos?

A personality variables, relations with spouses, and unlimited opportunities

B impact of racism, sexism, poverty, and limited opportunity structures

C personality variables and problems associated with homosexual behavior

D relations with parents and problems associated with heterosexual behavior

Question #42

________ is an approach designed to reduce the harm done to youths by drug use and by the severe penalties resulting from drug use and sales.

A Drug courts

B War on drugs

C Harm reduction

D Prevention programs

Question #43

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion that a protective service agency draws following the initial investigation?

A There is insufficient evidence to support maltreatment.

B Maltreatment or the risk of maltreatment appears to be present.

C Parents should be prosecuted in criminal court.

D There is sufficient evidence to support the allegation of maltreatment.

Question #44

According to statistical findings, which of the following children make up the largest percentage of victims?

A White

B Asian

C African American

D Hispanic

Question #45

According to the text, who controls drug trafficking in urban settings?

A juveniles independent of gang affiliations

B juvenile male gang members

C adult gang members

D adult suppliers independent of gang affiliations

Question #46

What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette?

A A student’s right to style his or her hair is protected under the right to privacy.

B Students could not be compelled to salute the flag if it violates their religious rights.

C Due process requires a student to receive notice and opportunity for a hearing.

D School authorities do not have the right to deny free speech unless it interferes with school operations.

Question #47

________, a synthetic drug, was originally concentrated in California and has spread widely to other states.

A Crank

B Ecstasy

C Marijuana

D Heroin

Question #48

The relocation of gang members with their families from one city to another is called ________.

A migration

B moving

C shifting

D transporting

Question #49

According to biological and constitutional explanations, which of the following is a biopsychological vulnerability factor relating to delinquency of girls?

A intellectual accomplishments

B late pubertal maturation

C attention deficit disorder

D matriarchal family relations

Question #50

Which of the following is NOT one of the standards for evidence-based education listed by the State Education Resource Center?

A supportive, personalized, and relevant learning

B parent/community involvement

C curriculum independent of learning expectations

D monitoring, accountability, and assessment

Question #51

Which of the following is based on the assumption that the juvenile justice system does NOT see most serious offenders until it is too late to effectively intervene?

A tertiary prevention programs

B training schools

C violence prevention programs

D juvenile aftercare

Question #52

Which of the following is the basis of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin’s theory about the origins of juvenile gangs?

A Gang delinquency represents a subcultural and collective solution to the problem faced by lower-class boys.

B Joining a gang is part of the experience male adolescents need to grow up to adulthood.

C Lower-class boys interact with and gain support from other alienated individuals.

D Violent delinquent gangs arise out of conditions that encourage the development of a sociopathic personality in adolescents.

Question #53

Gang members who are strongly attached to the gang and have few interests outside the gang are known as ________.

A associates

B regulars

C veterans

D peripherals

Question #54

________ are relatively weak predictors of violence for both younger and older youth.

A Substance abuse and history of violence

B Low SES and abusive parents

C Gang involvement and gun ownership

D Broken homes and abusive parents

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a principle that Widom recommended to reduce the extent of child abuse?

A “Surveillance is a double-edged sword.”

B “The earlier the intervention, the better.”

C “Interventions are not one-time efforts.”

D “One size fits all.”

Question #56

Which of the following contends that adolescent girls’ victimization at home causes them to become delinquent?

A feminist theory of delinquency

B social learning theory

C power-control theory

D interactionist theory of delinquency

Question #57

According to Albert Cohen’s theory, which of the following encourages development of delinquent subcultures in schools?

A status deprivation

B inadequate parents

C lenient rules

D incompetent teachers

Question #58

Which of the following drugs, first made in Germany in the 1880s, was widely distributed to soldiers by the American military during World War II?

A methamphetamines

B amphetamines

C cocaine

D heroin

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Midterm Examination 2

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