Chapter 1

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Question #1

In quantitative approach, the focus is on measuring observable facts while in qualitative approach the focus is on the construction of social reality

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #2

In quantitative approach, the researcher is more detached while in a qualitative appraoch the researcher is involved

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #3

The Scientific Method transforms ideas, hunches, and questions (sometimes called hypotheses) into scientific knowledge

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #4

A process of judging the merits of a research paper in which the peer researchers do not know the identity of the research and the researcher does not know the identity of the reviewers (referees).

A Peer Media Messages

B Scientific Literacy

C Communalism

D Peer Review

Question #5

An article in a specialized publication that has members of the scientific community as its primary audience; it is a means to disseminate new ideas and findings within the scientific community.

A Scientific Literacy

B Newspaper Article

C Scholarly Journal Article

D Popular Media Messages

Question #6

It is impatient with pursuing great accuracy or rigor, wants to definitive, immediate answers to current issues, is apprehensive about freely sharing knowledge.

A Non-Scientific Thinking

B Universalism

C Disinterestedness

D Communalism

Question #7

refers to the ideas, rules, techniques, and approaches used by the scientific community

A Research Methodology

B Scientific Method

C Social Theory

D Scientific Community

Question #8

When scientific knowledge us shared with others

A Disinterestedness

B Communalism

C Disinterestedness

D Universalism

E Organized Skepticism

Question #9

It is not a good idea for Social scientists to look for evidence that goes against their positions to prevent bias.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #10

When scientists are neutral, impartial, receptive and open to unexpected observations and new ideas.

A Universalism

B Honesty

C Communalism

D Organized Skepticism

E Disinterestedness

Question #11

The purpose of the criticisms from scientists is to attack the character of the individual and his background

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #12

Scientists should not accept new ideas or evidence in a carefree, uncritical manner. They should challenge and question all evidence and subject each study to intense scrutiny

A Communalism

B Honesly

C Universalism

D Organized Skepticism

E Disinterestedness

Question #13

When the research is judged only on the basis of scientific method regardless of who conducts research (old/young, male/female, U.S./Abroad, Harvard University/Unknown University)

A Disinterestedness

B Honesty

C Communalism

D Universalism

E Organized Skepticism

Question #14

All of these are the norms of the scientific community except one

A Universalism

B Communalism

C Honesty

D Patriortism

E Disinterestedness

Question #15

Membership in the scientific community involves getting an advanced degree M.S. or Ph.D. in a given discipline

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #16

A collection of people who share a system of attitudes, beliefs, and rules that sustains the production and advancement of scientific knowledge.

A Scientific Method

B Pseudoscience

C Scientific Literacy

D Scientific Community

Question #17

The lack of quantitative literacy; not having an ability to reason with numbers and other mathematical concepts

A Ideological beliefs and values

B Scientific Literacy

C Innumeracy

D Scholarly Journal Article

Question #18

The capacity to understand scientific knowledge; apply scientific concepts, principles, and theories; use scientific processes to solve problems and make decisions.

A Scientific Method

B Innumeracy

C Junk Science

D Scientific Literacy

Question #19

A term used by public relations firms hired by advocacy groups to criticize real scientific research. The public relations firms do this in an attempt to discredit scientific findings that contradict a position taken by the group.

A Scientific Method

B Natural Sciences

C social sciences

D Junk Science

Question #20

Followers of pseudoscience may use jargon to to convince others and can be hostile to criticism

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #21

A body of ideas and information with the outward appearance of science, however it is “fake science” and does not use the systematic rigor or standards of the scientific method.

A Research Methodology

B social theory

C Premature Closure

D Pseudoscience

Question #22

Scientists are limited to using their senses in observing and measuring the natural and social world.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #23

Description of what we can observe and experience directly through human senses (touch, sight, hearing, smell, taste), or indirectly using techniques that extend the senses.

A Empirical

B social theory

C A priori

D Personal Experience

Question #24

Numerical (quantitative) and non-numerical (qualitative) information and evidence that have been carefully gathered through established rules and procedures

A Data

B Research Methodology

C Natural Sciences

D Social Sciences

Question #25

A system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge about the social world and explains how it works.

A Research Methodology

B Social Theory

C Selective Observation

Question #26

It is called the soft sciences because the subject matter is highly fluid, difficult to observe and measure

A social theory

B natural sciences

C social sciences

D research methodology

Question #27

It is called the hard sciences because they deal with the physical and material world

A research methodology

B social theory

C natural sciences

D social sciences

Question #28

It refers to both a system for producing knowledge and the knowledge that results from that system

A Empirical

B False Consensus

C The Halo Effect

D Science

Question #29

When the mass media gives excessive attention to the occurrence of crime in a particular community

A experts and authorities

B Ideological beliefs and values

C Popular Media Messages

D Personal experience and common sense

Question #30

When actors and athletes endorse products on televisions like car insurance, detergents, or cars

A Personal experience and common sense

B Experts and Authorities

C Ideological beliefs and values

D Popular Media Messages

Question #31

It suggests that we tend to see the views of most other people as being similar to our own views. Most of us feel that our own views are “normal” or “ordinary.

A Selective Observation

B Overgeneralization

C False Consensus

D Premative Closure

Question #32

This is when we overgeneralize from what we believe to be highly positive or prestigious

A The Halo Effect

B Premative Closure

C Selective Observation

D Overgeneralization

Question #33

It reinforces the first two errors of overgeneralization and selective observation. It happens when we come to a decision prematurely when we think that we have all of the information that we need

A Selective Observation

B Overgeneralization

C Premature Closure

D The Halo Effect

Question #34

My grandmother smoked six packs of cigarettes a day and lived to be 85 years old; she didn’t get cancer so why should I worry about cancer?

A Overgeneralization

B The Halo Effect

C Premature Closure

D Selective Observation

Question #35

We often seek out evidence that confirms what we already know and ignore evidence that is to the contrary

A False Consensus

B Overgeneralization

C Selective Observation

D Premature Closure

Question #36

I have met 5 people in Califoria, and they are all smart. Therefore, all people in California are smart. This is an example of

A Overgeneralization

B Selective Observation

C Premature Closure

D The Halo Effect

Question #37

This occurs when you find something in a few situations and assume that it applies almost all situations

A Premature Closure

B Overgeneralization

C False Consensus

D Selective Observation

Question #38

I’m gambling in a Los Vegas casino and have lost the last 5 hands of blackjack. It is just common sense that I’ve got to win the next hand.

A experts and authorities

B Popular Media Messages

C Personal Experience and common sense

D None of the Above

Question #39

One of its limitations is that everyday reasoning and perceptions are imperfect and subject to error.

A Personal Experience and common sense

B Research Methodology

C Popular Media Messages

D Experts and authorities

Question #40

It is also known as “seeing is believing.” It is considered as a powerful type of knowledge

A Ideological beliefs and values

B Experts and authorities

C Personal Experience

D Popular Media Messages

E None of the above

Question #41

What are the alternatives to social science research

A experts and authorities

B Personal experience and common sense

C Ideological beliefs and values

D Popular media messages

E All of the above

Question #42

Research Methods is a set of techniques used by social scientists to:

A select cases

B report results

C gather, refine and analyze data

D measure and observe social life

E All of the above

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