Midterm Exam 2

A  Most traits are not bounded by supposed “racial” boundaries but rather vary between two points.

B  The cline is the scale against which variation is measured, from which we can derive the number of distinct races in a region.

C  Most genetic traits sort people into a fixed number of race categories. Clines do not sort people this way but are rare.

D  The term clinal variation is another term for race or subspecies.

A  functioning of all levels of any organism’s biology.

B  study of populations in their natural environments.

C  replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

D  use of material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

A  Eocene primates lacked a postorbital bar.

B  Eocene primates had a smaller brain.

C  Eocene primates had opposable digits.

D  Eocene primates had a decreased reliance on vision.

A  Ancestors crossed the Atlantic from Europe to South America.

B  Platyrrhines and catarrhines evolved together from the same lineage in North America.

C  African ancestors reached South America by using the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.

D  North American ancestors migrated south, evolving into platyrrhines.

A  Aegyptopithecus.

B  Apidium.

C  Parapithecus.

D  Oligopithecus.

A  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B  spread of Sivapithecus.

C  development of Dryopithecus.

D  extinction of many primate species.

A  3.4; 2.5

B  7; 5.2

C  12; 3.6

D  4.6; 3.5

A  taphonomy.

B  forensic biology.

C  archaeology.

D  cryptozoology.

A  radiopotassium dating

B  radiocarbon dating

C  electron spin resonance dating

D  amino acid dating

A  radiocarbon dating.

B  flourine dating.

C  radiopotassium dating.

D  dendrochronology.

A  paleontology

B  geology

C  fossilization

D  taphonomy

A  cultural dating

B  amino acid dating

C  tree ring dating

D  fission-track dating

A  decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure

B  unequal access to resources within their environment

C  the polygamous social structure in gibbons

D  the fact that sexual dimorphism is not related to social structure in gibbons

A  conducting infanticide and fighting other males for dominance.

B  forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

C  bringing females a courtship gift such as fruit or a small mammal.

D  identifying their own rank, based on age, and waiting until reaching a certain age to approach females.

A  Females often practice infanticide.

B  Greater female rank results in reproduction at an older age.

C  Males compete with each other for resources for their young.

D  Males compete with each other for mates, affecting their sexual dimorphism.

A  the competition for resources to access females.

B  natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

C  selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

D  the physical competition for access to females.

A  one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

B  one adult male, one adult female, and their offspring.

C  several adult males and no adult females.

D  one adult female, several adult males, and their offspring.

A  bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance

B  the development of alliances between males

C  bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual

D  the development of alliances between females

A  baboons.

B  red colobus monkeys.

C  bushpigs.

D  bushbucks.

A  2/1/3/3

B  2/2/2/3

C  2/1/2/3

D  2/2/3/3

A  African and Asian apes only

B  monkeys and apes, including humans

C  tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only

D  lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers

A  diurnal and nocturnal galagos

B  all of the African primates

C  all of the New World primates

D  all of the primates of Madagascar

A  short digits.

B  opposable thumbs.

C  a precision grip.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  a wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw

B  a wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs

C  a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs

D  a tooth comb, a grooming claw, and a downward facing foramen magnum