Exam 3

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Question #1

Don Marquis’ argument is an argument from analogy

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #2

Leviathan was written by John Locke

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #3

Carol Gilligan accepts the theory of moral development in stages developed by Lawrence Kohlberg.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #4

Aristotle wrote that true friendship is based on

A The mutual pursuit of happiness

B The mutual recognition of goodness in each other

C The sharing of common interests

D The sharing of the same basic nature

Question #5

Immanuel Kant developed a hedonistic calculus

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #6

Which philosopher argues that individuals should realize their human potential through productive work that exercises their capacities?

A John Locke

B Immanuel Kant

C Jean Jacques Rousseau

D Karl Marx

Question #7

Mill’s central concern in On Liberty is freedom of the individual

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #8

Ethical relativism denies the existence of a single, universally applicable moral standard.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #9

Hobbes believed that nothing could be unjust in a war of all against all

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #10

Aquinas defended the principle of double effect.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #11

Bentham was a utilitarian

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #12

Hobbes and Locke were both social contract theoriests

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #13

Hobbes believed that the authority of the state was based on a social contract

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #14

What philosopher argues that killing an adult human being is wrong because it deprives one of a fundamental good: one’s own future with all its experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments?

A Jane English

B Immanuel Kant

C Richard Hare

D Don Marquis

Question #15

Who believed that justice was the name for certain important social utilities?

A Mill

B Hegel

C Kant

D Rawls

Question #16

The psychologist Carol Gilligan argued that

A women tend to approach ethics by focusing on being impartial

B children whose parents had more education had higher levels of moral development

C Women tend to approach ethics differently than men

D All children employ the same ethical principles

Question #17

Which philosopher argued that a law is nothing more than a command issued by a ruler, backed by threats of punishment, and maintained by a habit of obedience?

A Karl Marx

B John Austin

C John Stuart Mill

D John Rawls

Question #18

Which philosopher argues that in a just society work burdens should be distributed according to ability and benefits should be distributed according to need?

A Nozick

B Plato

C Rawls

D Marx

Question #19

Ethics is the study of

A Metaphysics

B Knowledge

C Morality

D Religion

Question #20

David Hume argued that

A Government derives its authority from God

B There is no legitimate authority for government

C Governments are formed by conquest or succession

D The government must have absolute power

Question #21

Aristotle developed an early version of virtue ethics.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #22

Epicurus was a hedonist

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #23

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke agree that

A Prior to the formation of government we have no rights

B The government must have absolute power in order to prevent chaos

C The government derives its power from God

D Rationality enables human beings to perceive the necessity of forming a state

Question #24

The view that in a just society each individual will be given equal share of benefits and burdens is

A Formal equality

B Substantive egalitarianism

C Strict egalitarianism

D Rawlsian equality

Question #25

Thomas Jefferson was a disciple of

A Rousseau

B Hobbes

C Plato

D Locke

Question #26

Which two needs does Hobbes believe drive human action?

A Personal gain and survival

B Love of others and desire for peace

C Personal gain and love of others

D Survival and love of others

Question #27

Which of the following philosophers was a hedonist?

A Aristotle

B Epicurus

C Plato

D Harry Browne

Question #28

Basic to the doctrines of Buddhism are the

A Three Noble Commands

B Five Noble Truths

C Noble Commands

D Four Noble Truths

Question #29

Feuerbach held that philosophy is the science of

A Morality

B Reality

C Truth

D Religion

Question #30

Who developed the categorical imperative?

A Mill

B Aristotle

C Kant

D Aquinas

Question #31

Nel Noddings’ book Caring agrees with Kant that caring for others must be based on a firm sense of moral obligations and not on feelings.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #32

Carol Gilligan believed that moral development for a woman was marked by progress toward more adequate ways of caring for herself and others.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #33

Which philosopher defined a right as a justified entitlement or claim on others?

A Thomas Jefferson

B Michael Sandel

C H.J. McCloskey

D Martin Luther King Jr.

Question #34

Contract theory says that individuals give up certain rights and liberties to the state, which guarantees other rights

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #35

Conditional pacifists hold that war is always wrong

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #36

Plato discussed three active principles in each person: reason, spirit, and anger.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #37

Who said that the state was “prior to the individual”?

A Locke

B Hobbes

C Rawls

D Aristotle

Question #38

Epicurus was concerned with sober thinking

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #39

David Hume endorsed social contract theory

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #40

Epictetus was concerned only with appearances.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #41

What did Hobbes believe rulers should use to form the wills of their subjects?

A Terror

B Safety

C Kindness

D Reason

Question #42

What 1973 Supreme Court case ruled that the government may not make laws restricting abortions performed during the first six months of pregnancy?

A Roe v. Wade

B Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

C Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

D Plessy v. Fergusen

Question #43

Rawls’ difference principle states that

A There should be no differences in people’s economic status

B Social and economic inequalities should be arranged to the benefit of the least advantaged

C The market should determine the difference in people’s economic rewards

D Society should not control the distribution of wealth

Question #44

What philosopher argues that sexual acts that exclude the possibility of procreation are unnatural and therefore morally wrong?

A James Rachel

B Aristotle

C John Finnis

D Donald Levy

Question #45

Divine command theory is a(n) __________ ethical theory

A Utilitarian

B Deontological

C Consequentialist

D Non-consequentialist

Question #46

What philosopher associated justice with merit, in the sense that individuals are treated and given a station in life according to their talents and accomplishments?

A Hegel

B Rawls

C Plato

D Aristotle

Question #47

John Locke rejected the view that consent could be tacit

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #48

The utilitarian ethics of Bentham and Mill is a version of

A Virtue ethics

B Divine command theory

C Deontological ethics

D Consequentialist ethics

Question #49

What view holds that different societies or cultures have different moralities?

A Ethical relativism

B Ethical absolutism

C Rule utilitarianism

D Descriptive relativism

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