Exam 5

A  trophoblast

B  fertilization

C  polyspermal

D  polyspermy

A  It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth.

B  It is a rather slow event of embryonic development involving consecutive cycles of cell division.

C  It is a rather slow event of embryonic development.

D  It forms a blastula.

E  It involves consecutive cycles of cell division without cell growth and forms a blastula.

A  fertilization.

B  hypoblast

C  blastopore

D  epiblast

A  develop into epithelial tissue.

B  develop into connective tissue.

C    

D  not develop if transplanted.

E  develop into muscle tissue.

F  develop into both muscle and epithelial tissue.

A  a slow block to polyspermy

B  a fusion of the egg and sperm membranes

C  hydrolytic enzymes are spilled from the acrosome

D  a fast block to polyspermy

E  the binding of a sperm cell to the egg

A  the embryo to embed into the uterus.

B  fast block polyspermy.

C  the zona pellucida or vitelline layer to harden.

D  egg membrane depolarization.

E  the sperm to bind to the egg membrane.

A  to digest the jelly coat

B  to nourish the oocyte

C  to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell and to nourish the oocyte

D  to trigger the release of cortical granules

E  to help propel the sperm toward the egg

F  to trigger the release of cortical granules and to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell

A  moderate

B  slow

C  fast

D  constant

A  fertilization

B  gastrulation

C  induction

D  specification

E  cleavage

A  The blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole.

B  The posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole.

C  The polar bodies bud from this region

D  The vegetal pole can have a higher concentration of yolk.

E  The animal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis.

A  to trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell

B  to digest the jelly coat

C  to help propel the sperm toward the egg

D  to nourish the mitochondria of the sperm

E  to trigger the release of cortical granules

A  is produced as a gradient & induces the differentiation of cells within the embryo.

B  that separates out cytoplasmic factors to their respective cells within the developing embryo.

C  is produced as a gradient & is required for cell-to-cell contact within the embryo.

D  induces implantation of the embryo into the uterus of mammals.

E  induces blastulation of the developing embryo.

A  primitive streak

B  blastopore

C  archenteron

D  point of sperm entry

E  blastocoel

A  the slow block to polyspermy

B  the entry of sperm DNA into the egg

C  the cortical reaction

D  the acrosomal reaction

E  fast block to polyspermy

A  V, III, IV, II, I

B  IV, V, I, III, II

C  V, IV, II, III, I

D  III, V, II, IV, I

E  IV, III, V, I, II

A  the acrosomal reaction

B  both the acrosomal and cortical reactions

C  both the cortical reaction and fast block to polyspermy

D  the fast block to polyspermy

E  the cortical reaction

A  polar bodies in a sea urchin.

B  the archenteron in a frog.

C  the notochord in a mammal.

D  neural crest cells in a mammal.

E  the lip of the blastopore in the frog.

A  heart and lungs

B  the blastocoel

C  digestive tract

D  reproductive organs

E  brain and spinal cord

A  fertilization

B  induction

C  gastrulation

D  specification

E  cleavage

A  trophoblast

B  allantois

C  yolk sac

D  amnion

E  chorion

A  differentiate into the brain.

B  control the segmentation of somatic mesoderm.

C  form the overlying ectoderm.

D  form the notochord.

E  migrate to many different regions of the body.

A  chromosome

B  protostome

C  acrosome

D  blastopore

A  preformation and epigenesis.

B  cell division and differentiation.

C    

D  preformation and morphogenesis.

E  differentiation and morphogenesis.

F  preformation and cell differentiation.

A  reptile.

B  frog.

C  fish.

D  placental mammal.

E  bird.

A  acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm to egg membrane, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy

B  binding of sperm to egg membrane, acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, slow block to polyspermy, and then an increase in egg cytosolic calcium

C  acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm to egg membrane, slow block to polyspermy, and then an increase in egg cytosolic calcium

D  binding of sperm to egg membrane, acrosomal reaction, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy

E  acrosomal reaction, binding of sperm to egg membrane, fast block to polyspermy, increase in egg cytosolic calcium, and then the slow block to polyspermy

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Notochord

B  Archenteron

C  Intestinal tract

D  Neural tube

E  Epidermis

A  Notochord

B  Chorion

C  Epidermis

D  Archenteron

A  Discovery of a group of embryonic cells in the dorsal lip that ultimately produce specific body structures. The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant. Identification of a morphogenic field in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of an early gastrula. Discovery of Spemann’s organizer.

B  Discovery of Spemann’s organizer.

C  Discovery of a group of embryonic cells in the dorsal lip that ultimately produce specific body structures.

D  Identification of a morphogenic field in the dorsal lip of the blastopore of an early gastrula. The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant.

E  The development of dorsal structures (neural tube, notochord) on both the dorsal and ventral parts of the gastrula that received the transplant.

A  cadherins

B  HOX genes

C  apical ectodermal ridge

D  zone of polarizing activity

E  Sonic hedgehog

A  Neurulation

B  Fertilization

C  Gastrulation

D  Organogenesis

E  Cleavage

A  extracellular matrix.

B  transport proteins.

C  cytoskeleton.

D  nucleus.

A  insect

B  amphibian

C  fish

D  bird

E  sea urchin

A  fertilization.

B  preformation.

C  cell differentiation.

D  morphogenesis.

E  histogenesis.

A  fertilization.

B  autonomous specification.

C  organogenesis.

D  polar cap fusion.

E  gastrulation.

A  preformation.

B  histogenesis.

C  gastrulation

D  hypoblast

A  proceeds by invagination and involution as cells roll over the dorsal lip of the blastopore.

B  occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk.

C  produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere.

D  occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere.

E  is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the egg.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  cell growth.

B  None of the choices are correct.

C  cell differentiation.

D  cell elasticity.

E  cell replication.

A  organogenesis.

B  gastrulation.

C  neurulation.

D  fertilization.

E  cleavage.

A  It determines the ultimate structure/function of a particular cell type during embryonic development.

B  It maps the genes of an embryo.

C  It maps the proteins within a morphogenic field.

D  It determines hereditable disorders in the embryo.

E  It assesses the quality of a developing embryo.

A  Acrosome

B  blastopore

A  archenteron.

B  trophoblast.

C  blastocoel.

D  endometrium.

E  blastopore

A  cytoplasmic determinants in an early embryo.

B  nuclei in an egg.

C  cytoplasmic determinants in a zygote.

D  nuclei in an early embryo.

E  nuclei in a zygote.

A  is homogeneously arranged in the egg.

B  prevents gastrulation.

C  is concentrated at the animal pole.

D  can lead to unequal cleavage of cells in the animal pole compared to those in the vegetal pole.

E  impedes the formation of a primitive streak.

A  cells that will form future pigment cells and certain facial bones.

B  the neural crest.

C  the archenteron.

D  somites.

E  the central nervous system.

A  fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, neurulation, organogenesis

B  fertilization, gastrulation, neurulation, cleavage, organogenesis

C  fertilization, gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis, neurulation

D  fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis

E  fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, neurulation

A  Only the cell with the gray crescent will develop normally.

B  Both cells will die immediately.

C  The cell with the entire gray crescent will die.

D  Both cells will develop abnormally.

E  Both cells will develop normally because amphibians are totipotent at this stage.