Exam 2

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Question #1

Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by type of response of the target cell.

A tyrosine kinase receptor

B insulin

C uptake of glucose inside the cell

Question #2

Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by type of receptor that matches it, if known.

A insulin

B uptake of glucose inside the cell

C tyrosine kinase receptor

Question #3

Describe a specific example of a signal molecule communicating with a target cell by the name of the signal molecule.

A tyrosine kinase receptor

B uptake of glucose inside the cell

C insulin

Question #4

Identify the enzyme that is responsible for genetically programmed & cell-regulated suicide.

A catalase

B caspases

C rubisco

D ATP synthase

Question #5

Identify the enzyme that remove phosphate to deactivate relay proteins during signal transduction.

A catalase

B caspases

C ATP synthase

D phosphatase

Question #6

Identify the enzyme that fixes (“attaches”) carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to initiate the Calvin cycle.

A rubisco

B ATP synthase

C caspases

D phosphatase

Question #7

Identify the enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water & oxygen gas.

A catalase

B rubisco

C phosphatase

D caspases

Question #8

Identify the enzyme that covalently bonds inorganic phosphate to ADP from energy released when H+ diffuses back into mitochondrial matrix.

A rubisco

B catalase

C ATP synthase

D phosphatase

Question #9

Identify two molecules produced when Baker’s yeast cells are grown under anaerobic conditions

A active site

B metabolism

C Carbon dioxide and alcohol

D lactic acid

Question #10

Identify fermentation product when human cells do not get sufficient oxygen gas

A Carbon dioxide and alcohol

B metabolism

C lactic acid

D active site

Question #11

Identify chemical reactions in cells required by organisms to assimilate energy to be used for growth and reproduction

A metabolism

B active site

C lactic acid

D Carbon dioxide and alcohol

Question #12

Identify
“pouch-shaped” region on the surface of an enzyme where substrates dock and eventually get converted into products.

A metabolism

B Carbon dioxide and alcohol

C active site

D lactic acid

Question #13

The inflated balloon & foamy suspension from the bottle containing yeast, sugar & water indicated that _______________is occurring.

A signal transduction

B aerobic respiration

C fermentation

D photosynthesis

Question #14

Consider the experiment that tested the hypothesis that enzyme catalyzes chemical reactions. A tube with milk by itself and tube with milk with rennin (rennet) were set up. What was the independent variable?

A presence/absence of milk protein

B presence/absence of rennin (rennet)

C coagulation

D color of the solution inside the test tubes

Question #15

Use the given data to answer the next question:
Rf of A = 0.38 Rf of B = 0.45 Rf of C = 0.80 Rf of D = 0.98
Which was the most polar pigment?

A D

B B

C C

D A

Question #16

The bubbles released from the test tube containing liver & H2O2 were the result of the ____________________.

A H2O2 evaporating

B boiling of living tissues

C enzymes getting denatured

D release of O2 from the reaction

Question #17

Which observed evidence was used to support the hypothesis that chlorophyll is needed to produce starch?

A Bubbles showed up after soaking the leaf in iodine solution.

B Coagulation occurred in the center of the leaf.

C The dark purple areas (after iodine was added) were located in what used to be the green areas in the leaf.

D The dark purple areas (after iodine was added) were located in what used to be in the white edges in the leaf.

Question #18

Hot ___________ bath was used to extract (remove) the green pigment from the leaf.

A water

B acetone & petroleum ether

C iodine

D alcohol

Question #19

Which was the most nonpolar pigment?

A yellow carotene

B purple anthocyanin

C grass green chlorophyll a

D yellow green chlorophyll b

Question #20

Baker’s yeasts ferment sugar for what purpose?

A to release energy needed to make ATP

B to convert sugar into starch

C to produce carbon dioxide & alcohol

D to prepare the cell for aerobic respiration

Question #21

What is the role of the sugar in the lab exercise that combined it with water & yeast? It was the ____________________.

A substrate

B intermediate

C product

D enzyme

Question #22

Which evidence demonstrated that enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?

A Only the tube with starch by itself turned orange when tested with Benedict’s.

B All tubes tested with Benedict’s reagent turned orange in color.

C All tubes tested with iodine remained blue/black in color.

D Only the tube with starch & saliva combined turned orange when tested with Benedict’s.

Question #23

In the lab exercise on cell respiration in peas, the vial with __________ was a control for the possible unexpected changes in gas volume not related to cell respiration.

A soaked peas & beads

B soaked peas only

C dry peas & beads

D beads only

Question #24

_________________ catalyzes the reactions that phosphorylate proteins during the signal transduction pathway.

A Phosphatase

B Catalase

C Second messenger

D Protein kinase

Question #25

Which type of signaling molecules tend to have intracellular receptors?

A small & polar such as Ca ions

B local regulators

C lipid-based such as steroids

D peptide-based such as insulin

Question #26

Which one best explains the fact that most signal transduction pathways have multiple (cascade) steps?

A Each of the steps allow for flexible response.

B Multiple steps in a pathway require the least amount of ATP.

C Each step can be activated by several G proteins simultaneously.

D Multiple steps provide for greater amplification of a signal.

Question #27

Key to the cell’s continuing “receptiveness” to regulation is the _________________________.

A reversibility of the binding of signaling molecules to their receptors

B type of receptors the cell uses for communication

C role of cyclic AMP and calcium ions in signal transduction

D presence of enzyme inhibitors

Question #28

A pair of tyrosine kinases (that form a dimer) embedded in the plasma membrane serve as___________ of the signal pathway.

A receptors

B hormone

C relay protein

D second messenger

E local regulator

Question #29

A hormone binds with a G protein-coupled receptor of a target cell. What immediately happens next?

A The target protein is deactivated.

B Hormone replaces GTP with ATP in the G protein

C A relay protein is phosphorylated.

D Conformational change in the receptor activates the G protein.

Question #30

________________ is the enzyme that converts ATP into cyclic AMP, an important second messenger during signal transduction.

A Kinase

B Catalase

C Adenylyl cyclase

D Caspase

Question #31

Which is a substrate of the light-dependent reaction (linear electron flow) of photosynthesis?

A water

B glucose

C ATP

D NADPH

Question #32

Which molecules coming from the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

A H2O and O2

B ADP and NADP+

C CO2 and glucose

D ATP and NADPH

Question #33

Photosynthesis involves the conversion of ____________________.

A light into chemical energy

B light into oxygen gas

C glucose into lactic acid

D carbon dioxide int oxygen gas

Question #34

When stomates are closed, which molecule accumulates inside the leaves undergoing photosynthesis? This condition may harm plants.

A oxygen gas

B water

C glucose

D carbon dioxide

Question #35

The leaves of a plant being green implies __________________________.

A photosynthesis must occur in plant leaves

B photosynthesis uses green light as a source of energy

C green light is absorbed by the leaves

D leaves are colored green under light & dark conditions

Question #36

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they ___________________________.

A use a different enzyme which outcompetes rubisco for CO2

B fix CO2 into organic acids during the night

C fix CO2 in mesophyll cells then export intermediates to the bundle-sheath cells where CO2 is recovered

D fix CO2 into pyruvate in leaf epidermal cells

Question #37

In the thylakoid membrane, what is the main direct role of antenna pigment molecules in photosystems I & II?

A split water and release oxygen gas

B synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate

C harvest light & transfer energy to the reaction-center special chlorophyll a

D synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide & water

Question #38

Which event does NOT occur during glycolysis?

A pyruvate is converted into lactic acid

B energy is released to produce ATP

C intermediates get oxidized by NAD+

D glucose is broken down into 2 three-carbon sugar

Question #39

In human cells, what ultimately happens to the high energy electron released during glycolysis if the person is not able to breathe properly?

A It gets reused & goes through glycolysis a second time.

B It combines with pyruvate to produce a fermentation product

C It is used as a raw material to synthesize fat molecules.

D It enters the mitochondria to combine with oxygen gas

Question #40

Where in the cell do Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain occur?

A plasma membrane

B cytoplasm

C nucleus

D mitochondrion

E chloroplast

Question #41

In the absence of sugars, cells may use fats as fuel for respiration. Where do the 2-carbon catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter the aerobic respiration pathway?

A Calvin cycle

B Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis

C Krebs cycle

D Glycolysis

Question #42

From “energy” perspective, which statement best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

A Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it.

B ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration.

C Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals.

D Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse.

Question #43

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen gas (O2) is present or absent?

A Glycolysis

B Oxidative phosphorylation

C Electron transport chain

D Krebs (Citric acid) cycle

Question #44

Which event happens during Krebs (Citric acid) cycle?

A The product of glycolysis is further broken down to release more energy.

B Glucose is split into two pyruvates.

C Oxygen gas is used to make carbon dioxide.

D Glucose is synthesized using ADP & phosphate

Question #45

High amounts of __________ are able to turn off aerobic cell respiration.

A glucose and pyruvate

B ATP and citric acid

C NAD+ and FAD+

D H2O and O2

Question #46

The action of enzymes is noncompetitively (allosterically) inhibited by certain poisons by _____________.

A stabilizing the protein subunits of the enzymes

B filling the active sites and thus preventing the normal substrate to bind with the enzyme

C pulling the substrates away from the enzyme

D binding to the enzyme and modifying the shape of the enzyme’s active site

Question #47

ATP is synthesized in all of the following metabolic pathways except ______________________.

A Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis

B light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis

C light-dependent reactions (cyclic & noncylcic electron flow) of photosynthesis

D Krebs (Citric acid) cycle

E glycolysis

Question #48

Which statement is true regarding life and the second law of thermodynamics (law of entropy)?

A Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics but not the first law of conservation of energy.

B Living organisms decrease entropy in the universe while alive but increase entropy after they die.

C As a consequence of being alive, organisms convert “useful” energy into dissipated (high entropy) heat.

D Living organisms do not actually obey the law of entropy.

Question #49

Consider the metabolic pathway “ A -> B -> C -> D ”.
How many different kinds of enzymes are required to complete the metabolic pathway?

A 1

B 3

C 2

D 4

E 5

Question #50

When cell processes require energy to do work, ___________________________.

A Cell respiration enzymes are inhibited

B ATP gets converted to cyclic AMP & pyrophosphate

C High energy phosphate bond breaks off from ATP

D ADP & phosphate are covalently bonded to make ATP

Question #51

Consider an energy-requiring metabolic pathway:
A -> B -> C -> D
Which statement is false?

A It is a anabolic.

B D is much smaller than A.

C A is the initial substrate whereas D is the final product of the pathway.

D B & C are intermediates of the pathway.

Question #52

An enzyme is specific to its substrate because _________________________.

A the shape of its active site has to match the shape of the substrate

B its polarity has to be similar to the product’s polarity

C its subunit molecules need to match the subunit molecules of the substrate

D it has to be the same size as the substrate

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