Chapter 8 Post Test

A  Warren Harding

B  Franklin D. Roosevelt

C  Harry Truman

D  John F. Kennedy

A  Agents of socialization are rare; they consist of only a handful of influential people a person might encounter throughout their life.

B  Agents of socialization are mostly ineffective; individuals largely determine their basic political beliefs on their own, and these agents exert almost no influence on a person.

C  Agents of socialization are common and include a wide range of influences, from family to school; their impact on a person’s beliefs is important but not all-powerful.

D  Agents of socialization are overwhelmingly powerful and more or less fully explain how a person develops their own basic political beliefs.

A  An influencer or politician who seeks to promote a socialist ideology

B  The general process of introducing a person into a political culture

C  The public forums in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete for influence

D  Social institutions, like family and school, that shape an individual’s basic political beliefs and values

A  inability of groups to translate preferences into policy

B  agents of socialization

C  conservative ideology

D  group self-interest

A  beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people.

B  the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions.

C  the analysis of events broadcast by reporters during the evening news.

D  the president’s collected speeches and writings during his or her term in office.

A  social desirability bias

B  data mining

C  push polling

D  the bandwagon effect

A  A political campaign uses Google Search data to determine if the public supports repealing the death penalty.

B  A corporation conducts a survey of 100,000 individuals using simple random sampling.

C  A media organization asks respondents loaded questions to produce a particular response that best matches the organization’s political ideology.

D  All of the answer choices are correct.

A  are so large and complex that they require advanced analytics, rather than traditional methods, to reveal insights on a massive scale.

B  are paid for by large corporations.

C  have a major impact on policy making.

D  measure attributes of groups, organizations, or nations rather than attributes of single individuals.

A  push poll.

B  saliency illusion.

C  bandwagon poll.

D  nonresponse bias.

A  bandwagon

B  Hawthorne

C  coattail

D  social desirability

A  push polling.

B  the increased use of cell phones.

C  poorly worded questions.

D  too large sample sizes.

A  a poll to push politicians into adopting policy proposals they would not otherwise adopt.

B  the system of repeatedly calling people in the sampling frame until they respond to the survey.

C  polling services attempting to sell their polling data to major news media organizations at higher prices during election seasons.

D  asking loaded questions in order to subtly shape the respondent’s opinion.

A  250

B  1,000

C  500

D  1,500

A  simple random

B  stratified

C  equal opportunity

D  quota

A  the majority of affluent and educated citizens personally know an elected official.

B  the emoluments clause of the Constitution compels elected officials to give preferential treatment to citizens with a college degree.

C  their opinions are of higher quality than those of less affluent and less educated citizens.

D  they vote at higher rates, and they are more likely to contribute money to political campaigns.

A  more affluent and more educated citizens have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

B  nonvoters have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

C  less affluent and less educated citizens have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

D  every citizen has an equally strong influence over politics and public policy decisions.

A  overwhelmingly opposed to the war, with only 5% of Americans endorsing the Bush administration’s policy.

B  overwhelmingly supportive of the war, with almost 100% of Americans endorsing the Bush administration’s policy.

C  strongly supportive of the war, with 70% of Americans endorsing the Bush administration’s policy.

D  deeply divided on the war, with 50% of Americans endorsing and 50% of Americans opposing the Bush administration’s policy.

A  Republicans, 72% of whom do not want stricter gun laws

B  Democrats, 80% of whom do not want strict gun laws

C  Democrats, 80% of whom want stricter gun laws

D  Independents, 57% of whom say gun laws should be more strict

A  Exposure to the marketplace of ideas rarely leads people to change their minds about political issues.

B  Government officials are legally prohibited from promoting ideas in the marketplace of ideas.

C  Private groups and the news media play important roles in shaping opinions in the marketplace of ideas.

D  The British created the marketplace of ideas in the seventeenth century.

A  Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs.

B  Citizens with low levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information and determine its relevancy to their beliefs.

C  Politically knowledgeable citizens are more likely to consider themselves independent and not have a liberal or conservative ideology.

D  Political knowledge is fairly high in America.

A  by the time they actually voice an opinion on an issue, they are likely to have forgotten much of the information that helped them arrive at their opinion.

B  their commitment to privacy makes them deeply unwilling to reveal to public opinion pollsters how much they actually know about politics.

C  they spend a great deal of time each day consuming nonpolitical content on the internet.

D  they spend a great deal of time each day consuming nonpolitical content on television.

A  reject, reconsider, and accept.

B  develop, spread, and react.

C  listen, consider, and adapt.

D  receive, accept, and sample.

A  power of the bandwagon effect.

B  fact that group memberships can fully explain all of an individual’s political views.

C  fact that group memberships never fully explain all of an individual’s political views.

D  negative consequences of the power of the mass media.

A  Democratic; Socialists

B  Socialist; Democrats

C  Republican; Democrats

D  Democratic; Republicans

A  conservative

B  Republican

C  Democratic

D  Libertarian

A  intergroup commonality.

B  reverse racism.

C  linked fate.

D  symbolic racism.

A  anarchist.

B  socialist.

C  libertarian.

D  communist.

A  libertarians; conservatives

B  liberals; conservatives

C  conservatives; libertarians

D  conservatives; liberals

A  Family

B  Justice

C  Equality

D  Liberty

A  liberty.

B  socialism.

C  democracy.

D  anarchy.

A  There is no division of opinion among conservatives because almost all conservatives strongly oppose immigration.

B  There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives opposing immigration and social conservatives strongly supporting immigration to the United States.

C  There is no division of opinion among conservatives because almost all conservatives accept immigration.

D  There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States.

A  has a liberal ideology.

B  is ideologically moderate.

C  has a conservative ideology.

D  has both a liberal and conservative ideology.

A  argues for the need to place strict limitations on voting rights and civil liberties.

B  emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government.

C  argues a single ruler should have total control over every aspect of people’s lives.

D  argues governments are inherently repressive and should be abolished entirely.

A  roughly the same in the United States as most other countries in the world.

B  lower in the United States than in most other countries in the world.

C  higher in the United States than in most other countries in the world.

D  nearly nonexistent in the United States.

A  basic principles, while attitudes are specific preferences.

B  held for a short term, while attitudes are held for a long term.

C  conservative, while attitudes are liberal.

D  liberal, while attitudes are conservative.

A  bellwether effect.

B  illusion of saliency.

C  bandwagon effect.

D  “bounce” effect.

A  the bias in surveys that comes from the failure of pollsters to interview respondents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds

B  the impression conveyed by polls that something is important to the public when actually it is not

C  the strong desire that people have to express their opinions to survey researchers

D  the fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable rather than what they actually believe

A  declining steadily and now average less than 10%.

B  increasing steadily and now average 75%.

C  declining steadily and now average only 67%.

D  increasing steadily and now average 95%.

A  sample.

B  reliability quotient.

C  quota.

D  validity quotient.

A  Government policy never influences public opinion because most Americans pay very little attention to politics; this dynamic allows government policy to be more or less unresponsive to the public.

B  Public opinion always influences government policy because lawmakers are legally bound to enact the majority’s preferences.

C  The relationship between government policy and public opinion is dynamic, wherein government policy responds to public opinion but public opinion also shifts based on new government policies.

D  Public opinion rarely influences government policy; because elections are spaced out far enough, the vast majority of lawmakers do not need to account for shifts in public opinion.

A  Cues are not really partisan; they tend to come from objective or non-partisan sources so are easier for more people to use.

B  Cues are free from bias; they are mostly fact-based and therefore let people make up their own minds more easily.

C  Cues are easy; cues from trusted officials are usually consistent with a person’s underlying preferences.

D  Cues take a lot of effort; because they are more “hard-earned,” they are more valuable to individuals.

A  that media coverage of the president’s handling of the crises is not always favorable

B  that the president is influencing media coverage to positively report on his efforts

C  that media coverage of the president’s handling of the crisis is supportive of his efforts

D  that the media went along with the president’s interests in reporting on the crisis

A  social media is free, whereas the mainstream press often charges monetary fees for broadcasting messages.

B  they can more directly control the content of their communication and speak to the public more directly

C  the traditional media almost never educate or persuade members of the public.

D  federal law limits what they may say to journalists from the mainstream press but not what they may say on social media sites.

A  skimming and scanning.

B  receiving and accepting.

C  browsing and breezing.

D  searching and sampling.

A  public opinion shifts in response to changes in government policy.

B  members of the federal bureaucracy report to Congress about a law’s effectiveness.

C  government policy shifts in response to changes in public opinion.

D  interest groups provide congressional testimony during the lawmaking process.

A  motivated reasoning

B  memory

C  “receive,” “accept,” “sample”

D  online processing

A  important changes in copyright and patent laws that have restricted Americans’ access to free information.

B  the use of opinion pollsters who market a politician’s speeches, ideas, and votes.

C  the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums.

D  the explosion of information brought on by the internet and other advances in electronic communication.

A  conflicts between central and local governments

B  racial inequalities

C  geographic differences

D  differences between the rich and poor

A  geographic sorting.

B  NIMBY-ism.

C  redlining.

D  political socialization.

A  that women earn, on average, less than men

B  that men are more supportive of Donald Trump’s presidency than women

C  that women received the right to vote in the United States long after most men did

D  that men and women have roughly the same overall levels of support for abortion

A  media.

B  person’s family.

C  region of the country the person inhabits.

D  person’s education.

A  libertarians or socialists.

B  liberals or socialists.

C  conservatives or libertarians.

D  liberals, conservatives, or moderates.

A  public opinions.

B  political ideologies.

C  political attitudes.

D  political preferences.

A  Equality

B  Justice

C  Liberty

D  Democracy

A  Conservatives

B  Socialists

C  Liberals

D  Internationalists

A  internationalist and isolationist

B  liberal and conservative

C  independent and moderate

D  liberty, equality of opportunity, and democracy

A  libertarian; conservative

B  democratic socialist; libertarian

C  libertarian; democratic socialist

D  conservative; libertarian

A  opposition to military intervention and the ramping down of American military power.

B  opposition to the United States’ membership in the United Nations.

C  support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power.

D  opposition to the continued existence of the European Union.

A  value; ideology

B  ideology; attitude

C  attitude; value

D  ideology; value

A  a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government.

B  the specific preferences individuals contemplate while discussing an issue.

C  the concrete interests that people try to defend through public policy.

D  the various attitudes that citizens possess toward political issues, events, and people.