Chapter 8 Post Test

A  Harry Truman

B  Franklin D. Roosevelt

C  Warren Harding

D  John F. Kennedy

A  Agents of socialization are rare; they consist of only a handful of influential people a person might encounter throughout their life.

B  Agents of socialization are common and include a wide range of influences, from family to school; their impact on a person’s beliefs is important but not all-powerful.

C  Agents of socialization are mostly ineffective; individuals largely determine their basic political beliefs on their own, and these agents exert almost no influence on a person.

D  Agents of socialization are overwhelmingly powerful and more or less fully explain how a person develops their own basic political beliefs.

A  An influencer or politician who seeks to promote a socialist ideology

B  Social institutions, like family and school, that shape an individual’s basic political beliefs and values

C  The general process of introducing a person into a political culture

D  The public forums in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete for influence

A  conservative ideology

B  inability of groups to translate preferences into policy

C  agents of socialization

D  group self-interest

A  beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people.

B  the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions.

C  the president’s collected speeches and writings during his or her term in office.

D  the analysis of events broadcast by reporters during the evening news.

A  social desirability bias

B  the bandwagon effect

C  data mining

D  push polling

A  A media organization asks respondents loaded questions to produce a particular response that best matches the organization’s political ideology.

B  A corporation conducts a survey of 100,000 individuals using simple random sampling.

C  A political campaign uses Google Search data to determine if the public supports repealing the death penalty.

D  All of the answer choices are correct.

A  are so large and complex that they require advanced analytics, rather than traditional methods, to reveal insights on a massive scale.

B  are paid for by large corporations.

C  have a major impact on policy making.

D  measure attributes of groups, organizations, or nations rather than attributes of single individuals.

A  bandwagon poll.

B  nonresponse bias.

C  saliency illusion.

D  push poll.

A  social desirability

B  bandwagon

C  Hawthorne

D  coattail

A  too large sample sizes.

B  poorly worded questions.

C  the increased use of cell phones.

D  push polling.

A  polling services attempting to sell their polling data to major news media organizations at higher prices during election seasons.

B  a poll to push politicians into adopting policy proposals they would not otherwise adopt.

C  asking loaded questions in order to subtly shape the respondent’s opinion.

D  the system of repeatedly calling people in the sampling frame until they respond to the survey.

A  1,000

B  1,500

C  250

D  500

A  equal opportunity

B  quota

C  simple random

D  stratified

A  the majority of affluent and educated citizens personally know an elected official.

B  they vote at higher rates, and they are more likely to contribute money to political campaigns.

C  their opinions are of higher quality than those of less affluent and less educated citizens.

D  the emoluments clause of the Constitution compels elected officials to give preferential treatment to citizens with a college degree.

A  more affluent and more educated citizens have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

B  every citizen has an equally strong influence over politics and public policy decisions.

C  nonvoters have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

D  less affluent and less educated citizens have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

A  deeply divided on the war, with 50% of Americans endorsing and 50% of Americans opposing the Bush administration’s policy.

B  strongly supportive of the war, with 70% of Americans endorsing the Bush administration’s policy.

C  overwhelmingly supportive of the war, with almost 100% of Americans endorsing the Bush administration’s policy.

D  overwhelmingly opposed to the war, with only 5% of Americans endorsing the Bush administration’s policy.

A  Republicans, 72% of whom do not want stricter gun laws

B  Democrats, 80% of whom want stricter gun laws

C  Democrats, 80% of whom do not want strict gun laws

D  Independents, 57% of whom say gun laws should be more strict

A  Exposure to the marketplace of ideas rarely leads people to change their minds about political issues.

B  Private groups and the news media play important roles in shaping opinions in the marketplace of ideas.

C  Government officials are legally prohibited from promoting ideas in the marketplace of ideas.

D  The British created the marketplace of ideas in the seventeenth century.

A  Political knowledge is fairly high in America.

B  Citizens with low levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information and determine its relevancy to their beliefs.

C  Politically knowledgeable citizens are more likely to consider themselves independent and not have a liberal or conservative ideology.

D  Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs.

A  they spend a great deal of time each day consuming nonpolitical content on the internet.

B  by the time they actually voice an opinion on an issue, they are likely to have forgotten much of the information that helped them arrive at their opinion.

C  their commitment to privacy makes them deeply unwilling to reveal to public opinion pollsters how much they actually know about politics.

D  they spend a great deal of time each day consuming nonpolitical content on television.

A  receive, accept, and sample.

B  develop, spread, and react.

C  reject, reconsider, and accept.

D  listen, consider, and adapt.

A  fact that group memberships can fully explain all of an individual’s political views.

B  negative consequences of the power of the mass media.

C  fact that group memberships never fully explain all of an individual’s political views.

D  power of the bandwagon effect.

A  Republican; Democrats

B  Democratic; Socialists

C  Democratic; Republicans

D  Socialist; Democrats

A  conservative

B  Libertarian

C  Democratic

D  Republican

A  reverse racism.

B  linked fate.

C  symbolic racism.

D  intergroup commonality.

A  anarchist.

B  communist.

C  libertarian.

D  socialist.

A  liberals; conservatives

B  libertarians; conservatives

C  conservatives; liberals

D  conservatives; libertarians

A  Family

B  Liberty

C  Equality

D  Justice

A  liberty.

B  democracy.

C  anarchy.

D  socialism.

A  There is no division of opinion among conservatives because almost all conservatives strongly oppose immigration.

B  There is no division of opinion among conservatives because almost all conservatives accept immigration.

C  There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States.

D  There is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives opposing immigration and social conservatives strongly supporting immigration to the United States.

A  has a liberal ideology.

B  has a conservative ideology.

C  has both a liberal and conservative ideology.

D  is ideologically moderate.

A  emphasizes freedom and voluntary association with small government.

B  argues a single ruler should have total control over every aspect of people’s lives.

C  argues governments are inherently repressive and should be abolished entirely.

D  argues for the need to place strict limitations on voting rights and civil liberties.

A  lower in the United States than in most other countries in the world.

B  nearly nonexistent in the United States.

C  roughly the same in the United States as most other countries in the world.

D  higher in the United States than in most other countries in the world.

A  conservative, while attitudes are liberal.

B  liberal, while attitudes are conservative.

C  basic principles, while attitudes are specific preferences.

D  held for a short term, while attitudes are held for a long term.

A  bellwether effect.

B  “bounce” effect.

C  bandwagon effect.

D  illusion of saliency.

A  the bias in surveys that comes from the failure of pollsters to interview respondents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds

B  the impression conveyed by polls that something is important to the public when actually it is not

C  the strong desire that people have to express their opinions to survey researchers

D  the fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable rather than what they actually believe

A  increasing steadily and now average 95%.

B  declining steadily and now average only 67%.

C  declining steadily and now average less than 10%.

D  increasing steadily and now average 75%.

A  sample.

B  validity quotient.

C  reliability quotient.

D  quota.

A  Government policy never influences public opinion because most Americans pay very little attention to politics; this dynamic allows government policy to be more or less unresponsive to the public.

B  Public opinion always influences government policy because lawmakers are legally bound to enact the majority’s preferences.

C  Public opinion rarely influences government policy; because elections are spaced out far enough, the vast majority of lawmakers do not need to account for shifts in public opinion.

D  The relationship between government policy and public opinion is dynamic, wherein government policy responds to public opinion but public opinion also shifts based on new government policies.

A  Cues take a lot of effort; because they are more “hard-earned,” they are more valuable to individuals.

B  Cues are easy; cues from trusted officials are usually consistent with a person’s underlying preferences.

C  Cues are not really partisan; they tend to come from objective or non-partisan sources so are easier for more people to use.

D  Cues are free from bias; they are mostly fact-based and therefore let people make up their own minds more easily.

A  that media coverage of the president’s handling of the crisis is supportive of his efforts

B  that media coverage of the president’s handling of the crises is not always favorable

C  that the president is influencing media coverage to positively report on his efforts

D  that the media went along with the president’s interests in reporting on the crisis

A  they can more directly control the content of their communication and speak to the public more directly

B  social media is free, whereas the mainstream press often charges monetary fees for broadcasting messages.

C  the traditional media almost never educate or persuade members of the public.

D  federal law limits what they may say to journalists from the mainstream press but not what they may say on social media sites.

A  receiving and accepting.

B  searching and sampling.

C  skimming and scanning.

D  browsing and breezing.

A  public opinion shifts in response to changes in government policy.

B  members of the federal bureaucracy report to Congress about a law’s effectiveness.

C  interest groups provide congressional testimony during the lawmaking process.

D  government policy shifts in response to changes in public opinion.

A  motivated reasoning

B  memory

C  online processing

D  “receive,” “accept,” “sample”

A  important changes in copyright and patent laws that have restricted Americans’ access to free information.

B  the explosion of information brought on by the internet and other advances in electronic communication.

C  the use of opinion pollsters who market a politician’s speeches, ideas, and votes.

D  the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums.

A  differences between the rich and poor

B  conflicts between central and local governments

C  racial inequalities

D  geographic differences

A  political socialization.

B  NIMBY-ism.

C  geographic sorting.

D  redlining.

A  that men are more supportive of Donald Trump’s presidency than women

B  that women earn, on average, less than men

C  that men and women have roughly the same overall levels of support for abortion

D  that women received the right to vote in the United States long after most men did

A  person’s family.

B  media.

C  region of the country the person inhabits.

D  person’s education.

A  liberals or socialists.

B  conservatives or libertarians.

C  libertarians or socialists.

D  liberals, conservatives, or moderates.

A  political attitudes.

B  political preferences.

C  political ideologies.

D  public opinions.

A  Democracy

B  Justice

C  Liberty

D  Equality

A  Conservatives

B  Internationalists

C  Liberals

D  Socialists

A  independent and moderate

B  liberal and conservative

C  internationalist and isolationist

D  liberty, equality of opportunity, and democracy

A  libertarian; democratic socialist

B  democratic socialist; libertarian

C  conservative; libertarian

D  libertarian; conservative

A  opposition to the United States’ membership in the United Nations.

B  support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power.

C  opposition to military intervention and the ramping down of American military power.

D  opposition to the continued existence of the European Union.

A  ideology; value

B  value; ideology

C  attitude; value

D  ideology; attitude

A  the concrete interests that people try to defend through public policy.

B  the various attitudes that citizens possess toward political issues, events, and people.

C  a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government.

D  the specific preferences individuals contemplate while discussing an issue.