Lecture Exam 3 (Ch 9, 10, 11)

A  contact with microorganisms

B  contact with pathogens

C  microorganisms colonizing the body

D  pathogens penetrating host defenses

E  None of the choices are correct.

A  All of the choices are correct.

B  breast feeding

C  contact with hospital staff

D  bottle feeding

E  the birth process through the birth canal

A  True

B  False

A  toxins that target the intestines

B  virulence factors

C  proteins

D  All of thechoices are correct.

E  exotoxins

A  skin

B  respiratory system

C  gastrointestinal system

D  genital system

E  urinary system

A  True

B  False

A  Secretion of a capsule

B  Adhering to the host

C  Ability to survive intracellularly

D  Secretion of slime

E  Production of leukocidins

A  secretions that always target nervous tissue

B    

C  only released after a cell is damaged or lysed

D  proteins

E  antiphagocytic factors

F  lipopolysaccharides

A  Capsules – antiphagocytic factor

B  Coagulase – dissolve fibrin clots

C  Hemolysins – damage red blood cells

D  Fimbriae – adherence to substrate

E  Leukocidins – damage white blood cells

A  polymicrobial

B  zoonotic

C  vector-borne

D  noncommunicable

A  respiratory system

B  gastrointestinal system

C  urinary system

D  skin

E  genital system

A  Phagocytosis

B  Margination

C  Exocytosis

D  Encapsulation

E  Adhesion

A  False

B  True

A  indigenous biota

B  virulence factor

C  endotoxin

D  minimal dose

E  infectious dose

A  fungi

B  protozoans

C  All of the choices are correct.

D  bacteria

E  viruses

A  when an infant gets its first infectious disease

B  when a child first goes to school

C  during and immediately after birth

D  before birth, in utero

E  during puberty

A  True

B  False

A  exogenous

B  axenic

C  an enterotoxin

D  an exotoxin

E  endogenous

A  asymptomatic

B  latent

C  chronic

D  persistent

A  To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota
To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are culturable

B  To eradicate thosemembers of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease.
To determine therole the human microbiota plays in health and disease.

C  To eradicate those members of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease
To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota

D  To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease
To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable

A  True

B  False

A  False

B  True

A  Causing direct damage through exoenzymes

B  Causing an overreaction of the host immune system

C  Secretion of exotoxins

D  Epigenetic changes

A  Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

B  Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

C  Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

D  Bats are the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic.

A  The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target.
Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source
A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent.
Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

B  The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source
The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased.
A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent.
Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

C  The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target.
The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased.
Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source
Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

D  The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target.
The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased.
A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent.
Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

A  CRISPR, Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx,

B  Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx, Bacteriophage therapy

C  Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx

D  CRISPR, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Bacteriophage therapy, RNA interference–directed at bacterial mRNAs

A  vancomycin

B  isoniazid

C  cephalosporin

D  erythromycin

E  penicillin

A  True

B  False

A  They are used to treat viral infections. They are used to treat fungal infections.

B  They are used to treat viral infections. They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections.

C  They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections. They include fluconazole which is used to treat AIDS-related mycoses. They are used to treat fungal infections.

A  False

B  True

A  folic acid biosynthesis

B    

C  peptidoglycan biosynthesis

D  nucleic acid biosynthesis

E  ribosome biosynthesis

F  None of the choices are correct.

A  high toxicity against microbial cells

B  low toxicity for human tissues

C  do not cause serious side effects in humans

D  All of the choices are correct.

E  stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids

A  False

B  True

A  antibiotics

B  synthetic drugs

C  narrow-spectrum drugs

D  broad-spectrum drugs

E  semisynthetic drugs

A  Synercid

B  Imipenem

C  Clavulanic acid

D  Aztreonam

E  Penicillinase

A  block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

B  damage cell membranes

C  interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan

D  block folic acid synthesis

E  attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

A  True

B  False

A  True

B  False

A  True

B  False

A  True

B  False

A  prophylaxis

B  selective toxicity

C  nephrotoxicity

D  chemotherapy

E  synergism

A  streptomycin

B  gentamycin

C  erythromycin

D  tetracycline

E  polymyxins

A  Azoles, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins

B  Allylamines, Azoles, Macrolide polyenes, Echinocandins

C  Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Allylamines, Azoles

D  Macrolide polyenes, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins

A  False

B  True

A  damage cell membranes

B  block folic acid synthesis

C  attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

D  block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

E  interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan

A  Streptomyces, Bacillus, Cephalosporium, Penicillium

B  Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

C  Streptococcus, Penicillium

D  Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cephalosporium

A  None of the choices are correct.

B  damage to prokaryotic cell membranes

C  damage to pathogenic organisms

D  damage to the target organisms but not host cells

E  damage to nucleic acids

A  False

B  True

A  True

B  False

A  sterilization.

B  sanitization

C  antisepsis

D  degermation

A  Moist; dry

B  Moist; high

C  High; dry

D  Dry; moist

E  High; moist

A  sporicidal time

B  None of the choices are correct

C  thermal death point (TDP)

D  thermal death time (TDT)

E  death phase point

A  disinfection

B  decontamination

C  sterilization

D  virilization

E  antisepsis

A  False

B  True

A  is used in devices called autoclaves

B  is less efficient than moist heat

C  will sterilize at 121°C for 15 minutes

D  cannot sterilize

E  includes tyndallization

A  cell walls

B  cytoplasm

C  cell membranes

D  cellular proteins

E  ribosomes

A  None of the choices are correct

B  bactericidal

C  sterilization

D  decontamination

E  bacteriostatic

A  disrupting membrane integrity

B  coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment

C  blocking transport out from the organism

D  All of the choices are correct

E  blocking transport into the organism

A  sanitation

B  sterilization

C  antisepsis

D  disinfection

E  decontamination

A  moist heat

B  metallic ions

C  X rays

D  alcohol

E  acids

A  mycobacteria and staphylococci

B  vegetative bacteria and fungi

C  endospores

D  prions

E  protozoan cysts

A  False

B  True

A  False

B  True

A  boiling water

B  HEPA filters

C  ultraviolet radiation

D  hydrogen peroxide

E  pasteurization

A  All of the choices are correct

B  hot water

C  steam autoclave

D  flash pasteurization

E  boiling water

A  False

B  True

A  Fungicide

B  Bactericide

C  Virucide

D  Germicide

E  Sporicide

A  antisepsis

B  degermation

C  sterilization

D  sanitization

E  disinfection

A  reduces the number of vegetative forms

B  None of the choices are correct

C  increases food nutrient value

D  kills all vegetative forms

E  reduces the number of endospores

A  Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Proteins

B  Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Lysosomes

C  Cell membrane, Lysosomes

D  Lysosomes, Proteins

A  False

B  True

A  sporicidal time

B  thermal death point (TDP)

C  death phase point

D  None of the choices are correct

E  thermal death time (TDT)