Lecture Exam 2 (Ch 5, 6, 7, 8)

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Question #1

Choose the statement that best describes the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering.

A Restriction enzymesare used to join different segments of DNA.

B Restrictionenzymes are used to sequence long stretches of DNA.

C Restrictionenzymes are used to replicate specific sequences of DNA.

D Restriction enzymes are used to purify DNA.

E Restrictionenzymes are used to cut DNA at specific locations.

Question #2

DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial chromosome.

A True

B False

Question #3

When bacteriophages invade bacterial cells, they leave behind DNA that is recognized by the bacteria as foreign and can be eliminated in the event of another attack, reminiscent of adaptive immunity. This natural process can be adapted in the lab so that a combination of guide DNA and nucleases facilitate the cutting of DNA at a precise location in any organism. Here we are describing ________.

A CRISPR

B synthetic biology

C metagenomics

D recombinant DNA technology

E gene therapy

Question #4

Each nucleotide is composed of ________.

A two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, and two sugars

B one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar

C two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar

D one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and two sugars

E one phosphate, two nitrogenous bases, and one sugar

Question #5

The expression of genetic traits is the _______.

A proteotype

B phenotype

C genotype

D genome

E proteome

Question #6

Reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from an RNA template.

A True

B False

Question #7

Repressible operons are normally turned on in the cell.

A False

B True

Question #8

Synthetic biology is an emerging field of science whereby researchers are creating new molecules and organisms from an array of chemicals, rather than as a result of cellular reproduction.

A False

B True

Question #9

The lagging strand of DNA is made in small segments called Okazaki fragments, each one requiring a primer to begin synthesis, whereas the leading strand, synthesized continuously, does not require a primer to initiate the daughter strand.

A False

B True

Question #10

Induced mutations result from errors in DNA replication.

A True

B False

Question #11

Select the statement that best describes the purpose of gel electrophoresis.

A Gelelectrophoresis identifies specific segments of DNA.

B Gelelectrophoresis joins different segments of DNA.

C Gelelectrophoresis is able to cut DNA in very specific locations.

D Gelelectrophoresis enables the amplification of specific DNA sequences.

E Gelelectrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size.

Question #12

When DNA is heated to 94 oC, the two strands will separate.

A True

B False

Question #13

Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from bacterial chromosomes because only eukaryotes have ________.

A chromosomes in a nucleus

B histone proteins

C several to many chromosomes

D All of the choices are correct

E elongated, not circular, chromosomes

Question #14

The specific sequence of three bases in mRNA that encodes a particular amino acid is the _______ whereas the complementary sequence of three bases in tRNA that binds to the mRNA is best known as the _______.

A codon; DNA triplet

B codon; anticodon

C gene; complement

D anticodon; codon

Question #15

The emerging field of synthetic biology, while offering promising breakthroughs in medicine and energy production, is not without concern. Apprehension by ethicists is understandable since ________.

A medical insurance costs will likely skyrocket

B the ability to create life from scratch raises a multitude of issues

C mutations in manufactured cells will cause problems for existing organisms

D oil and gas prices will increase as a result of the decreased demand for fossil fuels

Question #16

Transcription occurs in the nucleus or at the nucleoid.

A True

B False

Question #17

Mastery of synthetic biology will allow humans to ________.

A All of the choices are possibilities from synthetic biology

B construct complex molecules in situ that will target cancerous cells in tissues

C synthesize chemicals in cells that are missing due to a genetic anomaly

D design alternative forms of energy production

E make new organisms using only chemicals as the starting materials

Question #18

The _______ strand is synthesized continuously while the ________ strand is synthesized in a series of short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

A leading; lagging

B primary; secondary

C original; primary

D lagging; leading

Question #19

In addition to electrons, which of the following can also be transferred, exchanging energy in the process?

A Hydrogen ion (proton)

B ADP

C Carbon

D Carbon dioxide

E Glucose

Question #20

During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed?

A Krebs cycle

B Electron transport

C Glycolysis

D All phasesproduce the same number of ATP molecules.

E Processing of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle

Question #21

Reduction of nitrogen-oxygen ions, such as nitrate, by some bacteria is called _______.

A fermentation

B aerobic respiration

C nitrification

D deamination

E denitrification

Question #22

Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl-CoA for entering the Krebs cycle by the process of _______.

A deamination

B phosphorylation

D beta oxidation

E gluconeogenesis

F amination

Question #23

The property of organisms to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is called _______.

A metabolism

B catabolism

C biosynthesis

D anabolism

E amphibolism

Question #24

Each of the following is true of enzymes except ________.

A they can be used over and over

B All of the choices are true of enzymes.

C they may or may not require cofactors

D they increase the initial energy required for a reaction to start

E their active site is specific to the substrate

Question #25

When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, how many ATP are generated?

A 3 ATP

B 2 ATP

C 36 ATP

D 24 ATP

E 38 ATP

Question #26

Enzymes that hydrolyze a peptide bond are called _______.

A ligases

B peptidases

C oxidoreductases

D aminotransferases

E phosphotransferases

Question #27

In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP generated?

A 38 ATP

B 2 ATP

C 42 ATP

D 24 ATP

E 3 ATP

Question #28

Which of the following is not involved in the step that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A NADH is formed

B Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH

C CO2 is released

D Coenzyme A attaches to an acetyl group

Question #29

Which of the following is not true of anaerobic respiration?

A Utilizes an electron transport system

B Uses the same final electron acceptor as aerobic respiration

C Involves glycolysis

D Generates some ATP

Question #30

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced by the complete aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule?

A 2

B 6

C 5

D 4

E 3

Question #31

In a bacterial cell, the genes that code for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an unusual carbohydrate source would be turned off unless that carbohydrate was the only fuel source available in the media, in which case________.

A the enzymes would be denatured

B the genes coding for the hydrolytic enzymes would be constitutive

C the genes coding for the hydrolytic enzymes would be repressed

D the genes coding for the hydrolytic enzymes would be induced

Question #32

The cell’s metabolic reactions involve the participation of ________ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction.

A ATP

B enzymes

C vitamins

D coenzymes

E cofactors

Question #33

Exergonic reactions ________.

A only occur in heterotrophs

B occur when ADP binds to inorganic phosphate to form ATP

C include synthesis of large carbohydrates

D release energy

E do not occur in anaerobic cellular respiration

Question #34

FAD, NAD, and coenzyme A are all _______ carriers.

A ATP

B None of the choices are correct.

C electron

D hydrogen

E hydrogen andelectron

Question #35

Each of the following are denaturing agents except ________.

A high pH

B high temperature

C low temperature

D low pH

E All of the choices are correct.

Question #36

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n) _______.

A aerotolerant anaerobe

B facultative anaerobe

C obligate anaerobe

D obligate aerobe

E microaerophile

Question #37

Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from _______.

A water

B minerals

C salts

D inorganic compounds

E organic compounds

Question #38

Aerobic respiration is an example of _______.

A photoheterotrophy

B methanoheterophy

C photoautotrophy

D chemoheterotrophy

E photosynthesis

Question #39

Bacterial biofilms stimulate the immune system differently than free (planktonic) bacteria.

A True

B False

Question #40

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except _______.

A anaerobes

B capnophiles

C mesophiles

D psychrophiles

E facultative anaerobes

Question #41

What compound is the most abundant in a cell?

A Glucose

B H 2O

C NH 3

D CO 2

E CH 4

Question #42

The term obligate refers to________.

A using oxygen for metabolism

B using light for energy production

C using chemicals for energy production

D existing in a very narrow niche

E the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions

Question #43

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes, ________.

A superoxide dismutase and catalase

B superoxide dismutase and oxidase

C catalase and hydrogen peroxidases

D superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidases

E catalase and oxidase

Question #44

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called _______.

A active transport

B diffusion

C endocytosis

D osmosis

E facilitated diffusion

Question #45

Human pathogens fall into the group termed _______.

A acidophiles

B thermophiles

C halophiles

D psychrophiles

E mesophiles

Question #46

Facilitated diffusion is limited by________.

A size of the pores in the membrane

B substrate concentration

C carrier proteins in the membrane

D osmotic pressure

E the size of the cell

Question #47

Select all of the cellular transport mechanisms that require energy.

A Carrier-mediated active transport and Bulk transport (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)

B Facilitated diffusion and Simple diffusion

C Simple diffusion and Bulk transport (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)

D Facilitated diffusion and Carrier-mediated active transport

Question #48

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is _______.

A iron

B calcium

C magnesium

D zinc

E potassium

Question #49

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the________.

A nuclear membrane

B proteins in the periplasmic space

C cell membrane

D cell wall

E peptidoglycan layer

Question #50

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

A Carbon

B Copper

C Oxygen

D Hydrogen

E Nitrogen

Question #51

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

A Sodium chloride

B None of the choices are correct.

C Thioglycollate

D Sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine

E Blood agar

Question #52

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed _______.

A exocytosis

B pinocytosis

C facilitated diffusion

D facilitated transport

E phagocytosis

Question #53

Lysogeny refers to ________.

A altering the host range of a virus

B None of the choices are correct

C viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome

D latent state of herpes infections

E virion exiting host cell

Question #54

Viral nucleic acids include which of the following?

A All of the choices are correct

B Double-stranded DNA

C Single-stranded RNA

D Single-stranded DNA

E Double-stranded RNA

Question #55

Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are _____.

A oncoviruses

B chronic latent viruses

C inclusion bodies

D cytopathic

E syncytia

Question #56

Host range is limited by________.

A size of the host cell

B type of nucleic acid in the virus

C type of host cell receptors on cell membrane

D age of the host cell

E All of the choices are correct

Question #57

Which of the following is incorrect about prophages?

A Formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome

B Occur when temperate phages enter host cells

C Cause lysis of host cells

D Present when the virus is in lysogeny

E Replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny

Question #58

Infectious protein particles are called _______.

A oncogenic viruses

B phages

C prions

D viroids

E spikes

Question #59

Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called _______.

A bacteriophages

B satellite viruses

C viroids

D All of thechoices infect bacteria.

E prions

Question #60

Viral tissue specificities are called _____.

A uncoating

B receptacles

C virions

D ranges

E tropisms

Question #61

Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called _____.

A prions

B latent

C viroids

D delta agents

E oncogenic

Question #62

A negative-sense RNA virus ________.

A must synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome

B is ready for immediate translation

C must synthesize a negative RNA copy of its genome

D always codes for RNA polymerase

E is a special form of tRNA used by viruses

Question #63

Which of the following is not a typical capsid shape?

A All of thechoices are capsid shapes.

B Complex

C Icosahedron

D Helical

E Tetrahedral

Question #64

The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is _______.

A uncoating

B synthesis

C adsorption

D penetration

E assembly

Question #65

A(n) _______ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus.

A monolayer

B capsomere

C spike

D capsid

E envelope

Question #66

Select the three methods that are used to cultivate viruses.

A Use of enriched broth media
Use of cellculture techniques
Use of enrichedagar media

B Use of enriched broth media,
Use of enrichedagar media,
Inoculation ofembryonated eggs

C Inoculation ofembryonated eggs,
Use of animalinoculation,
Use of cellculture techniques

D Use of animalinoculation
Use of enriched broth media
Use of enrichedagar media

Question #67

During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the ________.

A host DNA

B host cell membrane

C host cytoplasm

D host nucleolus

E host nucleus

Question #68

Select the three choices that are the primary purposes of cultivating viruses.

A To research the biology of viruses
To produce virusfor bioweapons use
To produce chemicals such as alcohol and acetone

B To isolate viruses from clinical specimens
To research the biology of viruses
To prepare viruses for vaccines

C To produce virusfor bioweapons use
To produce chemicals such as alcohol and acetone
To isolate viruses from clinical specimens

D To produce virusfor bioweapons use
To prepare viruses for vaccines
To produce chemicals such as alcohol and acetone

Question #69

The envelope of enveloped viruses________.

A is identical to the host plasma membrane

B does not contain spikes

C None of the choices are correct

D is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis

E is only composed of host endomembrane

Question #70

Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are _____.

A chronic latent viruses

B syncytia

C cytopathic

D inclusion bodies

E oncoviruses

Question #71

Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?

A Live lab animals

B Continuous cell cultures

C Embryonated bird eggs

D All of thechoices will support viral cultivation.

E Primary cell cultures

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Lecture Exam 2 (Ch 5, 6, 7, 8)

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