Lecture Exam 2 (Ch 5, 6, 7, 8)

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Question #1

Choose the statement that best describes the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering.

A Restrictionenzymes are used to cut DNA at specific locations.

B Restriction enzymesare used to join different segments of DNA.

C Restriction enzymes are used to purify DNA.

D Restrictionenzymes are used to sequence long stretches of DNA.

E Restrictionenzymes are used to replicate specific sequences of DNA.

Question #2

DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial chromosome.

A False

B True

Question #3

When bacteriophages invade bacterial cells, they leave behind DNA that is recognized by the bacteria as foreign and can be eliminated in the event of another attack, reminiscent of adaptive immunity. This natural process can be adapted in the lab so that a combination of guide DNA and nucleases facilitate the cutting of DNA at a precise location in any organism. Here we are describing ________.

A CRISPR

B recombinant DNA technology

C synthetic biology

D gene therapy

E metagenomics

Question #4

Each nucleotide is composed of ________.

A one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar

B two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, and two sugars

C two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar

D one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and two sugars

E one phosphate, two nitrogenous bases, and one sugar

Question #5

The expression of genetic traits is the _______.

A proteotype

B phenotype

C genome

D proteome

E genotype

Question #6

Reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from an RNA template.

A True

B False

Question #7

Repressible operons are normally turned on in the cell.

A False

B True

Question #8

Synthetic biology is an emerging field of science whereby researchers are creating new molecules and organisms from an array of chemicals, rather than as a result of cellular reproduction.

A False

B True

Question #9

The lagging strand of DNA is made in small segments called Okazaki fragments, each one requiring a primer to begin synthesis, whereas the leading strand, synthesized continuously, does not require a primer to initiate the daughter strand.

A True

B False

Question #10

Induced mutations result from errors in DNA replication.

A False

B True

Question #11

Select the statement that best describes the purpose of gel electrophoresis.

A Gelelectrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size.

B Gelelectrophoresis joins different segments of DNA.

C Gelelectrophoresis enables the amplification of specific DNA sequences.

D Gelelectrophoresis is able to cut DNA in very specific locations.

E Gelelectrophoresis identifies specific segments of DNA.

Question #12

When DNA is heated to 94 oC, the two strands will separate.

A True

B False

Question #13

Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from bacterial chromosomes because only eukaryotes have ________.

A elongated, not circular, chromosomes

B All of the choices are correct

C chromosomes in a nucleus

D several to many chromosomes

E histone proteins

Question #14

The specific sequence of three bases in mRNA that encodes a particular amino acid is the _______ whereas the complementary sequence of three bases in tRNA that binds to the mRNA is best known as the _______.

A codon; anticodon

B anticodon; codon

C codon; DNA triplet

D gene; complement

Question #15

The emerging field of synthetic biology, while offering promising breakthroughs in medicine and energy production, is not without concern. Apprehension by ethicists is understandable since ________.

A oil and gas prices will increase as a result of the decreased demand for fossil fuels

B the ability to create life from scratch raises a multitude of issues

C mutations in manufactured cells will cause problems for existing organisms

D medical insurance costs will likely skyrocket

Question #16

Transcription occurs in the nucleus or at the nucleoid.

A True

B False

Question #17

Mastery of synthetic biology will allow humans to ________.

A synthesize chemicals in cells that are missing due to a genetic anomaly

B All of the choices are possibilities from synthetic biology

C make new organisms using only chemicals as the starting materials

D design alternative forms of energy production

E construct complex molecules in situ that will target cancerous cells in tissues

Question #18

The _______ strand is synthesized continuously while the ________ strand is synthesized in a series of short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

A lagging; leading

B primary; secondary

C original; primary

D leading; lagging

Question #19

In addition to electrons, which of the following can also be transferred, exchanging energy in the process?

A Carbon

B ADP

C Glucose

D Carbon dioxide

E Hydrogen ion (proton)

Question #20

During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP formed?

A Electron transport

B Glycolysis

C Processing of pyruvic acid for the Krebs cycle

D Krebs cycle

E All phasesproduce the same number of ATP molecules.

Question #21

Reduction of nitrogen-oxygen ions, such as nitrate, by some bacteria is called _______.

A deamination

B denitrification

C nitrification

D aerobic respiration

E fermentation

Question #22

Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl-CoA for entering the Krebs cycle by the process of _______.

A beta oxidation

B gluconeogenesis

D amination

E phosphorylation

F deamination

Question #23

The property of organisms to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency is called _______.

A amphibolism

B biosynthesis

C catabolism

D metabolism

E anabolism

Question #24

Each of the following is true of enzymes except ________.

A they may or may not require cofactors

B their active site is specific to the substrate

C they can be used over and over

D All of the choices are true of enzymes.

E they increase the initial energy required for a reaction to start

Question #25

When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, how many ATP are generated?

A 36 ATP

B 3 ATP

C 2 ATP

D 24 ATP

E 38 ATP

Question #26

Enzymes that hydrolyze a peptide bond are called _______.

A phosphotransferases

B ligases

C oxidoreductases

D aminotransferases

E peptidases

Question #27

In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, what is the maximum number of ATP generated?

A 3 ATP

B 24 ATP

C 42 ATP

D 38 ATP

E 2 ATP

Question #28

Which of the following is not involved in the step that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH

B CO2 is released

C Coenzyme A attaches to an acetyl group

D NADH is formed

Question #29

Which of the following is not true of anaerobic respiration?

A Generates some ATP

B Utilizes an electron transport system

C Uses the same final electron acceptor as aerobic respiration

D Involves glycolysis

Question #30

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced by the complete aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule?

A 4

B 3

C 6

D 2

E 5

Question #31

In a bacterial cell, the genes that code for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an unusual carbohydrate source would be turned off unless that carbohydrate was the only fuel source available in the media, in which case________.

A the genes coding for the hydrolytic enzymes would be induced

B the enzymes would be denatured

C the genes coding for the hydrolytic enzymes would be repressed

D the genes coding for the hydrolytic enzymes would be constitutive

Question #32

The cell’s metabolic reactions involve the participation of ________ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction.

A vitamins

B enzymes

C cofactors

D coenzymes

E ATP

Question #33

Exergonic reactions ________.

A include synthesis of large carbohydrates

B occur when ADP binds to inorganic phosphate to form ATP

C only occur in heterotrophs

D release energy

E do not occur in anaerobic cellular respiration

Question #34

FAD, NAD, and coenzyme A are all _______ carriers.

A ATP

B hydrogen andelectron

C None of the choices are correct.

D hydrogen

E electron

Question #35

Each of the following are denaturing agents except ________.

A high temperature

B low temperature

C All of the choices are correct.

D high pH

E low pH

Question #36

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n) _______.

A facultative anaerobe

B obligate aerobe

C aerotolerant anaerobe

D obligate anaerobe

E microaerophile

Question #37

Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from _______.

A inorganic compounds

B water

C minerals

D organic compounds

E salts

Question #38

Aerobic respiration is an example of _______.

A chemoheterotrophy

B photoautotrophy

C methanoheterophy

D photoheterotrophy

E photosynthesis

Question #39

Bacterial biofilms stimulate the immune system differently than free (planktonic) bacteria.

A False

B True

Question #40

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except _______.

A psychrophiles

B mesophiles

C facultative anaerobes

D anaerobes

E capnophiles

Question #41

What compound is the most abundant in a cell?

A CO 2

B Glucose

C NH 3

D CH 4

E H 2O

Question #42

The term obligate refers to________.

A using chemicals for energy production

B using oxygen for metabolism

C the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions

D using light for energy production

E existing in a very narrow niche

Question #43

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes, ________.

A superoxide dismutase and catalase

B catalase and hydrogen peroxidases

C superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidases

D superoxide dismutase and oxidase

E catalase and oxidase

Question #44

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called _______.

A active transport

B osmosis

C facilitated diffusion

D diffusion

E endocytosis

Question #45

Human pathogens fall into the group termed _______.

A thermophiles

B halophiles

C acidophiles

D psychrophiles

E mesophiles

Question #46

Facilitated diffusion is limited by________.

A substrate concentration

B size of the pores in the membrane

C osmotic pressure

D carrier proteins in the membrane

E the size of the cell

Question #47

Select all of the cellular transport mechanisms that require energy.

A Simple diffusion and Bulk transport (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)

B Facilitated diffusion and Simple diffusion

C Facilitated diffusion and Carrier-mediated active transport

D Carrier-mediated active transport and Bulk transport (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)

Question #48

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is _______.

A calcium

B iron

C zinc

D potassium

E magnesium

Question #49

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the________.

A cell membrane

B proteins in the periplasmic space

C peptidoglycan layer

D nuclear membrane

E cell wall

Question #50

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

A Copper

B Hydrogen

C Oxygen

D Nitrogen

E Carbon

Question #51

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

A None of the choices are correct.

B Thioglycollate

C Sodium chloride

D Blood agar

E Sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine

Question #52

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed _______.

A exocytosis

B facilitated transport

C pinocytosis

D facilitated diffusion

E phagocytosis

Question #53

Lysogeny refers to ________.

A latent state of herpes infections

B altering the host range of a virus

C virion exiting host cell

D viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome

E None of the choices are correct

Question #54

Viral nucleic acids include which of the following?

A Single-stranded DNA

B All of the choices are correct

C Single-stranded RNA

D Double-stranded DNA

E Double-stranded RNA

Question #55

Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are _____.

A oncoviruses

B chronic latent viruses

C inclusion bodies

D cytopathic

E syncytia

Question #56

Host range is limited by________.

A type of nucleic acid in the virus

B All of the choices are correct

C type of host cell receptors on cell membrane

D size of the host cell

E age of the host cell

Question #57

Which of the following is incorrect about prophages?

A Formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome

B Present when the virus is in lysogeny

C Occur when temperate phages enter host cells

D Replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny

E Cause lysis of host cells

Question #58

Infectious protein particles are called _______.

A prions

B viroids

C phages

D oncogenic viruses

E spikes

Question #59

Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called _______.

A bacteriophages

B All of thechoices infect bacteria.

C prions

D viroids

E satellite viruses

Question #60

Viral tissue specificities are called _____.

A receptacles

B ranges

C uncoating

D virions

E tropisms

Question #61

Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called _____.

A viroids

B latent

C delta agents

D oncogenic

E prions

Question #62

A negative-sense RNA virus ________.

A is a special form of tRNA used by viruses

B must synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome

C must synthesize a negative RNA copy of its genome

D is ready for immediate translation

E always codes for RNA polymerase

Question #63

Which of the following is not a typical capsid shape?

A Complex

B Helical

C Tetrahedral

D Icosahedron

E All of thechoices are capsid shapes.

Question #64

The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is _______.

A synthesis

B penetration

C assembly

D adsorption

E uncoating

Question #65

A(n) _______ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus.

A envelope

B monolayer

C spike

D capsomere

E capsid

Question #66

Select the three methods that are used to cultivate viruses.

A Inoculation ofembryonated eggs,
Use of animalinoculation,
Use of cellculture techniques

B Use of enriched broth media,
Use of enrichedagar media,
Inoculation ofembryonated eggs

C Use of animalinoculation
Use of enriched broth media
Use of enrichedagar media

D Use of enriched broth media
Use of cellculture techniques
Use of enrichedagar media

Question #67

During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the ________.

A host nucleus

B host cell membrane

C host nucleolus

D host cytoplasm

E host DNA

Question #68

Select the three choices that are the primary purposes of cultivating viruses.

A To produce virusfor bioweapons use
To produce chemicals such as alcohol and acetone
To isolate viruses from clinical specimens

B To produce virusfor bioweapons use
To prepare viruses for vaccines
To produce chemicals such as alcohol and acetone

C To research the biology of viruses
To produce virusfor bioweapons use
To produce chemicals such as alcohol and acetone

D To isolate viruses from clinical specimens
To research the biology of viruses
To prepare viruses for vaccines

Question #69

The envelope of enveloped viruses________.

A is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis

B does not contain spikes

C is only composed of host endomembrane

D is identical to the host plasma membrane

E None of the choices are correct

Question #70

Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are _____.

A oncoviruses

B cytopathic

C inclusion bodies

D chronic latent viruses

E syncytia

Question #71

Which of the following will not support viral cultivation?

A Live lab animals

B Primary cell cultures

C All of thechoices will support viral cultivation.

D Continuous cell cultures

E Embryonated bird eggs

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Lecture Exam 2 (Ch 5, 6, 7, 8)

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