Chapter 1 to 4 Exam

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Question #1

Babies who are held more (refer to the Hewlett article):

A spend less time fussing and crying

B spend more time fussing and crying

C develop voluntary crying behaviors sooners

D suffer higher rates of SIDS

Question #2

An infant’s sleep/wake cycles:

A are not modified by social pressure

B do not change during the first 6 months of life

C are modified both by increases in brain maturity and by social pressure

D are easily modified by adult social pressure

Question #3

Rothbart’s dimensions of temperamental variation include:

A easy, difficult, slow to warm up

B activity level, sociability, and responsiveness

C effortful control, negative affect, and extraversion

D self-regulation, motivation, and optimism

Question #4

Thomas and Chess and their colleagues classified babies’ temperaments as:

A easy, difficult, slow to warm up

B happy, irritable, and unresponsive

C trusting, wary, and suspicious

D easy, irritable, and depressed

Question #5

When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:

A repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake

B perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults

C perform reflexes elicited by environmental events

D avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences

Question #6

Nursing involves coordination of:

A sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant

B infants’ sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers

C sucking, moro and babinski reflexes by the infant

D the rooting and sucking reflexes alone

Question #7

Infants’ ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as:

A coordinated action

B intermodal perception

C cross-model perception

D integration

Question #8

Craig would like to purchase a mobile to hang in his son’s nursery. At which of the following mobiles would his newborn baby MOST enjoy looking to?

A a mobile with bright colors and shapes

B a mobile with fuzzy brown teddy bears

C a mobile with soft pastel flowers

D a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes

Question #9

Studies of newborn infant’s auditory preferences (DeCasper et. al article) demonstrate that:

A infants prefer low-pitched maternal voices to high-pitched maternal voices

B infants prefer the sound of their mother’s voice to other women’s voices

C infants’ hearing is not acute enough for them to demonstrate preferences for particular categories of sound

D infants prefer to hear foreign languages more than their own voice

Question #10

Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?

A smell

B vision

C hearing

D taste

Question #11

__________ reduces the oversupply of neural connections in the brain as part of the experience-expectant process of development.

A Hormonal activity

B A proper diet

C Synaptic pruning

D Experience

Question #12

The soft spots on infants’ skulls are known as:

A neurons

B myelin

C fontanels

D cortexes

Question #13

A newborn is considered to have low birth weight if he or she weighs:

A less than 7 pounds, 3 ounces

B 10% less than other babies of the same gestational age

C 25% less than other babies of the same gestational age

D less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces

Question #14

Women who used heroin while pregnant gave birth to babies who:

A recover quickly from the effects of withdrawal

B are vulnerable to heart defects

C are born blind and deaf

D are addicted to heroin

Question #15

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:

A birth defects

B lower birth weights

C overweight babies

D a lower rate of stillbirths

Question #16

What is the MOST common drug used by pregnant women?

A alcohol

B caffeine

C tobacco

D marijuana

Question #17

Pregnant women are encouraged to increase their intake of which foods?

A folic acid, calcium, and iron

B salty, sweet, and fatty foods

C Vitamin C and calcium

D iron and calcium

Question #18

Infants who heard their mothers read The Cat in the Hat while in the womb and then again when they were newborns (referenced by Decasper article):

A cried when they heard the story after birth

B showed no signs of recognizing the story after birth

C learned, after birth, to modify their rate of sucking in order to hear the story

D preferred the non-maternal voice to the maternal voice in increasing their sucking response

Question #19

What leads the embryo to develop male or female genitalia?

A the presence or absence of the Y chromosome

B the establishment of a cyclical pattern of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland

C the presence or absence of male gonads, which produce male hormones

D the secretion of hormones by the ovaries

Question #20

Development proceeding from the head down is characteristic of which developmental pattern?

A maturation

B embryonic-fetal

C proximodistal

D cephalocaudal

Question #21

The structure that surrounds the developing organism, and holds in the fluid in which it floats, is the:

A amnion

B ectoderm

C uterine lining

D umbilical cord

Question #22

The series of mitotic cell divisions that transforms the zygote into the multicellular mass known as the blastocyst is called:

A zona pellucida

B cleavage

C meiosis

D implantation

Question #23

The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?

A germinal, embryonic, fetal

B embryonic, germinal, fetal

C germinal, fetal, embryonic

D fetal, embryonic, germinal

Question #24

According to the concept of coevolution:

A biological changes occured that allowed humans to use language and generate culture

B the human brain is not very much larger than that of our primitive ancestors

C culture has influenced the evolution of human biology

D human biological capabilities evolved and then ended with the appearance of human culture

Question #25

When individuals select and modify their environments in ways that impact the development of future generations, a process of _________ is said to occur.

A coevolution

B niche construction

C co-construction

D ecological inheritance

Question #26

The purpose of an adoption study is to find out if adopted children are more similar to their biological parents and siblings, who share ___________, or to their adoptive parents and siblings, with whom they share __________.

A a sense of identity; a common family environment

B a common family environment; their genes

C their genes; a sense of identity

D their genes; a common family environment

Question #27

The term __________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals.

A heritability

B genotype

C variability

D phenotype

Question #28

Which genetic disorder affects only males?

A phenylketonuria

B Turner syndrome

C Down syndrome

D Klinefelter syndrome

Question #29

Which of the following is linked with having an extra 21st chromosome?

A Down syndrome

B Turner syndrome

C Klinefelter’s syndrome

D phenylketonuria

Question #30

An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA is called:

A meiosis

B a mutation

C canalization

D mitosis

Question #31

If a person has inherited the same allelic form from both parents, she is __________ for a trait.

A homozygous

B monozygotic

C ontogenetic

D heterozygous

Question #32

Germ cells reproduce by __________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by _______.

A mitosis; meiosis

B meiosis; mitosis

C mitosis; mitosis

D meiosis; meiosis

Question #33

When an ovum is fertilized, both the mother’s and the father’s genetic material are contained in the:

A ova

B zygote

C sperm cells

D genes

Question #34

A person’s phenotype is __________ while his/her genotype is __________.

A developed through interactions with one’s biology; changes over his/her life

B recessive; domiannt

C constant over his/her life; developed through interactions with the environment

D observable; inherited

Question #35

The basic units of heredity are:

A genes

B chromosomes

C somatic cells

D zygotes

Question #36

When psychologists compare separate groups of 5-year-olds, 18-year-olds, and 30-year-olds on a vocabulary test, they are conducting a:

A clinical study

B longitudinal study

C cross-sectional study

D naturalistic observation

Question #37

When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, this is an example of:

A reliability

B an experiment

C validity

D replicability

Question #38

The systems theory approach focuses on:

A how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors

B how genetic factors contribute to development

C the “hardware” and “software” of intellectual functioning

D how cultural context shapes development

Question #39

According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following are signs of “babyness” EXCEPT:

A a small head relative to the size of the body

B a high, protruding forehead

C round, protruding cheeks

D large eyes relative to the size of the face

Question #40

An example of Piaget’s concept of assimilation is an infant who:

A knows how to grasp her mother’s hair and uses the same grasping movements to grab a toy

B shares a toy with her father

C bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them

D learns that her pacifier does not provide her with milk

Question #41

A researcher who states that the environment “shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay” would support which theoretical framework?

A psychodynamic

B constructivist

C sociocultural

D behaviorist

Question #42

Theories are important for understanding child development because they:

A allow immediate applications to help children

B make it appear that child development experts know everything

C provide systematic organization of many different observations

D guarantee agreement among researchers about what they see

Question #43

Critical periods in development:

A occur in some animals but not in humans

B have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development

C are thought to regulate bonding in human infants

D are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally

Question #44

The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:

A rebellious in nature

B miniature adults

C inherently good

D born in original sin

Question #45

Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:

A cognitive, social, physical, and emotional

B moral, social, emotional, and physical

C cognitive, physical, moral, and social

D social, physical, emotional, and language

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