Chapter 1 to 4 Exam

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Question #1

Babies who are held more (refer to the Hewlett article):

A develop voluntary crying behaviors sooners

B spend less time fussing and crying

C spend more time fussing and crying

D suffer higher rates of SIDS

Question #2

An infant’s sleep/wake cycles:

A are not modified by social pressure

B do not change during the first 6 months of life

C are modified both by increases in brain maturity and by social pressure

D are easily modified by adult social pressure

Question #3

Rothbart’s dimensions of temperamental variation include:

A activity level, sociability, and responsiveness

B effortful control, negative affect, and extraversion

C easy, difficult, slow to warm up

D self-regulation, motivation, and optimism

Question #4

Thomas and Chess and their colleagues classified babies’ temperaments as:

A trusting, wary, and suspicious

B easy, irritable, and depressed

C easy, difficult, slow to warm up

D happy, irritable, and unresponsive

Question #5

When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:

A avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences

B perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults

C repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake

D perform reflexes elicited by environmental events

Question #6

Nursing involves coordination of:

A infants’ sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers

B the rooting and sucking reflexes alone

C sucking, moro and babinski reflexes by the infant

D sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant

Question #7

Infants’ ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as:

A cross-model perception

B coordinated action

C integration

D intermodal perception

Question #8

Craig would like to purchase a mobile to hang in his son’s nursery. At which of the following mobiles would his newborn baby MOST enjoy looking to?

A a mobile with soft pastel flowers

B a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes

C a mobile with fuzzy brown teddy bears

D a mobile with bright colors and shapes

Question #9

Studies of newborn infant’s auditory preferences (DeCasper et. al article) demonstrate that:

A infants prefer low-pitched maternal voices to high-pitched maternal voices

B infants prefer the sound of their mother’s voice to other women’s voices

C infants’ hearing is not acute enough for them to demonstrate preferences for particular categories of sound

D infants prefer to hear foreign languages more than their own voice

Question #10

Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?

A taste

B smell

C vision

D hearing

Question #11

__________ reduces the oversupply of neural connections in the brain as part of the experience-expectant process of development.

A A proper diet

B Experience

C Synaptic pruning

D Hormonal activity

Question #12

The soft spots on infants’ skulls are known as:

A cortexes

B myelin

C fontanels

D neurons

Question #13

A newborn is considered to have low birth weight if he or she weighs:

A less than 7 pounds, 3 ounces

B 25% less than other babies of the same gestational age

C 10% less than other babies of the same gestational age

D less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces

Question #14

Women who used heroin while pregnant gave birth to babies who:

A are born blind and deaf

B recover quickly from the effects of withdrawal

C are addicted to heroin

D are vulnerable to heart defects

Question #15

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with:

A a lower rate of stillbirths

B overweight babies

C lower birth weights

D birth defects

Question #16

What is the MOST common drug used by pregnant women?

A caffeine

B alcohol

C marijuana

D tobacco

Question #17

Pregnant women are encouraged to increase their intake of which foods?

A salty, sweet, and fatty foods

B Vitamin C and calcium

C iron and calcium

D folic acid, calcium, and iron

Question #18

Infants who heard their mothers read The Cat in the Hat while in the womb and then again when they were newborns (referenced by Decasper article):

A showed no signs of recognizing the story after birth

B learned, after birth, to modify their rate of sucking in order to hear the story

C preferred the non-maternal voice to the maternal voice in increasing their sucking response

D cried when they heard the story after birth

Question #19

What leads the embryo to develop male or female genitalia?

A the presence or absence of the Y chromosome

B the establishment of a cyclical pattern of hormone secretion by the pituitary gland

C the presence or absence of male gonads, which produce male hormones

D the secretion of hormones by the ovaries

Question #20

Development proceeding from the head down is characteristic of which developmental pattern?

A cephalocaudal

B maturation

C embryonic-fetal

D proximodistal

Question #21

The structure that surrounds the developing organism, and holds in the fluid in which it floats, is the:

A amnion

B ectoderm

C uterine lining

D umbilical cord

Question #22

The series of mitotic cell divisions that transforms the zygote into the multicellular mass known as the blastocyst is called:

A implantation

B meiosis

C cleavage

D zona pellucida

Question #23

The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?

A germinal, embryonic, fetal

B germinal, fetal, embryonic

C fetal, embryonic, germinal

D embryonic, germinal, fetal

Question #24

According to the concept of coevolution:

A biological changes occured that allowed humans to use language and generate culture

B the human brain is not very much larger than that of our primitive ancestors

C culture has influenced the evolution of human biology

D human biological capabilities evolved and then ended with the appearance of human culture

Question #25

When individuals select and modify their environments in ways that impact the development of future generations, a process of _________ is said to occur.

A ecological inheritance

B co-construction

C niche construction

D coevolution

Question #26

The purpose of an adoption study is to find out if adopted children are more similar to their biological parents and siblings, who share ___________, or to their adoptive parents and siblings, with whom they share __________.

A a common family environment; their genes

B a sense of identity; a common family environment

C their genes; a common family environment

D their genes; a sense of identity

Question #27

The term __________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals.

A heritability

B phenotype

C genotype

D variability

Question #28

Which genetic disorder affects only males?

A Down syndrome

B Klinefelter syndrome

C Turner syndrome

D phenylketonuria

Question #29

Which of the following is linked with having an extra 21st chromosome?

A phenylketonuria

B Klinefelter’s syndrome

C Down syndrome

D Turner syndrome

Question #30

An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA is called:

A a mutation

B meiosis

C mitosis

D canalization

Question #31

If a person has inherited the same allelic form from both parents, she is __________ for a trait.

A heterozygous

B homozygous

C ontogenetic

D monozygotic

Question #32

Germ cells reproduce by __________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by _______.

A meiosis; meiosis

B mitosis; mitosis

C mitosis; meiosis

D meiosis; mitosis

Question #33

When an ovum is fertilized, both the mother’s and the father’s genetic material are contained in the:

A zygote

B genes

C sperm cells

D ova

Question #34

A person’s phenotype is __________ while his/her genotype is __________.

A observable; inherited

B constant over his/her life; developed through interactions with the environment

C developed through interactions with one’s biology; changes over his/her life

D recessive; domiannt

Question #35

The basic units of heredity are:

A genes

B somatic cells

C zygotes

D chromosomes

Question #36

When psychologists compare separate groups of 5-year-olds, 18-year-olds, and 30-year-olds on a vocabulary test, they are conducting a:

A longitudinal study

B cross-sectional study

C naturalistic observation

D clinical study

Question #37

When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, this is an example of:

A replicability

B an experiment

C validity

D reliability

Question #38

The systems theory approach focuses on:

A how cultural context shapes development

B how genetic factors contribute to development

C the “hardware” and “software” of intellectual functioning

D how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors

Question #39

According to Konrad Lorenz, all of the following are signs of “babyness” EXCEPT:

A round, protruding cheeks

B large eyes relative to the size of the face

C a high, protruding forehead

D a small head relative to the size of the body

Question #40

An example of Piaget’s concept of assimilation is an infant who:

A bangs blocks together rather than chewing on them

B knows how to grasp her mother’s hair and uses the same grasping movements to grab a toy

C shares a toy with her father

D learns that her pacifier does not provide her with milk

Question #41

A researcher who states that the environment “shapes behavior as a sculptor shapes a lump of clay” would support which theoretical framework?

A psychodynamic

B constructivist

C behaviorist

D sociocultural

Question #42

Theories are important for understanding child development because they:

A provide systematic organization of many different observations

B guarantee agreement among researchers about what they see

C make it appear that child development experts know everything

D allow immediate applications to help children

Question #43

Critical periods in development:

A have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development

B occur in some animals but not in humans

C are thought to regulate bonding in human infants

D are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally

Question #44

The prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:

A rebellious in nature

B born in original sin

C miniature adults

D inherently good

Question #45

Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:

A cognitive, social, physical, and emotional

B social, physical, emotional, and language

C cognitive, physical, moral, and social

D moral, social, emotional, and physical

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