Lecture Exam 2

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Question #1

A microbiology student noticed that a culture broth tube was very turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube. Which of her following conclusions about the growth of these organisms is CORRECT?

A the broth is sterile.

B they should be grown in an anaerobic chamber.

C they are aerobes.

D they cannot tolerate oxygen.

E they cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase.

Question #2

Which of the following BEST defines the growth phase period between inoculation of bacteria and beginning of multiplication in a culture medium?

A log phase

B stationary phase

C decline phase

D lag phase

Question #3

In which environment are you most likely to encounter acidophiles?

A a hot vent at pH 1.5

B human intestine at pH 8.5

C milk at pH 6.5

D human blood at pH 7.2

Question #4

Some species of bacteria can grow in hot water, such as hot tubs that people have in their homes, some of which reach temperatures in excess of 100°F. Which of the following BEST describes bacteria isolated from such a hot tub?

A psychrotrophs

B thermophiles

C hyperthermophiles

D mesophiles

Question #5

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by BOTH endospores and vegetative cells?

A radiation resistance

B presence of DNA

C resistance to drying

D low metabolic activity

E heat resistance

Question #6

During which growth curve phase would penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, be most effective?

A stationary phase

B lag phase

C death phase

D exponential or log phase

Question #7

Why is the exponential phase of growth curve of bacteria limited in its duration?

A due to the exhaustion of nutrients

B more than one of these are correct

C due to the rise in cell density

D due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites

Question #8

You have isolated a bacterium from the bottom from a deep ocean trench, in a tropical location. Which of the following terms BEST describes its physical or chemical growth requirements?

A psychrophil

B alkalinophil

C halophile

D barophil

E more than one of these are correct

Question #9

Which of the following BEST describes what happens to cells numbers and density in the exponential growth phase?

A they first increase then decreases

B they show an overall decreasing trend

C they both double at a constant rate

D they are both constant

Question #10

In lecture, we described the similarity in appearance of bacterial growth curves and the stages of human infection curve. Which of the following BEST explains why these two curves are similar in shape and size?

A lag stage bacteria growth causes the convalescence human infection stage

B exponential bacteria growth causes the illness human infection stage

C lag stage bacteria growth causes the illness human infection stage

D exponential bacteria growth causes the decline human infection stage

Question #11

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: A cell placed in a(n) __________ solution will __________ water.

A hypotonic; gain

B isotonic; gain

C hypertonic; gain

D hypotonic; lose

E isotonic; lose

Question #12

Which of the following is the BEST reason why psychrophilic bacteria will not grow in hyperthermophilic environments?

A they lack the correct nucleus

B they lack the correct atmospheric pressure

C they lack the correct enzymes

D they lack the correct pH

Question #13

Quorum sensing is used by bacterial cells to determine which of the following?

A the density of the population

B the speed of water flow

C the availability of nutrients

D the size of the population

Question #14

An aquatic microbe that can grow only at the surface of the water is probably which of the following?

A a phototroph

B a chemotroph

C a heterotroph

D a chemoheterotroph

Question #15

You isolate bacteria from a mine draining water and measure the pH from this water at pH = 2.0. Which of the following growth terms BEST describes this organism?

A acidophiles

B alkaliphiles

C neutrophiles

D obligate anaerobes

Question #16

Which of the following would BEST describe a culture broth tube that was very turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube?

A the organisms in the culture broth tube are aerobes

B the organisms in the culture broth tube should be grown in an anaerobic chamber

C the organism in the culture broth tube cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase enzymes

D the organisms in the culture broth tube cannot tolerate oxygen

Question #17

Which of the following segments of the growth curve would starvation proteins be at their HIGHEST detectable levels?

A stationary phase

B death phase

C exponential phase

D lag phase

Question #18

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen. Which of the following terms BEST describes its relationship with oxygen?

A an obligate anaerobe

B a facultative anaerobe

C an aerotolerant anaerobe

D an obligate aerobe

Question #19

The minimum distance that two objects may be separated and still be detected as two distinct particles, rather than a single particle is:

A the microscope’s clarity.

C the microscope’s resolution.

D the microscope’s magnification.

E the minimum cell size of a cell.

Question #20

Which of the following forms of light microscopy would you use if you wanted the BEST combination of contrast and resolution necessary to look at LIVING cells?

A scanning electron microscopy

B darkfield microscopy

C brightfield microscopy

D differential interference contrast (DIC)

E UV microscopy

Question #21

Which of the following types of microscopy provides a three-dimensional surface image of viruses and bacterial cells?

A phase-contrast microscopy

B fluorescence microscopy

C scanning electron microscopy

D transmission electron microscopy

E brightfield microscopy

Question #22

If you were given a specimen of an active, motile microorganism, which of the following types of microscopy would be the MOST EFFECTIVE in visualizing the live microbe?

A bright-field microscopy

B dark-field microscopy

C scanning electron microscopy

D fluorescence microscopy

E phase-contrast microscopy

Question #23

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: The instrument that produces a dark image of the specimen against a bright background is called a(n) __________ microscope.

A transmission electron

B dark-field

C bright-field

D scanning electron

E phase-contrast

Question #24

Suppose you were using a dark-field microscope to view bacterial cells. Which of the following BEST describes their general appearance using this particular microscope?

A bright bacteria on a bright background.

B fluorescent bacteria on a dark background.

C bright bacteria on a dark background.

D dark bacteria on a dark background.

E dark bacteria on a bright background.

Question #25

Which of the following has the highest radiation energy?

A light with an intermediate wavelength

B light with a long wavelength

C radio wavelength

D light with a short wavelength

Question #26

Which of the following is transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the BEST for viewing?

A surface membranes of live, living cells.

B surface structure of fixed cells.

C internal structure of live, living cells.

D internal structure of fixed cells.

Question #27

Choose the answer that completes the following statement. Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light microscopes. As a result, microscopes using electrons as their energy source have___________ resolution.

A the same

B higher

C no relationship on

D lower

Question #28

Bacteria do not always swim aimlessly but are attracted by such nutrients such as sugar and amino acids and are repelled by harmful substances and bacterial waste products. Movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents is called:

A gliding motility

B chemotaxis

C tumbling

D phototaxis

Question #29

Which of the following would be the BEST term describing bacteria living in salt marshes?

A acidophiles

B barophiles

C thermophiles

D halotolerant

Question #30

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: Microorganisms might be virulent (i.e., be capable of causing infectious diseases) because of:

A all of these

B the production of various enzymatic activities such as hemolysins and leucocidins

C the presence of anatomical structures such as pili.

D the production of exotoxins or endotoxins.

Question #31

Which of the following are BOTH flagella and pili made of?

A protein

B nucleic acids

C carbohydrates

D lipids

Question #32

Which bacterial cell structures MUST useful antibiotics penetrate in order to kill the bacteria that they are targeted to destroy?

A mitochondria

B outer plasma membrane

C endoplasmic reticulum

D flagella

E nucleus

Question #33

Which of the following is an internal motile organelle that some bacteria like spirochetes use to propel themselves?

A axial filament

B plasma membrane

C pilum

D fimbria

Question #34

When flagella are distributed all around a bacterial cell, the arrangement is called:

A peritrichous

B monotrichous

C lophotrichous

D monotrichous

Question #35

Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms?

A glycocalyces

B none of these are correct

C more than one of these are correct

D fimbriae

E flagella

Question #36

Suppose that you made an anti-viral drug for SARS-COV2 that prevented it from attaching to the host cell receptor that it typically attaches to, called the ACE2 receptor. In terms of the virus’ ability to replicate, which of the following BEST describes what your novel (new) anti-viral drug did to prevent infection?

A prevented the virus from entering the host cell

B prevented the virus from attaching to the host cell

C destroyed the viral nucleic acid

D prevented the virus from leaving the host cell

E none of these are correct

Question #37

The general name of the functional group of proteins that microorganisms use to anchor themselves to the surface of their hosts are called:

A attachments

B adhesins

C hormones

D phagocytosins

Question #38

Bacterial cytoplasm can contain all of the following, EXCEPT:

A chlorophyll

B a nucleus

C ribosomes

D plasmids

Question #39

The presence of a bacterial capsule can help a bacterium that possesses it, in all of the following ways EXCEPT help it to:

A evade phagocytosis

B evade PAMPS activation

C build biofilms

D damage host cells

E move to a new location

Question #40

In which growth curve phase would you expect to observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture?

A log phase

B lag phase

C death phase

D log, lag, and death phases would all have roughly the same number of endospores.

Question #41

Flemingâ s work and discovery of penicillin in the late 1920â s was a monumental contribution treating human bacterial infections. Approximately one-hundred years later, most bacteria it was originally used to treat have â madeâ their own enzymes to change penicillin and subsequently they have become resistant to its affects. Which of the following is the name of the portion of the antibiotic that resistant bacterial strains and their enzymes â attackâ , rendering the antibiotic harmless?

A beta lactam ring

B mycolic acid

C peptidoglycan

D lipopolysaccharide

Question #42

Usually, bacteria form more endospores in response to:

A colony formation

B need for reproduction

C adverse environmental stress

D nutrient surplus

Question #43

Which of the following is slippery outer covering found in some bacteria that protects them from phagocytosis by host phagocytic cells?

A cell wall

B peptidoglycan

C capsule

D flagellum

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