Lecture Exam 1

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Question #1

The LD50 of Vibrio cholerae is 1080 cells. The LD50 value changes to 502 cells if the bacteria are ingested with alkaline substances. Which of the following BEST demonstrates the relationship between this organism’s virulence and low pH of stomach acid:

A stomach acid is not an important factor in determining virulence.

B stomach acid increases the virulence of Vibrio cholerae

C pH has no effect on virulence.

D stomach acid decreases the virulence of Vibrio cholerae.

Question #2

Which of the following BEST describes what the RO (R naught) value represents?

A more than one of the choices are correct

B number of prevalence

C number of incidences

D infection rate

E none of these are correct

F death rate

Question #3

Which of the following BEST describes the difference between pandemics and epidemics?

A temperature

B location

C time

D size

Question #4

An element’s reactive electrons are found in the shell the furthest away from its nucleus. Which of the following is the name of the shell that meets this description?

A inert electrons

B reactive electrons

C valence electrons

D octet electrons

Question #5

Which of the following MUST all microorganisms do, in order to become resistant to antibiotics designed to kill them?

A none of these are correct

B move to a new location where there is no antibiotic

C change the microorganismâ s targeted cell structure

D change the antibiotic structure so that it cannot function

E more than one of the choices are correct

F increase the pH so that the antibiotic does not work

Question #6

Which of the following statements regarding past pandemics and the current SARS-COV2 (COVID 19) pandemic is CORRECT?

A social isolation never makes them go away

B ignorance almost always makes them worse

C they only affect poor, less affluent countries

D they usually end with very minimal loss of human life

Question #7

In our discussions, we described the Infectious Diseases Stage curve. Once infected with a pathogen, which of the following stages MAY NOT be experienced by all of your patients?

A convalescence

B prodromal

C incubation

D illness

E decline

F more than one of the choices are correct

Question #8

Which of the following statements regarding spill over events is INCORRECT?

A they often involve several animals before they transmit to humans

B they always are transmitted from the same vector

C they can be detected before they outbreak into pandemics

D when humans are the final spill over recipient, the virulence increases

Question #9

Which of the following statements about Case Fatality Ratio is CORRECT?

A is exactly the same for every infectious outbreak in recent history

B refers to the proportion of living cases among those that have the disease

C refers to the proportion of fatal cases among those that have the disease

D refers to the number of people an infected person will infect with the virus

Question #10

Which of the following best describes water droplet transmission?

A transmitting infectious water droplets through sneezing

B transmitting infectious water droplets through laughing

C transmitting infectious water droplets through the rain

D transmitting infectious water droplets through sweating

E none of these are correct

F more than one of the choices are correct

Question #11

Which of the following BEST defines what a zoonosis is?

A an infection that spreads between two humans

B an infection whose spread cannot be controlled

C an infection the spreads in a hospital

D an infection that spreads from an animal to a human

Question #12

Woese and Whittaker hypothesize separate phylogenetic trees to describe the relationships all living organisms. They use different information to make these Trees of Life reconstructions. Which following type of information did Woese use to make his Trees?

A appearance

B mitochondrial

C DNA

D fats

E Gram stains

Question #13

According to CDC 2014 Ebola Virus out-break data, the total number of deaths resulting from Ebola virus was 11301. The fatalities occurred in the neighboring countries Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. Geographically, these countries are very close together on the same continent and are not considered global. Which of the following terms BEST describes the distribution of the 2014 Ebola out-break?

A pandemic

B endemic

C epidemic

D sporadic

Question #14

Which of the following BEST describes why the Nobel Gases like argon, neon, and radon considered to be unreactive elements?

A their outer shell is full of protons

B their outer shell is full of neutrons

C their outer shell is full of atoms

D their outer shell is full of electrons

Question #15

Which of the following BEST describes the innovative or new idea in Pasteur’s Swan Neck Flask experiment?

A the flask had a glass barrier that prevented contamination.

B the experimenter could look for contamination without disturbing the experiment.

C the flask could be heated media in order to prevent microbial growth.

D the flask allowed fresh air to directly contact the medium

Question #16

Choose the following term that completes the following statement: Pandemic are infectious diseases that spread between TWO:

A states.

B individuals

C insects.

D continents.

E animals.

Question #17

Which of the following pH measurements would be considered acidic?

A 7.0

B 1.5

C 7.5

D 14.0

E 8.0

Question #18

Which of the following is the BEST describes an infectious disease VECTOR?

A an infected host organism

B the animal or object that transmits the infectious disease to humans

C a place for the microbe to live before and after infection.

D a place the microbe resides during an infection.

Question #19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?

A illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline

B prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline

C incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

D convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline

E incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline

Question #20

Which of the following statements is the BEST description of biogenesis?

A oxygen is necessary for living organisms

B living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells

C Microorganisms can be generated for nonliving matter

D nonliving matter gives rise to living organisms

Question #21

Which of the following is the most frequently used pathogen portal of entry?

A the respiratory tract

B the placenta

C the urinary tract

D the eyes and skin

E the digestive tract

Question #22

Which of the following terms describes the relationship between resident microbiota and their human host?

A parasites.

B commensals.

C pathogens.

D mutualistic.

Question #23

Which of the following describes a pathogen’s typical location site or natural habitat, where it often resides during and after an infection outbreak event?

A source

B vector

C reservoir

D hot zone

Question #24

Which of the following type of microorganismal entry portals results from an animal bite on the arm?

A respiratory membrane

B parenteral route.

C prodromal route

D nosocomial route

Question #25

Which of the following describes a symbiotic relationship whose interactions are always HARMFUL to the host?

A mutualism

B commensalism

C pathogenicity

D parasitism

Question #26

Which of the following did proponents of spontaneous generation believe was necessary for spontaneous generation to occur?

A cells

B bacteria

C disease

D air

Question #27

Which of the following describes a disease that is REGULARLY found in very low levels, among small group of individuals or in a certain area?

A endemic.

B sporadic.

C epidemic.

D pandemic.

Question #28

Which of the following terms specifically means “disease” ?

A incidence

B prevalence

C mortality

D morbidity

Question #29

The outcome of most host-parasite relationships depends on which of the following

A all of these are correct

B the number of microorganisms infecting the host

C the host’s defenses or degree of resistance

D the virulence of the organism

E none of these are correct

Question #30

Which of the following Koch postulates presents ethical challenges for human infectious disease research?

A the isolated organism must be inoculated in a human and cause disease

B the organism must be isolated in pure culture from the lab animal

C the organism must be isolated in all cases of disease

D the microorganism must be isolated in pure culture

Question #31

Which of the following is the BEST definition of a pathogen?

A a parasite that kills its host

B a parasite that infects dogs

C a virus that does nothing to humans

D a microbe that causes disease in humans

Question #32

Which of the following describes those infections that spread through or within a clinical setting?

A vector-borne infections

B community infections

C social infections

D nosocomial infections

Question #33

Which of the following BEST describes the difference between chemically reactive and chemically unreactive elements?

A the number of electrons in the outer valence shell

B the number of protons in the outer valance shell

C none of these

E the number of neutrons in the outer valence shell

Question #34

Which of the following terms describe organisms who are ubiquitously found in nature, but that cause disease only in individuals whose defenses are somehow weak or compromised?

A nosocomial

B opportunistic

C common source

D partial

Question #35

Which of the following describes the type of bond between NaCl?

A non-polar covalent bond

B ionic bond.

C polar-covalent bond.

D hydrogen bond.

Question #36

Which of the following term describes resistance of a population to infection and pathogen spread due to preexisting population immunity?

A herd immunity

B threshold immunity

C vicarious immunity

D resistance effect

Question #37

Which of the following BEST describes a pathogen’s entry site?

A penetration point

B lethal point

C portal of entry

D infectious point

Question #38

Which of the following Infection Stages describes what happens IMMEDIATELY before AND after the prodromal period?

A the initial infection and appearance of clinical symptoms

B the time of infection and death

C appearance of clinical symptoms and death

D time of infection and recovery

Question #39

Which of the following describes primary purpose of Koch’s postulates?

A demonstrate that a disease is caused by a specific microorganism.

B clearly identify and characterize a particular microorganism.

C develop vaccines for specific diseases.

D isolate microorganisms from diseased animals.

Question #40

Which of the following factors play a key role in likelihood of spreading infectious disease?

A genetic profile

B environmental conditions

C human behavior

D all of these

Question #41

Strontium (ST) has five periods, an atomic number of 38 and is in group 2. Which of the following is strontium’s electron count?

A 2, 8, 18, 8, 2

B 2, 8, 18

C 2, 8, 18, 8, 5

D 2, 8, 18, 2

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