Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A ΔP is increased.
B R is decreased.
C None of these, flow rate is unchanged during an asthma attack.
D R is increased.
E ΔP is decreased.
Question #2
A Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
B Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
C Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
D Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
E The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
Question #3
A Glucose
B Sodium
C Bicarbonate ion
D Plasma protein
E Urea
Question #4
A Alveolar PO2 increases.
B No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
C Alveolar PO2 decreases.
Question #5
A Glucose
B H+
C Ca2+
D K+
E HPO42-
Question #6
A Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
B Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
C “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
D Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
E Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
Question #7
A Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
B Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
D Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
E Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
Question #8
A Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
B When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
C H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
D The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
E Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
Question #9
A metabolic alkalosis.
B respiratory acidosis.
C metabolic acidosis.
D respiratory alkalosis.
Question #10
A In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
B In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
C In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
D In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
E In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
Question #11
A By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
B By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
C By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
D By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
E Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
Question #12
A None of these would occur.
B They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
C They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
D They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
E They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
Question #13
A The glomerular capillaries
B The juxtaglomerular apparatus
C The efferent arteriole
D The proximal tubule
E The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #14
A Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
B Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
C Loss of alveoli
D Lack of pulmonary surfactant
E Inflammation of the bronchioles
Question #15
A During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
B It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
C It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
D It is lower than alveolar pressure.
E It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
Question #16
A Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
B The diaphragm relaxes.
C
D Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
E Lung volume decreases.
F Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
Question #17
A Bound to hemoglobin
B Converted to HCO3-
C Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
D Bound to myoglobin
E Dissolved in the plasma
Question #18
A The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
B The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
C The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
D The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
E All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
Question #19
A Glomerulus
B Distal convoluted tubule
C Collecting duct
D Ascending loop of Henle
E Proximal convoluted tubule
Question #20
A The distal convoluted tubule
B The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C The descending limb of the loop of Henle
D The proximal tubule
E The collecting ducts
Question #21
A isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
D isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
E isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
Question #22
A increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
B increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
C decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
D decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
E decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
Question #23
A Efferent arterioles
B Cortical peritubular capillaries
C Vasa recta
D Afferent arterioles
E Collecting ducts
Question #24
A Kidneys
B Adrenal glands
C Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels
D The atria of the heart
E Liver
Question #25
A Prolonged shallow breathing
B Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
C Emphysema
D Cystic fibrosis
E Asthma
Question #26
A Reduced reabsorption of water, Na+, and glucose in the proximal tubules
B No change to reabsorption at this site
C Reduced reabsorption of both water and Na+ in equal proportions
D Reduced reabsorption of water, although as much reabsorption of Na+ as is typical
E Reduced reabsorption of all materials in the proximal tubules
Question #27
A The presence of carbon monoxide
B Increased pH of the blood
C Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
D Increased temperature of the blood
E Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
Question #28
A Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
B Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
C The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
D The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
E The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
Question #29
A Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
B Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
C Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
D Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
E Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
Question #30
A Secretion of mucus
B Production of surfactant
C Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
D Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
E Lining the pleural space
Question #31
A Respiratory acidosis
B Increased blood PCO2
C Respiratory alkalosis
D Metabolic acidosis
E Metabolic alkalosis
Question #32
A The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
B The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
C The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
Question #33
A As dissolved HCO3-
B As carbonic anhydrase
C As H2CO3
D Bound to hemoglobin
E As dissolved CO2
Question #34
A A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
B A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
C A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
D A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
E A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
Question #35
A Pneumothorax
B Emphysema
C Exhalation/expiration
D A collapsed lung
E Inhalation/inspiration
Question #36
A It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
B It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
C It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
D Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
E It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
Question #37
A Macula densa
B Proximal tubule
C Distal convoluted tubule
D Descending limb of the loop of Henle
E Cortical collecting duct
Question #38
A Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
B Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule.
C Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
D Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
E Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts.
Question #39
A More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
B At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
C As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
D The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
E At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
Question #40
A efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
B efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
C efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
D afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
E renal vein; peritubular capillaries
Question #41
A HPO42-
B Water
C K+
D Glucose
E Na+
Question #42
A A β2-adrenergic antagonist
B Histamine
C A muscarinic agonist
D A β2-adrenergic agonist
E Pulmonary surfactant
Question #43
A filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
B filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
C reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
D reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
E secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
Question #44
A It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
B By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
C It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
D By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
E When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
Question #45
A The distal convoluted tubule
B The glomerulus
C The proximal convoluted tubule
D The loop of Henle
E The collecting duct
Question #46
A the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
B the increase in plasma H+.
C the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
D the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
Question #47
A The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
B Stretch receptors in the lung
C The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
D The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
Question #48
A CO2 and O2
B H+ and HCO3-
C H2O and O2
D H2O and CO
E H2O and CO2
Question #49
A Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
B Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
C Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
D Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
E Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
Question #50
A Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
B Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
C Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
D Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
E Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.