Lecture Exam 2 (A)

A  GH exerts negative feedback on its own productionby inhibiting the hypothalamic secretion of somatostatin.

B  IGF-1 stimulates the secretion of GH by anterior pituitary gland cells.

C  GH increases the sensitivity of tissues to the action of insulin.

D  GH stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production by the liver and by many other cells.

E  The liver produces a factor that mediates the metabolic actions of GH.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts

B  Decreases reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys

C  Promotes vitamin D synthesis, leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium

D  Decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys

E  Increases plasma [Ca 2+]

A  She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to low iodine in her diet.

B  She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to destruction of thyrotrope cells of her anterior pituitary gland.

C  She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to Graves’ disease.

D  She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to a hypersecreting tumor of the anterior pituitary gland.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Secreting insulin-like growthfactor 1

B  Secreting insulin

C  Producing plasma proteins that bind hormones

D  Secreting angiotensinogen

E  Clearing hormones from plasma

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

B  Most peptide hormones require binding proteins for transport in the blood.

C  The hormones of the adrenal cortex have the same structure as the neurotransmitters of adrenergic neurons.

D  Vasopressin is synthesized in the posterior pituitary.

E  Thyroid hormones are catecholamines.

A  Body temperature will be above normal.

B  Growth rate will be faster than normal.

C  Acromegaly

D  Growth rate will be slower than normal.

E  Gigantism

A  androstenedione; progesterone; adrenal cortex; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

B  testosterone; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

C  progesterone; cholesterol; adrenal cortex; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

D  estradiol; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

E  progesterone; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

B  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

C  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

D  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

E  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  the somatosensory cortex.

B  nociceptors and chemoreceptors.

C  cerebellum.

D  muscle spindles and temperature receptors.

E  vestibular apparatus.

A  They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle attached to those tendons.

B  They stimulate the ends of intrafusal muscle fibers, ensuring that sensory information about muscle length is provided, even when a muscle shortens rapidly.

C  They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in antagonistic muscles.

D  They detect the angle of joints, and thus provide proprioceptive inputs about the position of the limbs in space.

E  They detect painful stimuli within tendons and inhibit gamma motor neurons to intrafusal muscle fibers in muscles attached to those tendons.

A  Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex, and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensormuscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object.

B  A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm.

C  A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm.

D  Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm.

E  A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm.

A  The body accelerates forward, but the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground.

B  The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is on the ground.

C  The body only accelerates forward, so the center of gravity remains directy between the two feet.

D  The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground.

E  The center of mass is left behind by the acceleration of the body, so the body must lean forward to compensate.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Increasing the amplitude of action potentials in the alpha motor neurons that innervate the muscle

B  Resting the muscle for several weeks

C  Switching off fast-glycolytic motor units and activating an equal number of slow-oxidative motor units

D  Stretching the muscle to very long lengths

E  Increasing the frequency of firing in alpha motor neurons innervating the muscle

A  Just the first few seconds of exercise

B  No effects on her running

C  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

D  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Increase in actin concentration

B  Increase in muscle size (hypertrophy)

C  Increase in myoglobin concentration

D  Increase in myosin concentration

E  Increase in creatine concentration, Increase in myoglobin concentration

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  No, because they increase the availability of enkephalin.

B  Yes, because they increase the availability of acetylcholine.

C  No, because they increase the availability of serotonin.

D  No, because they increase the availability of norepinephrine.

E  Yes, because they increase the availability of dopamine.

A  Recognition of a person’s face and matching a name to it

B  Remembering how to ride a bicycle

C  Being able to recall a phone number for only a short period of time

D  Being given a specific address and being able to recall it several days or weeks later

E  Responding to the sight, smell, taste, or thought of one’s favorite food with salivation and hunger pangs

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  exhibiting beta wave activity.

B  in REM sleep.

C  in NREM sleep.

D  in REM sleep, in NREM sleep, in exhibiting beta wave activity and in exhibiting gamma wave activity

E  exhibiting gamma wave activity.

A  hippocampus.

B  hypothalamus.

C  corpus callosum.

D  thalamus.

E  limbic system.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  are part of the vestibular apparatus.

B  are in direct contact with both the tympanic membrane and the round window.

C  serve to amplify the pressure of sound vibrations from the air in the outer ear to the fluid in the inner ear.

D  are found inside the cochlear duct.

E  serve to keep the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They are action potentials.

B  They vary in magnitude with stimulus strength.

C  They alwaystrigger action potentials.

D  They propagate without decrement.

E  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

A  Lipids, sweet

B  Poisonous alkaloids, sour

C  Acids, bitter

D  Glutamate, umami

E  Sugars, salty

A  Hair cells in the cochlea

B  Hair cells in the olfactory mucosa

C  Cone cells in the eye

D  Taste buds on the tongue

A  lateral geniculate cells.

B  ganglion cells.

C  bipolar cells.

D  cone cells.

A  agonist to glycine receptors.

B  agonist to the endogenous opioid receptors.

C  Any of these are possible

D  agonist to epinephrine receptors.

E  agonist to serotonin receptors.

A  The permeability to Na + is much greater than the permeability to K +.

B  The voltage-gated Na + channels are in the inactivated state.

C  There is equal permeability to Na + and K +.

D  Most of the voltage-gated Na + channels are in the closed state.

E  All of the K+ channels in the membrane are open.

A  cause a change in membrane potential.

B  be conducted to the axon hillock.

C  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

D  depolarize a dendrite.

E  trigger an action potential.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to bothNa + and K + ions.

B  is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable tobothNa + and K + ions.

C  opens voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane.

D  occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane.

E  stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential.

A  Neuron A has more Na+ channels open than Neuron B.

B  Neuron B has more Na+ channels open than Neuron A.

C  None of the answer choices are correct.

D  Neuron B has more K + channels open than Neuron A.

E  Neuron A has more K + channels open than Neuron B.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE