Lecture Exam 2

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

B    

C  atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

D  a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

E  a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

F  atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

A  The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

B  The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

C  The subject will remain euthyroid.

D  There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

E  The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Testing plasma levels of dopamine

B  Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

C  Testing plasma levels of cortisol

D  Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

E  Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

A  Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

B  In the cytoplasm

C  On the cell surface

D  In the blood stream

A  Growth hormone

B  Estrogen

C  Thyroid hormone

D  Oxytocin

E  Progesterone

A  Blood, dissolved within the plasma

B  Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

C  Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

D  Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

E  Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Inhibiting the release of prolactin

B  Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

C  Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

D  Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

E  Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A  Prolactin

B  Insulin-like growth factor 1

C  Follicle-stimulating hormone

D  ACTH

E  Cortisol

A  consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

B  bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

C  are composed of alpha motor neurons.

D  begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

E  are descending motor pathways.

A  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

B  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

C  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

D  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

E  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

B  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

C  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

D  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

E  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

B  It helps to coordinate body movements.

C  It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

D  It is important in maintaining posture.

E  It receives input from sensory pathways.

A  A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

B  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

C  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

D  An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

E  A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

A  the whole muscle shortens.

B  tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

C  sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

D  H zones shorten.

E  tetanus occurs.

A  tropomyosin.

B  actin.

C  the thick filament.

D  troponin.

E  myosin.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

B  They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

C  They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

D  They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

E  They manufacture and store ATP.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

B  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

C  No effects on her running

D  Just the first few seconds of exercise

E  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

A  respond to stretch by relaxing.

B  can only be excited, and not inhibited.

C  have abundant T-tubules.

D  have many gap junctions between cells.

E  generally have individual innervation of each cell.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  She fell asleep.

B  She is thinking about food.

C  She is talking.

D  She is moving.

E  She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

A  paradoxical sleep.

B  slow-wave sleep.

C  neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

D  both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

A  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces” are true.

B  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia” are true.

C  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

D  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

E  A person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

A  can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

B  is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

C  is due to denaturation of the receptor.

D  is permanent.

E  is due to receptor fatigue.

A  brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

B  brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

C  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

D  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

E  the person is easily aroused.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  bipolar cells.

B  lateral geniculate cells.

C  rod cells.

D  ganglion cells.

E  cone cells.

A  Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

B  Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

C  Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

D  Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the “ON pathway,” rods are not.

E  Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

A  ganglion cells.

B  cone cells.

C  rod cells.

D  bipolar cells.

E  lateral geniculate cells.

A  Mechanoreceptors

B  Nociceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Photoreceptors

A  somatosensory cortex

B  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  limbic system

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  hair cells.

B  somatic receptors.

C  Pacinian corpuscles.

D  nociceptors.

E  baroreceptors.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

B  Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

C  The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

D  The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

E  ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

A  lysosomal proteins.

B  dyenin proteins.

C  proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

D  kinesin proteins.

E  smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

B  acts asa neuromodulator.

C  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

D  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

E  is a neuropeptide.

A  Drowsiness

B  Muscle relaxation

C  Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

D  Muscle paralysis

E  None of the answer choices are correct

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

B  Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

C  Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.

D  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

E  Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.