Lecture Exam 1 (A)

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Increasing the availability of phosphodiesterase molecules

B  Inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity

C  Increasing the expression of cAMP

D  Acting as an agonist on the receptor for epinephrine, a hormone that increases heart contractility

E  Decreasing the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

A  Increased affinity of insulin for its receptor

B  Upregulation of insulin receptors

C  Decreased expression of the second messenger in the insulin pathway

D  Downregulation of insulin receptors

E  Saturation of the insulin receptor

A  Tyrosine residues

B  G-protein coupled receptor

C  cAMP

D  Enzymes

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  increases enkephalin’s affinity for its receptor.

B  is an agonist to the enkephalin receptor.

C  increases enkephalin in the brain.

D  decreases enkephalin in the brain

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Epinephrine is binding to two types of receptors in the plasma membrane.

B  Cyclic AMP directly activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen and fat.

C  The activated receptor complex stimulates production of two different second messengers.

D  Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activates two kinds of enzymes.

A  allows small amounts of hormones to produce large responses in target cells.

B  takes small molecules and makes polymers out of them.

C  allows a cell to respond to more different hormones.

D  results in the production of more of the first messenger.

A  Phospholipase C

B  Adenylyl cyclase

C  Diacylglycerol

D  ATP

E  Epinephrine

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  The pathway taken by substances that flow between epithelial cells is called the paracellular pathway.

B  Epithelial cells lining the small intestine have Na +-K +-ATPase pumps only in their basolateral membranes.

C  The plasma membrane of epithelial cells that face the inside of a hollow or fluid-filled chamber in the body is called the basolateral membrane.

D  Epithelial cell membranes express different transport proteins on different cell surfaces.

E  When substances cross epithelial barriers by going through the cell membranes and cytosol, it is called the transcellular pathway.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  false, because the rate of diffusion of nonpolar and polar molecules through the bilayer is essentially the same as long as the molecules are the same size.

B  false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is polar throughout its width.

C  true.

D  false, because nonpolar molecules diffuse through more rapidly because much of the bilayer is nonpolar.

E  false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is nonpolar throughout its width.

A  Secondary active transport of molecules would cease

B  Ion concentration gradients would reach equilibrium across the cell membrane.

C  Facilitated diffusion of molecules would cease.

D  Primary active transport of molecules would cease.

E  All transport processes would cease immediately when the ATP was depleted.

A  diffusion.

B  facilitated diffusion.

C  osmosis.

D  apoptosis.

E  endocytosis.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Solute X will be unable to reach equilibrium because it is nonpolar.

B  Solute X will reach equilibrium, but the concentration will be much higher on the inside of the cell because of the smaller volume.

C  At equilibrium, movement of X across the membrane will be much faster in one direction than in the other.

D  At equilibrium, X will cease movingacross the cell membrane.

E  At equilibrium, the netflux of X across the cell membrane is zero.

A  Its penetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normalcell

B  Its penetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normalcell.

C  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normalcell

D  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is equal to that of a normalcell.

E  Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normalcell.

A  The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant.

B  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products.

C  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant.

D  The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products.

E  The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products are equal to that of the reactant.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  The net rate will be unaffected by an increase in carbonic acid concentration.

B  The forward direction (toward more carbonic acid accumulation)

C  The reverse direction (toward more water and carbon dioxide accumulation)

A  The enzyme has become saturated.

B  The substrate solution has become contaminated with an allosteric inhibitor.

C  Over time, the substrate molecules are denaturing.

D  The enzyme molecules are being used up and broken down by the reaction.

E  The temperature of the room needs to increase to increase the rate of reaction.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  peroxisomes

B  endosomes

C  lysosomes

D  ribosomes

E  mitochondria

A  Glycolysis

B  Oxidative phosphorylation

C  The breakdown of fatty acids to CO 2 and H 2O

D  Krebs cycle

E  None of the choices are correct.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris

B  Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles

C  Generation of ATP

D  Transcription of DNA into RNA

E  Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Isotopes

B  Free radicals

C  Gasses

D  Electrolytes

E  Vitamins

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds

B  Carbon and oxygen, connected by polar covalent bonds.

C  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by non-polar covalent bonds

D  Oxygen and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds

E  Carbon and hydrogen, connected by ionic bonds

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Lipids that form the membranes of cells

B  Sugars that were broken down for energy

C  Ionic forms of mineral elements

D  Vitamins

E  Oxygen and gases used by metabolism

A  They can form different numbers of chemical bonds.

B  They have different numbers of protons.

C  They have different numbers of electrons.

D  They have different number of energy shells

E  They have different numbers of neutrons.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and a purine or pyrimidine base.

B  They are polymers of subunits containing glucose, a phosphate group, and an amino acid.

C  They are polymers of subunits containing glucose andamino acids.

D  They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and an amino acid.

E  They are long polymers of amino acids, folded into an alpha helix.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Leave the amount of sodium unchanged

B  Increase the amount of sodium in the blood

C  Change the set point for sodium

D  Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood

E  Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium

A  The adrenal glands

B  Photoreceptors of the eye

C  Ventricles of the heart

D  Endocrine gland in the gonads

E  Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor

B  Receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector

C  Integrating center, receptor, afferent pathway, efferent pathway, effector

D  Receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector

E  Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  the structure of the body.

B  how two organisms interact.

C  two of the choices are correct.

D  how organisms function.

E  the spread of diseases.